Major Events of 1919: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1919, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1919 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan Bernard Drukker's Birth: Bernard Drukker, a Dutch musician, was born. He would become known as an organist, pianist, and orchestra leader, with notable work including 'Devil's Wheel'.
05 Jan Spartacist Uprising in Berlin: On January 5, 1919, the Communist Party of Germany and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany initiated a mass demonstration in Berlin, which escalated into an armed uprising against the government. The insurgents occupied key locations, including police stations and government buildings, leading to intense street fighting. The uprising was suppressed by government forces, resulting in the deaths of approximately 150–200 people, primarily insurgents. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jan Death of Theodore Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, died unexpectedly in his sleep at his home, Sagamore Hill, in Oyster Bay, New York, at the age of 60. His death was attributed to a coronary embolism, a blood clot in the heart. Roosevelt had been in declining health, having been hospitalized in November and December 1918 for inflammatory rheumatism. His youngest son, Quentin, had been killed in combat in France in July 1918, which had a profound impact on him. Roosevelt's funeral was held on January 8, 1919, at Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay. source: nps.gov
07 Jan Estonian War of Independence: Major Counter-Offensive: On January 7, 1919, during the Estonian War of Independence, the Estonian forces launched a significant counter-offensive against the German forces occupying Estonia. This operation aimed to reclaim territory and strengthen Estonia's position in its struggle for independence. The counter-offensive was part of a series of military actions that eventually led to the withdrawal of German forces and the establishment of the independent Republic of Estonia. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jan Theodore Roosevelt's Funeral: The funeral of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, was held on January 8, 1919, at Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay, New York. The service was attended by family members, friends, and dignitaries. Roosevelt had died unexpectedly in his sleep on January 6, 1919, at the age of 60. His death was attributed to a coronary embolism. He was buried at Youngs Memorial Cemetery in Oyster Bay. source: nps.gov
09 Jan Freikorps Deployment in Berlin: On January 9, 1919, the Freikorps, a paramilitary organization composed of World War I veterans, were deployed in Berlin. The Freikorps were mobilized to suppress the Spartacist uprising, a left-wing revolt aimed at establishing a socialist government in Germany. Their deployment marked a significant escalation in the use of paramilitary forces to maintain order during the volatile post-war period. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Jan Freikorps Attack on Spartacist Supporters in Berlin: On January 10, 1919, the Freikorps launched an attack on Spartacist supporters in Berlin. The Spartacists, a left-wing revolutionary group, had been advocating for a socialist government in Germany. The Freikorps, composed of World War I veterans, were deployed to suppress the uprising, leading to violent clashes and the eventual defeat of the Spartacists. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Jan Spartacus Uprising Suppressed: The Spartacus Uprising, a left-wing revolt in Berlin, Germany, was suppressed on January 11, 1919. The uprising, led by the Spartacus League, aimed to establish a socialist government but was quelled by the government forces, including the Freikorps, resulting in the deaths of many insurgents. source: historytoday.world
12 Jan Paris Peace Conference Begins: The Paris Peace Conference began on January 12, 1919, bringing together Allied nations to negotiate peace treaties following World War I. The conference aimed to establish the terms of peace and redraw national boundaries, leading to the signing of several treaties, including the Treaty of Versailles. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Jan Murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: On January 13, 1919, German socialist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were arrested and later executed by Freikorps soldiers during the suppression of the Spartacus Uprising in Berlin. source: rallypoint.com
14 Jan Estonian War of Independence: Liberation of Tartu: On January 14, 1919, Estonian forces liberated the city of Tartu from German occupation during the Estonian War of Independence, marking a significant step towards Estonia's independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Jan Murder of Luxemburg and Liebknecht: On January 15, 1919, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, leaders of the Spartacus Uprising, were executed by Freikorps soldiers in Berlin, Germany. source: rallypoint.com
16 Jan Paris Peace Conference begins: The Paris Peace Conference commenced on January 16, 1919, bringing together Allied nations to negotiate peace terms following World War I, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Jan Paris Peace Conference begins: The Paris Peace Conference began on January 18, 1919, bringing together Allied nations to negotiate peace terms following World War I, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jan First Weimar Republic election with female suffrage: On January 19, 1919, the first election in the Weimar Republic was held, granting women the right to vote for the first time in Germany's history. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Jan First Dáil Éireann Convenes in Dublin: On January 21, 1919, the First Dáil Éireann convened in the Round Room of the Mansion House in Dublin. This assembly, composed of Sinn Féin MPs elected in the 1918 general election, declared independence from Britain and established the Irish Republic. source: dail100.ie
22 Jan Act of Unity of Ukrainian Lands: On January 22, 1919, the Act of Unity was signed, uniting the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic into a single Ukrainian state. This act aimed to consolidate Ukrainian territories but faced challenges due to external pressures and internal conflicts.
27 Jan Death of Endre Ady, Prominent Hungarian Poet: Endre Ady, a leading Hungarian poet and journalist, died in Budapest on January 27, 1919, at the age of 41. He was known for his modernist poetry and his steadfast belief in social progress. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Feb Battle of Rawicz: Between February 3 and 6, 1919, Polish rebel forces attempted to capture the town of Rawicz from German forces during the Greater Poland Uprising. Despite two assaults, the Polish forces were repelled due to German numerical superiority and the presence of an armored train. The conflict continued in surrounding villages until a truce was signed on February 19, 1919. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Feb United Artists Film Studio founded: On February 5, 1919, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and D.W. Griffith founded United Artists, a film production and distribution company. This venture allowed filmmakers to have greater control over their work. source: history.com
06 Feb Birth of Lindsay Tuckett, South African Cricketer: Lindsay Tuckett was born, who would later become a notable cricket player representing South Africa in 9 Test matches between 1947 and 1949, following in the sporting legacy of his father Len Tuckett.
07 Feb Jock Mahoney, actor: Jock Mahoney, an American actor and stuntman, was born on February 7, 1919. He gained fame for his roles in television series such as "Yancy Derringer" and "The Range Rider," and appeared in numerous films throughout his career. source: imdb.com
08 Feb Korean Students' Declaration of Independence: On February 8, 1919, approximately 600 Korean students studying in Tokyo gathered at the Korean YMCA auditorium to proclaim Korea's independence from Japanese colonial rule. This declaration, known as the February 8 Declaration of Independence, was a significant precursor to the March 1st Movement, which later galvanized nationwide protests for Korean independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Feb Éamon de Valera's Dramatic Escape from Lincoln Prison: On February 3, 1919, Éamon de Valera, along with two colleagues, escaped from Lincoln Prison in England. The escape was meticulously planned, involving the smuggling of a replica key baked into a cake, which allowed them to unlock a door leading to the outside. After evading capture, they were driven to Worksop and then to Manchester, where they found refuge. source: visitlincoln.com
13 Feb Birth of Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer and TV personality: Ernest Jennings Ford, known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford, was born on February 13, 1919, in Bristol, Tennessee. He gained fame as a singer and television host, achieving success in country, pop, and gospel music genres. Ford is best remembered for his hit recordings of "The Shotgun Boogie" and "Sixteen Tons." source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Feb Harlem Hell Fighters Victory Parade: On February 17, 1919, the 369th Infantry Regiment, known as the Harlem Hell Fighters, paraded through New York City to celebrate their return from World War I. The parade began at 23rd Street and Fifth Avenue, proceeding up to 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, where they were greeted by thousands of cheering spectators. source: army.mil
20 Feb German Submarine UC-91 Sinks: German submarine SM UC-91 foundered in the North Sea while en route to formal surrender, resulting in the tragic loss of seventeen crew members. This incident symbolized the lingering human cost of World War I, even after the conflict's official conclusion.
21 Feb German National Meeting considers Anschluss: On February 21, 1919, a national meeting in Germany discussed the potential unification with Austria, known as Anschluss. This meeting was significant in the context of post-World War I politics and the desire for national unity among German-speaking peoples. source: britannica.com
22 Feb Philadelphia Convention on Irish Home Rule: The Philadelphia Convention on February 22, 1919, aimed to discuss the future of Irish governance and the push for home rule. This event was part of a broader movement advocating for Irish independence from British rule. source: historyireland.com
23 Feb Formation of the Italian Fascist Party: On February 23, 1919, the Italian Fascist Party was officially formed in Milan. This event marked the beginning of a significant political movement in Italy that would have lasting impacts on the country and Europe. source: britannica.com
24 Feb American Relief Administration established: The American Relief Administration was established on February 24, 1919, to provide aid to countries affected by World War I. This organization played a crucial role in humanitarian efforts during the post-war period. source: archives.gov
25 Feb League of Nations established: The League of Nations was established on February 25, 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles. This organization aimed to promote peace and cooperation among countries in the aftermath of World War I. source: britannica.com
26 Feb Grand Canyon National Park established: On February 26, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Grand Canyon National Park Act, establishing the Grand Canyon as a national park. source: history.com
02 Mar Founding of the Communist International (Comintern): The Communist International, also known as the Comintern, was founded in Moscow to promote worldwide communism. It aimed to unite various communist parties and movements across the globe under a single banner. This event marked a significant moment in the history of international communism. source: britannica.com
03 Mar Supreme Court upholds Schenck conviction: On March 3, 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for violating the Espionage Act. This landmark case established the 'clear and present danger' standard for limiting free speech, particularly during wartime, and has had lasting implications for First Amendment rights. source: oyez.org
04 Mar Founding of the Communist International (Comintern): The Communist International, also known as the Comintern, was founded in Moscow to promote worldwide communism. It aimed to unite various communist parties and movements across the globe under a single banner. This event marked a significant moment in the history of international communism. source: britannica.com
05 Mar A. Mitchell Palmer appointed as U.S. Attorney General: A. Mitchell Palmer was appointed as the U.S. Attorney General on March 5, 1919. His tenure was marked by the Red Scare, during which he led efforts to combat perceived threats from radical leftist movements in the United States. source: britannica.com
06 Mar Establishment of Reichswehr in post-World War I Germany: On March 6, 1919, the Reichswehr was established as the military organization of the Weimar Republic in Germany. This formation was crucial for maintaining order and stability in a country facing significant political and economic challenges after World War I. source: britannica.com
07 Mar Birth of M. N. Nambiar, pioneering Tamil cinema actor: M. N. Nambiar, born on March 7, 1919, in Cannanore, Kerala, was a prominent Indian actor known for his villainous roles in Tamil cinema. His career spanned over eight decades, making him a significant figure in the industry. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Mar Formation of Lithuanian Aviation Company: On March 12, 1919, Lithuania established its first aviation unit, the Aviation Company, marking the beginning of the Lithuanian Air Force. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Mar White Army captures Ufa during Russian Civil War: On March 16, 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the White Army captured the city of Ufa. This event was part of the White Army's Spring Offensive, which aimed to advance towards Moscow and disrupt Bolshevik control in the region. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Mar Birth of Nat King Cole: On March 17, 1919, renowned American jazz pianist and vocalist Nat King Cole was born in Montgomery, Alabama. He became one of the most influential artists in the history of jazz and popular music. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Mar 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party: The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party was held in March 1919. This congress was significant in shaping the direction of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Civil War. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Mar Establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic: The Hungarian Soviet Republic was established on March 21, 1919, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was a short-lived socialist state that lasted until August 1, 1919. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Mar Formation of Moscow's Politburo and Central Committee: The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held in Moscow from March 18 to 23, 1919. During this congress, the 8th Central Committee was elected, which included the formation of the Politburo. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Mar Last Habsburg Emperor Goes into Exile: On March 24, 1919, Emperor Charles I of Austria-Hungary went into exile following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Mar Missouri women gain voting rights in Electoral College: On March 28, 1919, Missouri women were granted the right to vote for presidential electors, allowing them to participate in the Electoral College. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Mar 1919 Stanley Cup Series cancelled due to Spanish Flu: The 1919 Stanley Cup Series was cancelled after five games due to the Spanish Flu pandemic, marking the first and only time the championship was not completed. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Mar Gandhi launches resistance against Rowlatt Act: On March 30, 1919, Mahatma Gandhi initiated a campaign of nonviolent resistance against the Rowlatt Act, which allowed the British colonial government in India to arrest and detain individuals without trial. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Mar Foch's warning about Versailles Treaty: On March 31, 1919, French Marshal Ferdinand Foch warned that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were too harsh and could lead to future conflict. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Apr Sinn Féin's second Dáil Éireann meeting: On April 1, 1919, fifty-two members of Sinn Féin attended the second meeting of Dáil Éireann. Seán T. O'Kelly was elected Ceann Comhairle, and Éamon de Valera was elected President of Dáil Éireann. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Apr Constance Markievicz appointed Minister for Labour: On April 2, 1919, Constance Markievicz was appointed Minister for Labour, becoming the first female Irish cabinet minister and the first in Western Europe. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Apr Habsburg Monarchy legally dethroned: On April 4, 1919, the Habsburg Monarchy was legally dethroned, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Apr Éamon de Valera becomes President of Dáil Éireann: On April 5, 1919, Éamon de Valera was elected President of Dáil Éireann during the second meeting of Sinn Féin's Dáil Éireann. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Apr Bavarian Soviet Republic Established: On April 6, 1919, communists and anarchists declared the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich, Germany, leading to the establishment of a short-lived socialist state. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Apr Riots in Ahmedabad, British India: On April 11, 1919, Ahmedabad experienced significant riots. The unrest was triggered by the arrest of leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal, leading to widespread protests and violence. The disturbances resulted in the burning of government buildings and the death of an Indian policeman. source: vdoc.pub
13 Apr Amritsar Massacre (Jallianwala Bagh): On April 13, 1919, British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indian civilians in Amritsar, resulting in hundreds of deaths and injuries, a pivotal event in India's struggle for independence. source: britannica.com
14 Apr Emperor Charles I of Austria Goes into Exile: After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Emperor Charles I of Austria went into exile on April 14, 1919, following the end of World War I. source: britannica.com
16 Apr Gandhi's Day of Mourning for Amritsar Massacre: In response to the Amritsar Massacre on April 13, 1919, Mahatma Gandhi organized a day of 'prayer and fasting' on April 16, 1919, to mourn the victims and protest British colonial rule in India. source: calendarz.com
19 Apr Birth of Merce Cunningham: Merce Cunningham, an influential American dancer and choreographer, was born on April 16, 1919, in Centralia, Washington. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Apr US Victory Liberty Loan Bond Offering: On April 21, 1919, the U.S. Treasury Department initiated the Victory Liberty Loan, offering $4.5 billion in gold notes at 4.75% interest. These bonds matured after four years but could be redeemed by the government after three. They were exempt from all income taxes and were referred to as "the last of the series of five Liberty Loans." source: theodora.com
22 Apr Birth of Donald J. Cram, renowned chemist: Donald James Cram, an American chemist, was born in Chester, Vermont. He shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity, founding the field of host-guest chemistry. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Apr Bauhaus Movement Founded in Weimar: The Bauhaus, a German art and design school, was founded in Weimar on April 1, 1919, by architect Walter Gropius. It aimed to unify the fine and applied arts, influencing modern design and architecture. source: bauhaus100.uni-weimar.de
30 Apr Death of Henry Wood: Henry Wood, an English cricket wicket-keeper who played in four Tests between 1888-1892, passes away.
01 May German troops suppress Bavarian Soviet Republic: On May 1, 1919, German Freikorps troops advanced into Munich, the capital of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, initiating street-by-street combat that led to the fall of the republic. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 May Munich Soviet resistance crushed: On May 2, 1919, German Freikorps troops suppressed the Munich Soviet Republic, leading to its collapse. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 May Fall of the Bavarian Soviet Republic: On May 3, 1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic collapsed after German Freikorps troops captured Munich, ending the short-lived socialist government. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 May May Fourth Movement: Student protests in Beijing: On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing, China, known as the May Fourth Movement, advocating for modernization and national strength. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 May May Fourth Movement spreads in China: The May Fourth Movement, a significant cultural and political movement in China, began on May 4, 1919, and quickly spread across the country. It was characterized by widespread protests against the Treaty of Versailles and calls for modernization and reform. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 May Paris Peace Conference resolves German colonial territories: On May 6, 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference, decisions were made regarding the redistribution of German colonial territories following World War I, leading to the establishment of mandates under the League of Nations. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 May Paris Peace Conference territorial decisions: On May 7, 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference, territorial decisions were made affecting various regions, including the allocation of former German and Ottoman territories. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 May Moment of Silence Proposal for World War I Remembrance: On May 8, 1919, Edward George Honey, an Australian journalist residing in London, proposed a five-minute moment of silence to commemorate the first anniversary of the Armistice ending World War I. His letter, published in the London Evening News, suggested this solemn observance as a more fitting tribute than the celebratory street dancing that had occurred on November 11, 1918. source: britannica.com
10 May Charleston Riot of 1919: On May 10, 1919, a riot erupted in Charleston, South Carolina, when white sailors attacked Black residents, leading to six deaths and numerous injuries. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 May Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic Proclaimed: On May 11, 1919, the Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in Tiraspol as an autonomous part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This government, established by Bolsheviks, aimed to assert Soviet control over Bessarabia, a region that had united with Romania in 1918. However, the Bessarabian SSR never gained control over any part of Bessarabia, which remained under Romanian administration. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 May Yankees and Senators Play Extra-Inning Tie: On May 12, 1919, the New York Yankees and the Washington Senators played a 15-inning game that ended in a 4-4 tie. The game was called due to darkness, with both teams unable to secure a victory after multiple extra innings. source: washingtonbaseballhistory.com
14 May 44th Preakness Stakes: The 44th Preakness Stakes was held on May 14, 1919, at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was won by Sir Barton, ridden by Johnny Loftus, with a time of 1:53.00. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 May Greek occupation of Smyrna: On May 15, 1919, Greek forces landed in Smyrna (modern-day İzmir, Turkey), marking the beginning of the Greek occupation of the city. This action was part of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) and aimed to protect the Greek population in the area. The occupation lasted until September 1922. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 May Mustafa Kemal Atatürk begins Turkish War of Independence: On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk arrived in Samsun, marking the start of the Turkish War of Independence against occupying forces following World War I. This event is commemorated annually as Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day in Turkey. source: ataa.org
23 May Third Anglo-Afghan War: Strategic Challenges: The Third Anglo-Afghan War began in May 1919, marking a significant conflict between Britain and Afghanistan. The war was primarily driven by Afghanistan's desire for independence and Britain's strategic interests in the region. source: britannica.com
25 May Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Confirmed: On May 25, 1919, observations during a solar eclipse confirmed Einstein's theory of general relativity, revolutionizing the understanding of gravity. This event marked a pivotal moment in physics and established Einstein as a leading scientist. source: britannica.com
26 May Jay Silverheels Born - Indigenous Actor and Cultural Icon: Jay Silverheels, born on May 26, 1919, became a prominent Indigenous actor known for his role as Tonto in the Lone Ranger series. He is celebrated for his contributions to film and representation of Indigenous peoples. source: britannica.com
27 May First Transatlantic Flight Completed by US Navy: On May 27, 1919, the US Navy completed the first transatlantic flight, marking a significant milestone in aviation history. This achievement demonstrated the potential for long-distance air travel and military aviation capabilities. source: britannica.com
28 May Armenia declares independence: On May 28, 1919, Armenia declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire, marking a significant moment in its history. This declaration followed the end of World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, allowing Armenia to establish itself as a sovereign nation. source: britannica.com
29 May Einstein's theory of relativity tested during solar eclipse: On May 29, 1919, during a solar eclipse, observations confirmed Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. This event provided empirical evidence for the bending of light around massive objects, significantly impacting physics. source: britannica.com
30 May Belgium granted mandate over Ruanda-Urundi: On May 30, 1919, Belgium was granted a mandate over the territories of Ruanda-Urundi, now known as Rwanda and Burundi, by the League of Nations. This mandate marked the beginning of Belgian colonial rule in the region. source: britannica.com
31 May First transatlantic flight by US Navy aircraft: On May 31, 1919, the US Navy conducted its first transatlantic flight, marking a milestone in aviation history. This flight demonstrated the potential for long-distance air travel and military aviation capabilities. source: britannica.com
01 Jun Short-lived Rhineland Republic declared: On June 1, 1919, the Rhineland Republic was declared, although it was short-lived due to political instability. This republic emerged in the aftermath of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. source: britannica.com
02 Jun 1919 Galleanist Anarchist Bombings: On June 2, 1919, a series of bombings orchestrated by Galleanist anarchists targeted prominent individuals and institutions in the United States, aiming to incite social upheaval. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Jun Third Anglo-Afghan War Armistice: On June 3, 1919, an armistice was signed between the British Raj and Afghanistan, ending the Third Anglo-Afghan War and leading to Afghanistan's full independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Jun 1919 Anarchist Mail Bomb Campaign: In 1919, anarchists in the United States conducted a series of mail bombings targeting prominent government officials and business leaders. The campaign aimed to incite fear and protest against the U.S. government. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jun End of the Republic of Prekmurje: The brief and tumultuous existence of the Republic of Prekmurje comes to an end, reflecting the complex territorial and political reorganizations in the aftermath of World War I.
07 Jun Sette Giugno: Nationalist riots break out in Valletta, the capital of Malta. British soldiers fire into the crowd, killing four people.: On June 7, 1919, nationalist riots broke out in Valletta, Malta, as citizens protested against economic conditions and political demands. British soldiers fired into the crowd, resulting in the deaths of four individuals: Manwel Attard, Karmenu Abela, Ġużè Bajada, and Wenzu Dyer. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jun Royal Air Force Seaplane Attack on Soviet Steamboats in Russian Civil War: On June 8, 1919, during the Russian Civil War, Royal Air Force Fairey seaplanes attacked four armed Soviet steamboats on Lake Onega. The attack caused minimal damage but forced the Soviet boats to flee, pursued by Royal Navy torpedo boats. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Jun Red Army Captures Ufa: On June 9, 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the Red Army captured the city of Ufa, a strategic location in the Volga region, from the White Army. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Jun Ratification of the 19th Amendment in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan: On June 10, 1919, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan became the first three states to ratify the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote. Illinois ratified at 10:48 a.m. CDT, Wisconsin at 11:42 a.m. CDT, and Michigan at 4:15 p.m. EDT. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Jun Sir Barton Wins Triple Crown: On June 11, 1919, Sir Barton became the first horse to win the American Triple Crown, securing victories in the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Jun New York City Police Raid Soviet Government Bureau: On June 12, 1919, New York City police raided the Soviet Government Bureau, an organization promoting Bolshevik ideals, leading to the arrest of several individuals. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Jun First Nonstop Transatlantic Flight by Alcock and Brown: On June 14, 1919, British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown completed the first nonstop transatlantic flight, landing in Clifden, Ireland, after departing from St. John's, Newfoundland. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Jun First non-stop transatlantic flight completed by Alcock and Brown: On June 14, 1919, British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown took off from St. John's, Newfoundland, in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber. They landed in Clifden, Ireland, on June 15, 1919, after a 16-hour flight, becoming the first to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. source: cam.ac.uk
17 Jun Barney Google Cartoon Strip Debuts: On June 17, 1919, the 'Barney Google' cartoon strip debuted, becoming a popular feature in American newspapers. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Jun First A&W Root Beer Stand Opens: On June 20, 1919, the first A&W Root Beer stand opened, marking the beginning of the A&W restaurant chain. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Jun Winnipeg General Strike Tragedy: On June 21, 1919, during the Winnipeg General Strike, known as "Bloody Saturday," the Royal North-West Mounted Police charged into a crowd of strikers, resulting in two deaths and numerous injuries. source: historymuseum.ca
23 Jun Nitti Government Formed in Italy: On June 23, 1919, the Nitti government was formed in Italy, succeeding the previous administration. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Jun Failed coup attempt in Hungarian Soviet Republic: On June 24, 1919, the Social Democratic Party attempted a coup against the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The coup failed, leading to reprisals against the Social Democrats. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Jun Switzerland rejects women's suffrage in Neuchâtel canton: On June 28–29, 1919, voters in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, rejected granting women the right to vote. This was part of a series of referendums where women's suffrage was consistently denied. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Jun Death of Lord Rayleigh, renowned physicist: Lord Rayleigh, a distinguished British physicist known for his work in the field of gas dynamics and the discovery of the noble gas argon, died on June 30, 1919. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Jul Czechoslovak Forces Dissolve Slovak Soviet Republic: On July 7, 1919, Czechoslovak forces dissolved the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic, which had been established in June 1919 under the influence of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Jul Netherlands establishes 8-hour workday and Sunday rest: On July 11, 1919, the Netherlands enacted legislation granting workers an eight-hour workday and mandatory rest on Sundays, marking a significant advancement in labor rights. source: isitaholidaytoday.com
15 Jul HMS Gentian and HMS Myrtle sunk by mines: On July 15, 1919, during a mine-clearing operation in the Baltic Sea, the British Royal Navy sloops HMS Gentian and HMS Myrtle struck mines and sank, resulting in the loss of nine sailors. source: theguardian.com
16 Jul Five Great Powers meet in Paris: On July 16, 1919, representatives from the five Great Powers convened in Paris to discuss post-World War I arrangements and the establishment of the League of Nations. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Jul Edmund Hillary's Birth: Edmund Hillary, the renowned New Zealand mountaineer and explorer, was born on July 20, 1919. He is best known for being one of the first two individuals to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1953. source: britannica.com
21 Jul Wingfoot Air Express Disaster in Chicago: The Wingfoot Air Express disaster occurred on July 21, 1919, when a dirigible caught fire and crashed in Chicago, resulting in several fatalities. This incident raised concerns about airship safety and regulations. source: britannica.com
22 Jul Uneventful Day in 1919: July 22, 1919, is noted as an uneventful day in historical records, with no significant events documented. This reflects the quieter periods amidst the tumultuous events of the year. source: onthisday.com
23 Jul Washington Race Riot of 1919: The Washington Race Riot continued on July 23, 1919, as racial tensions escalated in the city. The violence and unrest were part of a larger pattern of racial conflict in the United States during this period. source: britannica.com
24 Jul Washington DC Race Riot of 1919: The Washington D.C. Race Riot continued on July 24, 1919, with ongoing violence and unrest. This event was part of a series of race riots that occurred across the United States during the summer of 1919. source: britannica.com
25 Jul Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Concludes: The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 concluded on July 25, 1919, after a series of protests and uprisings against British rule. This revolution was pivotal in the movement for Egyptian independence. source: britannica.com
26 Jul Birth of James Lovelock, renowned scientist and environmentalist: James Ephraim Lovelock, an English independent scientist, environmentalist, and futurist, was born on July 26, 1919, in Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Jul Chicago Race Riot of 1919: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between white Americans and Black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919. The riot resulted in 38 deaths and over 500 injuries. source: britannica.com
28 Jul Arkansas Senate supports women's suffrage: On July 28, 1919, the Arkansas Senate passed a resolution supporting the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting women the right to vote. Arkansas was the 12th state to ratify the amendment, which was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Jul Chicago Race Riots of 1919: The Chicago Race Riots of 1919 were a series of violent racial conflicts between white Americans and Black Americans that began on July 27 and continued until August 3, 1919. The riots resulted in 38 deaths and over 500 injuries. source: britannica.com
31 Jul Birth of sportscaster Curt Gowdy: Curtis Edward Gowdy, known as Curt Gowdy, was born on July 31, 1919, in Green River, Wyoming. He became a prominent American sportscaster, known for his work with the Boston Red Sox and national sports events. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Aug Chicago Race Riot of 1919 concludes: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919, a significant racial conflict in the United States, concluded on August 3, 1919. The riot had resulted in numerous casualties and highlighted the racial tensions prevalent in the country during that period. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Aug Weimar Republic Constitution established: On August 4, 1919, the Weimar Republic Constitution was established in Germany, marking the beginning of a new democratic era following the end of World War I. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Aug Paris Peace Conference: Meeting of Great Powers Delegation Heads: On August 5, 1919, the heads of the Great Powers' delegations met during the Paris Peace Conference to discuss post-World War I settlements and treaties. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Aug Hungarian right-wing counterrevolution: On August 6, 1919, a Hungarian right-wing counterrevolution occurred, leading to significant political changes in Hungary. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Aug Actors' Equity Association Strike of 1919: On August 7, 1919, the Actors' Equity Association initiated a strike against the Producing Managers' Association in New York City, demanding better working conditions and fair pay. The strike led to the closure of 12 theaters on the first night, with managers issuing $25,000 in ticket refunds. The strike lasted for 30 days, spread to eight cities, closed 37 shows, and prevented 17 openings, costing theatre managers $3 million. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Aug Treaty of Rawalpindi: Afghanistan's Independence: On August 8, 1919, the Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed, marking the end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War and recognizing Afghanistan's full independence from British influence. The treaty allowed Afghanistan to conduct its own foreign affairs and establish diplomatic relations without British interference. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Aug Birth of Joop den Uyl, Dutch Political Leader: Joop den Uyl, a prominent Dutch politician and Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977, was born on August 9, 1919. He was known for his social democratic policies and played a significant role in Dutch politics during the 1970s. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Aug Ukrainian National Army Violence Against Jewish Population: On August 10, 1919, during the Ukrainian War of Independence, the Ukrainian National Army engaged in violent actions against the Jewish population in areas under their control. This period was marked by widespread anti-Semitic violence and pogroms, leading to significant loss of life and displacement. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Aug Weimar Constitution Signed: On August 11, 1919, the Weimar Constitution was signed, establishing the Weimar Republic in Germany. The constitution provided a democratic framework for the country, introducing universal suffrage and a parliamentary system, and remained in effect until 1933. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Aug U.S. Marines 6th Machine Gun Battalion deactivated: The 6th Machine Gun Battalion, part of the 4th Marine Brigade, was deactivated at Quantico, Virginia, on August 13, 1919, after serving in World War I. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Aug Silesian Uprising: German Border Guards Massacre Ethnic Poles: On August 15, 1919, German border guards (Grenzschutz) killed ten Silesian civilians during a labor dispute at the Mysłowice mine. This incident led to widespread protests and a general strike by approximately 140,000 Polish miners, culminating in the First Silesian Uprising against German control over Upper Silesia. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Aug First Silesian Uprising Begins: On August 16, 1919, the Polish Military Organization of Upper Silesia initiated the First Silesian Uprising, aiming to transfer Upper Silesia from Germany to the newly established Polish Republic. The uprising involved clashes between Polish insurgents and German forces. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Aug Bulgarian Agrarian National Union Wins Parliamentary Majority: On August 17, 1919, the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union secured a majority in the Bulgarian parliament, marking a significant shift in the country's political landscape. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Aug Royal Air Force and Navy Attack on Kronstadt: On August 18, 1919, British Royal Air Force and Navy units conducted an attack on the Russian naval base at Kronstadt, targeting Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Aug Afghanistan Gains Independence from United Kingdom: On August 19, 1919, Afghanistan achieved independence from British control, ending the British protectorate established in the 19th century. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Aug Joe Wilhoit's 69-Game Hitting Streak Ends: On August 20, 1919, Joe Wilhoit, playing for the Wichita Jobbers, ended his 69-game hitting streak against the Tulsa Oilers. This remains the longest hitting streak in professional baseball history. source: bleacherreport.com
21 Aug Friedrich Ebert Becomes First President of the Weimar Republic: On August 21, 1919, Friedrich Ebert was sworn in as the first President of Germany under the Weimar Constitution, marking the establishment of the Weimar Republic. source: bundestag.de
23 Aug Afghanistan Achieves Independence from British Rule: On August 23, 1919, Afghanistan signed the Treaty of Rawalpindi with Britain, gaining full independence after the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
24 Aug White Russian Forces Capture Odessa: On August 24, 1919, White Russian forces captured the city of Odessa from Bolshevik control during the Russian Civil War.
25 Aug First Paris-London Commercial Passenger Flight: On August 25, 1919, the first commercial passenger flight between Paris and London took place, marking a significant milestone in aviation history.
26 Aug Silesian Uprising of 1919: The First Silesian Uprising began on August 17, 1919, and continued until August 24, 1919. It was an armed conflict between Polish insurgents and German forces in Upper Silesia, aiming to secure the region for Poland. Despite initial successes, the uprising was suppressed by German forces. source: walkaogranice.ipn.gov.pl
27 Aug Death of Louis Botha, South African Prime Minister: Louis Botha, the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, died on August 27, 1919, in Pretoria after a heart attack. He was 56 years old. source: britannica.com
28 Aug John Smuts Becomes Premier of South Africa: Following the death of Louis Botha on August 27, 1919, John Smuts succeeded him as the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. source: britannica.com
31 Aug Socialist Party fragmentation: On August 31, 1919, a faction of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) left the party to form the Communist Labor Party of America (CLP). This split occurred during the SPA's Emergency National Convention in Chicago, where disagreements over the party's direction led to the departure of the left-wing delegates. The CLP was established with Alfred Wagenknecht as its National Executive Secretary. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Sep Formation of the Communist Party of America: On September 1, 1919, the Communist Party of America (CPA) was founded in Chicago by a faction of the Socialist Party of America (SPA). This group, led by Charles Ruthenberg, split from the SPA during its Emergency National Convention due to ideological disagreements, marking a significant moment in American socialist history. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Sep Communist Party of America established: On September 2, 1919, the Communist Party of America (CPA) was established in Chicago by a faction of the Socialist Party of America (SPA). This group, led by Charles Ruthenberg, split from the SPA during its Emergency National Convention due to ideological disagreements, marking a significant moment in American socialist history. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Sep German Social Democratic Workers' Party established in Czechoslovakia: The German Social Democratic Workers' Party (DSAP) was founded in Teplice, Czechoslovakia, on September 3, 1919, following a split from the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. Josef Seliger became its first leader. The DSAP aimed to represent the German-speaking population within the newly formed Czechoslovak state. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Sep Sivas Congress: Foundation of Modern Turkey: The Sivas Congress, held from September 4 to 11, 1919, was a pivotal event in the Turkish War of Independence. Delegates from across the country convened in Sivas to coordinate resistance against occupying forces and laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
05 Sep Wilson advocates for League of Nations in St. Louis speech: On September 5, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson delivered a speech in St. Louis, Missouri, advocating for the establishment of the League of Nations. He emphasized the importance of international cooperation to prevent future conflicts.
06 Sep U.S. Army cross-country motor transport train completes historic transcontinental journey: On September 6, 1919, the U.S. Army's cross-country motor transport train completed a historic transcontinental journey from Washington, D.C., to San Francisco. This event demonstrated the feasibility of using motor vehicles for military logistics across the United States.
07 Sep First Waldorf school established in Stuttgart: On September 7, 1919, the first Waldorf school was established in Stuttgart, Germany. The school was founded by Emil Molt and Rudolf Steiner, offering an educational approach that emphasized holistic development and creativity.
08 Sep Minnesota ratifies women's voting rights: On September 8, 1919, Minnesota became the first state to ratify the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote. This significant event marked a pivotal moment in the women's suffrage movement in the United States. source: nps.gov
09 Sep Boston police strike of 1919: The Boston Police Strike began on September 9, 1919, when police officers walked off the job to protest working conditions and wages. The strike led to significant unrest in the city and highlighted labor issues of the time. source: boston.com
10 Sep Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye signed: On September 10, 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed, formally ending hostilities between the Allies and Austria after World War I. The treaty redrew borders and imposed reparations on Austria. source: britannica.com
11 Sep Founding of Moscow Film School: On September 11, 1919, the Moscow Film School was founded, becoming one of the first institutions dedicated to film education. This marked a significant development in the history of cinema in Russia. source: britannica.com
12 Sep Adolf Hitler joins the German Workers' Party: On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler attended a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) in Munich. Impressed by his oratory skills, party chairman Anton Drexler invited him to join. Within a week, Hitler became member number 555, marking the beginning of his political career. source: historyplace.com
13 Sep Boston Police Strike of 1919: On September 13, 1919, the Boston police strike concluded with the dismissal of approximately 1,100 striking officers. They were replaced by 1,574 new officers, many of whom were World War I veterans, leading to a significant shift in the city's law enforcement. source: britannica.com
14 Sep Gulf Coast Hurricane: A Category 3 hurricane made landfall just south of Corpus Christi, Texas, on September 14, 1919. The storm caused significant damage and resulted in numerous fatalities. source: paperzz.com
18 Sep Dutch Women's Suffrage Milestone: On September 18, 1919, the Netherlands granted women the right to vote, following a constitutional amendment in 1917 that allowed women to stand for election. source: dutchreview.com
25 Sep Woodrow Wilson delivers final public speech in Pueblo, Colorado: On September 25, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson delivered his last public address in Pueblo, Colorado, advocating for the League of Nations. Shortly after the speech, he collapsed, leading to the cancellation of his speaking tour. This event marked the end of his public appearances before a debilitating stroke incapacitated him. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
26 Sep President Wilson suffers stroke in Pueblo, Colorado: On September 26, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson suffered a paralytic stroke in Pueblo, Colorado, while on a speaking tour to promote the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles. This stroke effectively incapacitated him for the remainder of his presidency. source: georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
27 Sep Red Army Southern Front strategically divided: On September 27, 1919, the Red Army's Southern Front was strategically divided to strengthen its position against White Army forces during the Russian Civil War. This reorganization aimed to improve coordination and effectiveness in military operations. source: marxists.org
01 Oct Elaine Race Riot in Arkansas: In October 1919, the Elaine Race Riot occurred in Arkansas, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 100 to 240 Black individuals and 5 white individuals. This incident was part of the broader Red Summer of 1919, a period marked by numerous race riots across the United States. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Oct Woodrow Wilson's Debilitating Stroke: In October 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke, leading to a period of incapacitation. This event significantly impacted his ability to govern and had lasting effects on his presidency. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Oct Morgenthau Report on Jewish Treatment in Poland: In October 1919, the Morgenthau Report was published, detailing the treatment of Jewish individuals in Poland. The report highlighted widespread discrimination and violence against Jews, drawing international attention to the issue. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Oct Racial Violence During Gary, Indiana Labor Dispute: In October 1919, racial violence erupted during a labor dispute in Gary, Indiana. The unrest was part of the broader Red Summer of 1919, a period marked by numerous race riots across the United States. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Oct Norwegian Prohibition Referendum: On October 5–6, 1919, Norway held a referendum on introducing prohibition, which had been partially in effect since 1917. The proposal to ban spirits was approved by 61.6% of voters. However, a subsequent referendum in 1926 led to the repeal of the prohibition law. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Oct École Normale de Musique de Paris Founded: Renowned French pianist Alfred Cortot co-founded the École Normale de Musique de Paris, an important institution dedicated to musical education and training that would significantly influence classical music performance and pedagogy in the 20th century.
08 Oct Cathedral of Saint Catharine of Siena established: Saint Catharine of Siena Parish was officially established on October 8, 1919, in Allentown, Pennsylvania, by Archbishop Dennis Cardinal Dougherty. The parish was later designated as the Cathedral Church of St. Catharine of Siena in 1961. source: allentowndiocese.org
09 Oct Black Sox Scandal World Series: The Black Sox Scandal involved eight members of the Chicago White Sox who were accused of conspiring to fix the 1919 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds. The scandal led to a major investigation and the eventual ban of the players from professional baseball. source: britannica.com
10 Oct Estonia's Radical Land Reform: On October 10, 1919, Estonia enacted a radical land reform law aimed at redistributing land from large estates to landless peasants. This reform was part of the broader social changes following Estonia's independence from Russia after World War I. source: britannica.com
11 Oct Red Army Counteroffensive in Russian Civil War: The Red Army launched a counteroffensive on October 11, 1919, during the Russian Civil War, aimed at regaining territory lost to White Army forces. This marked a significant turning point in the conflict, contributing to the eventual Bolshevik victory. source: britannica.com
12 Oct Royal Navy Fleet Mutiny in Scotland: On October 12, 1919, a mutiny occurred among the Royal Navy fleet in Scotland, driven by discontent over pay and conditions following World War I. This event highlighted the tensions within the military as soldiers returned to civilian life. source: britannica.com
13 Oct International Aerial Navigation Convention: The Paris Convention, formally the Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation, was signed in Paris, establishing principles for international air navigation. source: icao.int
17 Oct Leeds United Football Club established: Leeds United Football Club was founded on October 17, 1919, following the disbandment of Leeds City F.C. due to financial irregularities. The new club began playing in the Midland League and was elected to the Football League in 1920. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Oct Birth of Jazz Singer Anita O'Day: Anita O'Day, an influential jazz singer, was born on October 21, 1919. She gained fame for her unique vocal style and was a prominent figure in the jazz scene during the mid-20th century. source: biography.com
24 Oct Czechoslovakia Establishes Diplomatic Presence in United States: On October 24, 1919, Czechoslovakia established its first diplomatic mission in the United States, marking a significant step in the country's foreign relations following its independence after World War I. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Oct Women's Suffrage Legislation in Czechoslovakia: On October 26, 1919, Czechoslovakia passed legislation granting women the right to vote, marking a significant advancement in women's rights in the country. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Oct Axeman of New Orleans Final Murder: The final murder attributed to the Axeman of New Orleans occurred on October 27, 1919. This notorious serial killer was known for targeting Italian-American victims, creating widespread fear in the community. source: history.com
28 Oct Volstead Act Passed, Prohibition Begins: The Volstead Act was passed on October 28, 1919, marking the official start of Prohibition in the United States. This legislation aimed to enforce the 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. source: archives.gov
29 Oct New Zealand Women's Political Rights Milestone: On October 29, 1919, New Zealand marked a significant milestone in women's political rights, as women gained the right to stand for election. This was a pivotal moment in the global suffrage movement. source: nzhistory.govt.nz
30 Oct Baseball Spitball Prohibition Proposed: On October 30, 1919, a proposal was made to prohibit the spitball in baseball, reflecting ongoing debates about the integrity of the game. This marked a significant moment in baseball's evolving rules. source: baseball-almanac.com
01 Nov California ratifies the 19th Amendment: On November 1, 1919, California ratified the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting women the right to vote. This made California the sixth state to do so, following its earlier adoption of women's suffrage in 1911. source: nps.gov
02 Nov Birth of Warren Stevens Clark: Warren Stevens Clark was born in Summit, Pennsylvania. He would later become known as an actor, notably appearing in the Richard Boone Show.
05 Nov Maine ratifies 19th Amendment, advancing women's suffrage: On November 5, 1919, Maine became the 19th state to ratify the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote. This decision marked a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement, reflecting a shift in public opinion from a 1917 referendum where Maine voters had previously denied women the right to vote. source: nps.gov
07 Nov First Palmer Raid against suspected communists: On November 7, 1919, U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer initiated the first of the Palmer Raids, targeting suspected anarchists and communists. Federal agents conducted raids in 12 cities, arresting approximately 250 individuals associated with the Union of Russian Workers. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Nov Blériot-SPAD S.27 first test flight: The Blériot-SPAD S.27, a small French airliner developed post-World War I, made its first test flight on November 10, 1919. Designed by André Herbemont, the S.27 adapted the S.20 fighter into a civilian airliner, accommodating two passengers in a small cabin within the fuselage. Approximately ten units were built, with three operated by Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) on the Paris-London route, later merging into Air Union. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Nov First Armistice Day commemoration held in London: On November 11, 1919, the first official Armistice Day was observed at Buckingham Palace in London. The ceremony included a two-minute silence at 11:00 a.m. to honor those who died during World War I. Similar ceremonies were held in other countries, marking the end of the war and honoring the fallen. source: britannica.com
12 Nov Ross and Keith Smith complete historic London to Australia flight: On November 12, 1919, Australian aviators Ross and Keith Smith, along with their crew, completed a pioneering flight from London to Australia. This achievement demonstrated the potential for long-distance air travel and was a significant milestone in aviation history. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Nov Red Army achieves victory in Voronezh Operation during Russian Civil War: On November 13, 1919, the Red Army successfully captured the city of Voronezh from White Army forces. This victory was part of the broader Soviet offensive during the Russian Civil War, contributing to the consolidation of Bolshevik power in the region. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Nov Red Army captures Omsk during Russian Civil War: On November 14, 1919, the Red Army captured the city of Omsk from White Army forces. This strategic victory was significant in the context of the Russian Civil War, as Omsk was a major stronghold for the anti-Bolshevik forces. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Nov US Senate invokes cloture to end filibuster on Versailles Treaty: On November 15, 1919, the United States Senate invoked cloture to end a filibuster against the Treaty of Versailles. This procedural move allowed the Senate to proceed with the ratification of the treaty, which officially ended World War I. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Nov Einstein's general relativity confirmed through solar eclipse observation: On November 16, 1919, observations of a solar eclipse provided empirical evidence supporting Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. This confirmation was a significant milestone in physics, validating Einstein's predictions about the bending of light by gravity. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Nov U.S. Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles: On November 19, 1919, the U.S. Senate voted against ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, which had been signed earlier that year to end World War I. The treaty faced opposition primarily due to concerns over the League of Nations, particularly Article 10, which some senators believed could entangle the U.S. in foreign conflicts. The Senate's rejection meant the United States did not join the League of Nations. source: senate.gov
20 Nov Lithuania establishes universal suffrage: On November 20, 1919, the Council of Lithuania passed the Law on Elections, granting universal suffrage to all citizens over the age of 21, as outlined in the Provisional Constitution of 1918. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Nov Bogalusa sawmill killings: On November 22, 1919, a series of racially motivated attacks occurred in Bogalusa, Louisiana, resulting in the deaths of four labor organizers. These attacks were orchestrated by the white paramilitary group known as the Self-Preservation and Loyalty League. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Dec Quebec Bridge completion after tragic construction: The Quebec Bridge, spanning the Saint Lawrence River in Canada, was completed on December 3, 1919, after nearly two decades of construction. The project faced significant challenges, including two major collapses that resulted in the loss of 89 workers' lives. Despite these setbacks, the bridge stands as a testament to engineering perseverance and is recognized as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. source: Wikipedia (day-month pages)
04 Dec Boston Police Strike of 1919: On December 4, 1919, the Boston Police Department went on strike, demanding better wages and working conditions. The strike led to widespread unrest and was met with strong opposition from the city's political leaders. The event highlighted the challenges of labor relations in the early 20th century and had lasting impacts on public sector labor rights in the United States.
09 Dec Birth of William Lipscomb: William Nunn Lipscomb Jr., an American chemist and Nobel laureate, was born in Cleveland, Ohio. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Dec Lady Nancy Astor Enters British Parliament: Lady Nancy Astor became the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons in 1919. source: parliament.uk
11 Dec Boll Weevil Monument Dedication in Enterprise, Alabama: A monument dedicated to the boll weevil was unveiled in Enterprise, Alabama, in 1919, recognizing its impact on the local economy. source: al.com
13 Dec First Aerial Circumnavigation of the Globe: The first aerial circumnavigation of the globe was completed in 1919 by the U.S. Army Air Service. source: history.com
15 Dec Edna Saint Vincent Millay's 'Aria da Capo' Premiere: Edna St. Vincent Millay's one-act play 'Aria da Capo' premiered in New York City on December 15, 1919. The play is an expressionist morality piece featuring characters from the commedia dell'arte tradition. source: americanliterature.com
16 Dec Establishment of German War Graves Commission: The German War Graves Commission, known as Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge, was founded on December 16, 1919, to locate, maintain, and care for German war graves outside of Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Dec Founding of the American Meteorological Society: The American Meteorological Society (AMS) was founded on December 29, 1919, by Charles Franklin Brooks of the Blue Hill Observatory in Milton, Massachusetts. Its initial membership, numbering just under 600, primarily came from the U.S. Signal Corps and the U.S. Weather Bureau. The society's mission is to advance the atmospheric and related sciences, technologies, applications, and services for the benefit of society. source: ametsoc.org
22 Dec Establishment of Theta Alpha Phi Honor Society: Theta Alpha Phi, an American honor society for theatre, was established in December 1919 by members of the National Association of Teachers of Speech. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Dec Keynes Publishes Influential Economic Analysis: John Maynard Keynes published "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" in 1919, analyzing the economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Dec Lincoln's Inn admits first female bar student: Marjorie Powell became the first woman admitted to Lincoln's Inn, one of the four Inns of Court in London, in December 1919. She was never called to the bar but continued to teach and write about economics. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Dec New Year's Eve celebrations in Times Square: The 1919–1920 New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square, New York, took place on December 31, 1919. This event marked the 13th ball drop since the tradition began in 1907. source: en.wikipedia.org

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