Major Events of 1931: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1931, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1931 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

04 Jan CBS Radio ends Father Coughlin's broadcasts: On January 4, 1931, CBS Radio canceled Father Charles Coughlin's program after he criticized the network's censorship and encouraged listeners to protest. This led to over a million letters of protest to CBS stations nationwide. source: ebsco.com
05 Jan Ernst Röhm appointed SA Chief of Staff: On January 5, 1931, Adolf Hitler appointed Ernst Röhm as the Chief of Staff of the SA (Sturmabteilung), the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jan Thomas Edison's final patent application filed: On January 6, 1931, Thomas Edison filed his final patent application, marking the end of his prolific career as an inventor. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Jan Funeral of General Joseph Joffre held: On January 7, 1931, the funeral of General Joseph Joffre, the French military leader during World War I, was held in Paris. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jan Herbert Hoover addresses National Automobile Chamber of Commerce: On January 6, 1931, President Herbert Hoover delivered telephone remarks to the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, discussing the automobile industry's role in the economy. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
14 Jan Birth of Caterina Valente: Caterina Valente, an Italian-French multilingual singer, guitarist, dancer, and actress, was born in Paris on January 14, 1931. She was known for her performances in jazz, schlager, pop, musical theater, chanson, and bossa nova. Valente spoke six languages and sang in eleven, achieving international acclaim for her versatility and talent. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jan First Round Table Conference on India concludes: The first session of the Round Table Conference, aimed at discussing India's constitutional future, concluded on January 19, 1931. The conference was attended by representatives from various Indian states and political parties, excluding the Indian National Congress, which was engaged in the Civil Disobedience Movement at the time. source: parliament.uk
20 Jan Wickersham Commission Report on Prohibition released: The Wickersham Commission, officially known as the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, released its report on Prohibition on January 20, 1931. The report evaluated the effectiveness of Prohibition laws in the United States and concluded that they were largely unsuccessful in achieving their objectives. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Jan Death of Anna Pavlova: A Ballet Legend Passes: Anna Pavlova, the renowned Russian prima ballerina, died on January 23, 1931, in The Hague, Netherlands, at the age of 49. She had been ill with pleurisy, a complication from pneumonia, and passed away in her hotel room. Pavlova was celebrated for her role in 'The Dying Swan' and was the first ballerina to tour the world with her own company. source: britannica.com
28 Jan Donald Bradman's 220 runs for New South Wales against Victoria: On January 28, 1931, Australian cricketer Donald Bradman scored 220 runs for New South Wales in a Sheffield Shield match against Victoria at the Sydney Cricket Ground. This innings was part of a match that concluded in a draw, with New South Wales scoring 382/4 in their second innings. source: thecricketmonthly.com
01 Feb Birth of Boris Yeltsin: Boris Yeltsin, the first President of Russia, was born on February 1, 1931, in the village of Butka, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Soviet Union. He served as President from 1991 to 1999. source: britannica.com
05 Feb Malcolm Campbell sets groundbreaking land speed record: On February 5, 1931, British driver Malcolm Campbell set a new land speed record of 246.08 mph (396.03 km/h) at Daytona Beach, Florida, driving the Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird. source: britannica.com
13 Feb Nevada Gambling Legislation Introduction: On February 13, 1931, Assemblyman Phil M. Tobin introduced Assembly Bill 98, aiming to legalize gambling in Nevada. This bill marked the beginning of the state's move to regulate gambling, which was later signed into law by Governor Fred B. Balzar on March 19, 1931. source: ebsco.com
15 Feb Actor Louis Mann passes away: Louis Mann, an American theatre actor and director, died on February 15, 1931, in New York City at the age of 65. He was known for his performances in both Broadway productions and motion pictures. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Feb Birth of Otis Blackwell: Otis Blackwell, an influential American songwriter known for hits like "Great Balls of Fire" and "Don't Be Cruel," was born in Brooklyn, New York. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Feb Birth of Amanda Blake, American Actress: Amanda Blake, an American actress best known for her role as Miss Kitty on "Gunsmoke," was born in Buffalo, New York. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Feb First aircraft hijacking in Peru: The first documented hijacking of a civilian airliner occurred on February 21, 1931, when a Pan American-Grace Airways airmail flight landed in Arequipa, Peru, and was surrounded by armed guerillas. The hijackers demanded that the pilot, Captain Byron Dague Rickards, drop propaganda leaflets on Peruvian cities to rally support for their efforts to overthrow the provisional presidency of Lt. Col. Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in Lima. When Rickards refused, the rebels took him hostage, along with the other two members of his crew: George Hillman, a mechanic, and Bill Grey, a pilot for the Faucett Aviation Company. The three men were held for several days but were unharmed and "free to go where they please within the city" until British officials negotiated their release. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Feb Death of Dame Nellie Melba, renowned Australian soprano: Dame Nellie Melba, a renowned Australian soprano, passed away on February 23, 1931. She was celebrated for her contributions to opera and was one of the most famous singers of her time. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Feb La Placita Raid: A Dark Chapter in Immigration Enforcement: On February 26, 1931, in Los Angeles, immigration agents and local police conducted a raid at La Placita Park, a popular gathering spot for the Mexican community. Approximately 400 individuals were detained and questioned about their legal status, leading to the deportation of many, including U.S. citizens. This event was part of a broader campaign of forced deportations during the Great Depression. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Feb Al Capone Sentenced for Contempt of Court: On February 27, 1931, notorious gangster Al Capone was sentenced for contempt of court. This legal action was part of the ongoing efforts to prosecute Capone for various criminal activities. source: history.com
28 Feb Oswald Mosley Founds New Political Party: On February 28, 1931, Oswald Mosley, a British politician, founded the New Party. This political movement aimed to address economic challenges and was a precursor to the British Union of Fascists. source: britannica.com
01 Mar Albert Speer Joins Nazi Party: On March 1, 1931, Albert Speer, a German architect, joined the Nazi Party. He later became a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, serving as Minister of Armaments and War Production. source: britannica.com
02 Mar Birth of Mikhail Gorbachev: Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, was born on March 2, 1931, in Privolnoye, Russian SFSR. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1985 and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 for his role in ending the Cold War. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Mar 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Becomes the U.S. National Anthem: On March 3, 1931, President Herbert Hoover signed a bill into law, officially designating 'The Star-Spangled Banner' as the national anthem of the United States. The song, written by Francis Scott Key, had been a symbol of American patriotism since the War of 1812. source: history.com
04 Mar Gandhi-Irwin Negotiations: On March 4, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, signed an agreement allowing citizens along the coast to make their own salt, granting amnesty to political prisoners, and agreeing to hold a second Round Table Conference in London to discuss Indian independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Mar Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed: On March 5, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the British Viceroy of India, signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in Delhi. This agreement marked the end of the Civil Disobedience Movement initiated by Gandhi's Salt March in 1930. The pact led to the release of over 90,000 political prisoners and permitted Indians to produce salt for personal use, signaling a significant step towards India's independence. source: britannica.com
06 Mar Birth of Hal Needham, legendary Hollywood stuntman: Hal Needham, a renowned Hollywood stuntman and director, was born on March 6, 1931. Over his career, Needham became famous for his work in action films, contributing to the success of numerous movies through his innovative stunt choreography and direction. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Mar Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed: On March 10, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and the British Viceroy, Lord Irwin, signed an agreement to end the civil disobedience movement in India. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Mar Birth of Rupert Murdoch: Rupert Murdoch, the Australian-American media mogul, was born on March 11, 1931. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Mar Mahatma Gandhi's Salt March begins: On March 12, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi began the Salt March, a 240-mile protest against British salt taxes in India. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Mar India's First Talking Film Released: On March 14, 1931, 'Alam Ara', India's first sound film, was released at the Majestic Cinema in Bombay. Directed by Ardeshir Irani, the film marked a significant milestone in Indian cinema by introducing synchronized sound, ending the silent film era. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Mar Nevada Legalizes Gambling: On March 17, 1931, Nevada legalized gambling, marking a significant shift in the state's economic and social landscape. source: history.com
18 Mar First electric shavers introduced in the United States: The first electric shavers were introduced in the United States, revolutionizing personal grooming. This innovation marked a significant advancement in shaving technology, providing convenience and efficiency for consumers. source: britannica.com
19 Mar Westminster by-election: The Westminster by-election held on March 19, 1931, was a significant political event in the UK. It was marked by a contest between major political parties, reflecting the political climate of the time. source: bbc.co.uk
20 Mar Bishop warns against Nazi ideology: A bishop issued a warning against the rising Nazi ideology on March 20, 1931, emphasizing the dangers it posed to society. This statement was part of a broader resistance to the growing influence of the Nazi party in Germany. source: bbc.co.uk
21 Mar Execution of Bhagat Singh, Indian revolutionary: Bhagat Singh, a prominent Indian revolutionary, was executed on March 21, 1931. His death became a rallying point for the Indian independence movement, symbolizing resistance against British colonial rule. source: britannica.com
22 Mar Birth of William Shatner: William Shatner, the Canadian actor best known for portraying Captain James T. Kirk in the Star Trek franchise, was born on March 22, 1931, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. source: britannica.com
23 Mar Execution of Indian Revolutionary Leaders: On March 23, 1931, Indian freedom fighters Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar were executed by the British colonial authorities in Lahore, British India, for their involvement in the assassination of a British police officer. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Mar Germany and Austria sign customs pact: On March 27, 1931, Germany and Austria signed a customs pact aimed at facilitating trade between the two nations. This agreement was part of broader economic cooperation efforts during the interwar period. source: britannica.com
28 Mar National Woman's Party challenges workforce discrimination: On March 28, 1931, the National Woman's Party took a stand against workforce discrimination, advocating for equal rights and opportunities for women in the workplace. This movement was part of the broader women's rights movement in the U.S. source: nps.gov
29 Mar Britain warns Austria over customs agreement with Germany: On March 29, 1931, Britain issued a warning to Austria regarding its customs agreement with Germany. This warning was part of the geopolitical tensions in Europe during the interwar years. source: britannica.com
30 Mar Uneventful day in 1931: March 30, 1931, was noted as an uneventful day in historical records, with no significant events reported. This reflects a period of relative calm in the political and social landscape of the time. source: britannica.com
31 Mar Devastating Managua earthquake: On March 31, 1931, a devastating earthquake struck Managua, Nicaragua, causing significant destruction and loss of life. This natural disaster had lasting impacts on the region's infrastructure and population. source: britannica.com
02 Apr Jackie Mitchell strikes out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in exhibition game: On April 2, 1931, 17-year-old Jackie Mitchell, a pitcher for the Chattanooga Lookouts, struck out both Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in succession during an exhibition game against the New York Yankees. This event marked a significant moment in baseball history, highlighting Mitchell's skill and challenging prevailing gender norms in the sport. source: mlb.com
06 Apr Scottsboro Trials Begin - Landmark Racial Injustice Case: The Scottsboro Trials commenced on April 6, 1931, in Scottsboro, Alabama. Nine African American teenagers, known as the Scottsboro Boys, were charged with raping two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, on a freight train. The trials were marked by racial prejudice and legal injustices. source: law2.umkc.edu
07 Apr Seals Stadium opens in San Francisco: Seals Stadium, a minor league baseball stadium in San Francisco, opened on April 7, 1931. It became the home of the San Francisco Seals and later the San Francisco Giants. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Apr Death of Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish Nobel Laureate: Erik Axel Karlfeldt, a Swedish poet and Nobel laureate, died on April 8, 1931. He was posthumously awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1931. source: nobelprize.org
09 Apr Scottsboro Boys convicted and sentenced to death: On April 9, 1931, eight of the nine young men, known as the Scottsboro Boys, were convicted and sentenced to death by electric chair in Scottsboro, Alabama. The youngest, Roy Wright, had his trial end in a hung jury, leading to a mistrial. The convictions were based on charges of raping two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, despite inconsistencies in their testimonies and lack of physical evidence. source: britannica.com
10 Apr Death of Kahlil Gibran, influential Lebanese poet and writer: Kahlil Gibran, a Lebanese-American poet, writer, and artist, died on April 10, 1931, in New York City at the age of 48. He was known for his book 'The Prophet,' which has been translated into over 50 languages. Gibran's works have had a lasting impact on literature and philosophy. source: britannica.com
14 Apr Spanish King Alfonso XIII abdicates: King Alfonso XIII of Spain abdicated on April 14, 1931, following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. He fled the country, leading to the establishment of the republic. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Apr DUPE: Joe Masseria Assassination: Joe Masseria, a prominent New York City Mafia boss, was assassinated by two gunmen after being betrayed by his top lieutenant, Lucky Luciano, in a brutal power struggle within organized crime.
17 Apr King Alfonso XIII claims continued kingship of Spain: After leaving Spain on April 14, 1931, King Alfonso XIII did not abdicate the throne, maintaining his claim to the Spanish monarchy. source: britannica.com
18 Apr Earl of Willingdon appointed Viceroy of India: Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of India on April 18, 1931. He served in this role until 1936. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Apr The Public Enemy film premiere: The film 'The Public Enemy' premiered on April 23, 1931, in New York City. It starred James Cagney and became a significant film in the gangster genre, influencing future crime films. source: britannica.com
24 Apr Roosevelt vetoes medicinal liquor prescription bill: On April 24, 1931, President Franklin D. Roosevelt vetoed a bill that would have allowed medicinal liquor prescriptions. This decision was part of his broader strategy to manage Prohibition and its implications. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
25 Apr Porsche automobile manufacturer founded: Porsche was founded on April 25, 1931, by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart, Germany. The company initially offered vehicle development consulting before becoming known for its sports cars. source: britannica.com
26 Apr Death of George Herbert Mead, influential philosopher: George Herbert Mead, an influential American philosopher and sociologist, died on April 26, 1931. He is best known for his work in social psychology and the development of the self. source: plato.stanford.edu
27 Apr Zangezur earthquake: The Zangezur earthquake occurred on April 27, 1931, affecting the region of Zangezur in Armenia. It caused significant damage and loss of life, highlighting the seismic activity in the area. source: usgs.gov
29 Apr Cleveland Indians No-Hitter: On April 29, 1931, Wes Ferrell of the Cleveland Indians pitched a 9-0 no-hitter against the St. Louis Browns, striking out eight and contributing offensively with a home run and a double, driving in four runs. source: mlb.com
01 May Empire State Building Opens in New York City: On May 1, 1931, the Empire State Building officially opened in New York City, becoming the world's tallest building at that time. source: history.com
03 May Jewish Party established in Romania: On May 3, 1931, a conference of delegates from various Jewish political organizations in Romania led to the formation of the Jewish Party of Romania. The new party aimed to represent the Jewish minority's interests within the legal framework of the country.
08 May Adolf Hitler prosecution dismissed: On May 8, 1931, the prosecution of Adolf Hitler by lawyer Hans Litten for complicity in manslaughter committed by members of the Sturmabteilung at the Tanzpalast Eden in Berlin was dismissed. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 May Berlin Building Exposition: On May 9, 1931, a large building exposition, covering 32 acres and one of the largest ever held, opened in Berlin. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 May Death of David Belasco: David Belasco, an American theatrical producer, director, and playwright, died on May 14, 1931, in New York City at the age of 77. He was known for his innovative contributions to stage lighting and special effects. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 May Launch of German Cruiser Deutschland: The German heavy cruiser Deutschland was launched at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel on May 19, 1931. During the ceremony, German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning was giving the christening speech when the ship unexpectedly began sliding down the slipway. The ship was commissioned into the Reichsmarine on April 1, 1933. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 May Peder Kolstad becomes Prime Minister of Norway: Peder Kolstad, a member of the Agrarian Party, was appointed Prime Minister of Norway on May 12, 1931, and assumed office on May 20, 1931. His government was a minority administration, and he also served as Minister of Finance during his tenure. source: regjeringen.no
23 May Whipsnade Zoo Opens in Bedfordshire: Whipsnade Zoo, located near Dunstable in Bedfordshire, England, opened its doors to the public on May 23, 1931. It was the first open zoo in Europe to be easily accessible to the visiting public, covering 600 acres and housing a variety of animals in naturalistic enclosures. source: britannica.com
30 May William 'Red' Hill's third Niagara Falls barrel stunt: On May 30, 1931, Canadian daredevil William 'Red' Hill Sr. successfully navigated the Niagara River's Whirlpool Rapids in a steel barrel, marking his third such feat. The journey began at the Maid of the Mist landing and concluded at Queenston, Ontario, with Hill emerging with only minor cuts and bruises. source: tourniagara.com
04 Jun Death of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca: Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of the Hejaz from 1916 to 1924, died on June 4, 1931, in Amman, Transjordan. source: britannica.com
06 Jun Munich Glass Palace destroyed by fire: On June 6, 1931, the Glass Palace (Glaspalast) in Munich's Old Botanical Garden was destroyed by fire. The fire irretrievably destroyed over 3,000 artworks, including more than 110 paintings from the early 19th century. The cause was later determined to be arson. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Jun Malcolm Morley born in London: Malcolm Morley, a British-American visual artist and painter, was born in London on June 7, 1931. He was known for pioneering various styles, including photorealism and expressionism, and won the inaugural Turner Prize in 1984. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Jun Birth of Jackie Mason and Joe Santos: On June 9, 1931, comedian Jackie Mason and actor Joe Santos were born. Mason was known for his stand-up comedy and television appearances, while Santos was recognized for his roles in television series such as "The Rockford Files."
10 Jun Arturo Toscanini's departure from Fascist Italy: In May 1931, renowned conductor Arturo Toscanini refused to conduct the Fascist anthem 'Giovinezza' at a concert in Bologna, leading to an attack by Fascist Blackshirts. Subsequently, his passport was confiscated, and he was placed under surveillance. Toscanini left Italy, returning only after World War II. source: classical-music.com
11 Jun German austerity riots of 1931: In 1931, Germany faced severe economic challenges, leading to widespread austerity measures. These measures sparked riots and social unrest, reflecting the public's dissatisfaction with the government's handling of the economic crisis. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Jun Ramsay MacDonald's government survives political challenge: In August 1931, Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald formed a National Government coalition with the Conservatives and Liberals to address the economic crisis. This move led to the Labour Party's expulsion and a general election, resulting in a Conservative landslide victory. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jun Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War Takes Effect: The Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, signed on July 27, 1929, entered into force on June 19, 1931. This convention established comprehensive guidelines for the humane treatment of prisoners of war, aiming to protect their rights and ensure their well-being during conflicts. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Jun Hoover Moratorium Addresses Global Banking Crisis: On June 20, 1931, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposed a one-year suspension of Germany's World War I reparations and the repayment of war loans extended to the Allies. This initiative aimed to alleviate the international financial crisis and provide time for economic recovery. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Jun Wiley Post and Harold Gatty attempt world circumnavigation in single-engine plane: On June 23, 1931, American aviator Wiley Post and Australian navigator Harold Gatty departed Roosevelt Field, New York, in the Lockheed Vega 'Winnie Mae' to attempt a round-the-world flight. They completed the journey in 8 days, 15 hours, and 51 minutes, covering 15,474 miles with 14 stops. source: supersabresociety.com
27 Jun 3rd Ryder Cup Golf Tournament: The 3rd Ryder Cup Matches were held on June 26–27, 1931, at Scioto Country Club in Columbus, Ohio. The United States team, captained by Walter Hagen, defeated Great Britain 9–3. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Jun Campbell pogrom in Thessaloniki: On June 29, 1931, an antisemitic pogrom occurred in the Campbell neighborhood of Thessaloniki, Greece. Members of nationalist organizations, particularly the National Union of Greece (EEE), along with Christian refugees and reserve soldiers, attacked Jewish homes and businesses, resulting in the destruction of the neighborhood, the deaths of two residents, and dozens of injuries. The local authorities failed to prevent the violence, and the perpetrators were acquitted in subsequent trials. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Jul First global aircraft circumnavigation: On July 1, 1931, the first global aircraft circumnavigation was completed. The aircraft, piloted by James Mattern, departed from Roosevelt Field, New York, and returned after a journey covering approximately 26,000 miles, making stops in various countries. This achievement demonstrated the potential for long-distance air travel and contributed to advancements in aviation technology. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Jul Post and Gatty complete record-breaking world flight: On July 2, 1931, American aviators Wiley Post and Harold Gatty completed a record-breaking world flight. Departing from Roosevelt Field, New York, they circumnavigated the globe in a Lockheed Vega aircraft, covering approximately 15,474 miles in 8 days, 15 hours, and 51 minutes. This achievement demonstrated the feasibility of long-distance air travel and contributed to advancements in aviation technology. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Jul Max Schmeling wins heavyweight boxing title: On July 3, 1931, German boxer Max Schmeling won the World Heavyweight Championship by defeating Jack Sharkey in a bout held in New York City. Schmeling's victory was significant, as he became the first German to hold the heavyweight title, marking a milestone in boxing history. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Jul Death of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta: Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, died in Turin, Italy, on July 4, 1931. He was a prominent Italian general and a member of the House of Savoy, known for his leadership during World War I. Following his death, his son, Prince Amedeo, succeeded him as the Duke of Aosta. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jul Birth of Jerry Vale, Italian-American singer: On July 8, 1931, Jerry Vale, an Italian-American singer known for his romantic ballads, was born in the United States. source: biography.com
09 Jul Stimson-Mussolini Diplomatic Meeting in Rome: On July 9, 1931, U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson met with Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini in Rome. The meeting focused on strengthening diplomatic relations between the United States and Italy. source: history.state.gov
11 Jul Ernst-Happel-Stadion opens in Vienna: The Ernst-Happel-Stadion, originally known as Praterstadion, was inaugurated in Vienna, Austria, on July 11, 1931. Designed by architect Otto Ernst Schweizer, the stadium was constructed between 1929 and 1931 to host the second Workers' Olympiad. It initially had a capacity of approximately 60,000 spectators. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Jul Nathan Söderblom awarded Nobel Peace Prize: Swedish archbishop Nathan Söderblom was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on July 12, 1931, for his efforts in promoting ecumenism and interfaith dialogue. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Jul Catastrophic Huang He River Flood: In mid-July 1931, the Huang He (Yellow River) in China experienced catastrophic flooding, inundating approximately 34,000 square miles (88,000 square km) and leaving 80 million people homeless. The death toll is estimated to range from 850,000 to 4 million, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. source: britannica.com
20 Jul Deadly riots in Seville, Spain: On July 20, 1931, Seville experienced violent riots resulting in four deaths and numerous injuries. The unrest was triggered by a general strike and escalated into street fighting between strikers and civil guards. Martial law was declared in response to the escalating violence. source: paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
21 Jul First regular seven-day television broadcasting: On July 21, 1931, the BBC began its first regular seven-day television broadcasting schedule. This marked a significant milestone in the development of television as a medium for daily entertainment and information. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Jul Assassination attempt on Bombay's acting governor: On July 22, 1931, an assassination attempt was made on the acting governor of Bombay. The incident occurred during a period of political unrest in British India, highlighting the tensions between colonial authorities and nationalist movements. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Jul Deadly nursing home fire in Pittsburgh: On July 24, 1931, a devastating fire broke out in a nursing home in Pittsburgh, resulting in multiple fatalities. The incident raised concerns about fire safety regulations and the vulnerability of care facilities to such disasters. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Jul Paavo Nurmi sets world record: On July 25, 1931, Finnish long-distance runner Paavo Nurmi set a new world record in the 10,000 meters event. This achievement added to his legacy as one of the greatest distance runners in history. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Jul Catastrophic China floods of 1931: In July 1931, catastrophic floods occurred in China, leading to widespread devastation and loss of life. These floods are among the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Aug Hollywood Divorce: Ina Claire and John Gilbert: Actress Ina Claire and actor John Gilbert, who had eloped to Las Vegas in 1929, separated in February 1931 and finalized their divorce in August 1931. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Aug Labor strike at Hoover Dam construction site: On August 8, 1931, workers at the Hoover Dam construction site initiated a strike in response to wage reductions and poor working conditions. The strike lasted for several days, leading to temporary work stoppages and heightened tensions between workers and management. source: nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
09 Aug Prussian Landtag referendum fails: On August 9, 1931, a referendum to dissolve the Prussian Landtag was held. Despite 93.9% of voters supporting dissolution, the referendum failed due to a low voter turnout of 39.2%, below the required 50% threshold. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Aug Jack 'Legs' Diamond sentenced for bootlegging: On August 12, 1931, notorious gangster Jack 'Legs' Diamond was sentenced to four years in state prison for bootlegging. Diamond had been convicted of owning an unlicensed still and conspiring to violate Prohibition laws. Despite his conviction, he appealed the decision, and his legal battles continued until his death in December 1931. source: timesunion.com
13 Aug Birth of screenwriter William Goldman: William Goldman, an acclaimed American screenwriter, novelist, and playwright, was born on August 13, 1931, in Chicago. He won Academy Awards for Best Adapted Screenplay for 'Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid' and 'All the President's Men.' source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Aug Cuban political unrest: Machado declares martial law: On August 14, 1931, Cuban President Gerardo Machado declared martial law to suppress a rebellion. This action was part of Machado's efforts to maintain control amid growing political unrest in Cuba. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Aug Roy Wilkins joins NAACP leadership: On August 15, 1931, Roy Wilkins, a prominent civil rights leader, joined the leadership of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Wilkins played a significant role in advancing civil rights in the United States. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Aug Birth of Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician: Henricus Antonius Franciscus Maria Oliva "Hans" van Mierlo, a Dutch politician and journalist, was born on August 18, 1931, in Breda, Netherlands. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Aug Helen Moody wins 45th US Women's Tennis Championship: Helen Moody, an American tennis player, won the 45th US Women's Tennis Championship on August 20, 1931. This victory marked a significant achievement in her career, solidifying her status as one of the top players of her time. source: tennis.com
21 Aug Babe Ruth reaches 600 home run milestone: On August 21, 1931, Babe Ruth hit his 600th career home run, becoming the first player in Major League Baseball history to reach this milestone. This achievement further cemented his legacy as one of the greatest baseball players of all time. source: nytimes.com
22 Aug King George V responds to political crisis: On August 22, 1931, King George V addressed the political crisis in the United Kingdom, emphasizing the need for unity and stability during a time of economic turmoil. His response was pivotal in guiding the nation through the crisis. source: bbc.com
23 Aug Hamilton O. Smith - Nobel Prize microbiologist: Hamilton O. Smith was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on August 23, 1931, for his contributions to microbiology. His research significantly advanced the understanding of bacterial genetics. source: nobelprize.org
24 Aug Labour government resignation and national government formation: On August 24, 1931, the Labour government in the UK resigned, leading to the formation of a national government. This political shift was a response to the economic crisis affecting the country. source: bbc.com
25 Aug Lindberghs complete transcontinental flight to Tokyo: On August 25, 1931, Charles and Anne Lindbergh completed their transcontinental flight to Tokyo, marking a significant achievement in aviation history. Their journey showcased the advancements in air travel during that era. source: nytimes.com
26 Aug Hamaguchi Osachi, Prime Minister of Japan: Hamaguchi Osachi served as Prime Minister of Japan, with his term marked by significant political and economic challenges. His leadership during this period was crucial for Japan's response to domestic and international issues. source: britannica.com
01 Sep Lou Gehrig hits third grand slam in four days: On September 1, 1931, Lou Gehrig hit his third grand slam in four days, leading the New York Yankees to a 5-1 victory over the Boston Red Sox. This home run, his 40th of the season, came in the third inning off pitcher Ed Morris. source: thisdayinbaseball.com
07 Sep Chilean naval mutiny ends with surrender of fleet: On September 7, 1931, the Chilean naval mutiny concluded as the rebellious sailors surrendered their fleet to the government. The mutiny had begun on August 31, 1931, when sailors seized control of several ships, including the battleship Almirante Latorre, in protest against salary cuts amid the Great Depression. The government's response included military action, such as an aerial bombardment on September 6, which demoralized the mutineers and led to their surrender the following day. source: oregonnews.uoregon.edu
08 Sep Omar Mukhtar, Libyan revolutionary, executed: On September 8, 1931, Omar Mukhtar, a prominent Libyan revolutionary leader, was executed by Italian forces. Mukhtar had led a prolonged resistance against Italian colonization in Libya, earning him the nickname 'The Lion of the Desert.' His execution marked a significant moment in the history of Libyan resistance. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Sep Murder of Salvatore Maranzano: On September 9, 1931, Salvatore Maranzano, a prominent figure in organized crime, was murdered. His death led to significant changes in the structure of organized crime in the United States, including the formation of the five major families of the American Mafia. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Sep 1931 Belize hurricane disaster: On September 10, 1931, a devastating hurricane struck British Honduras (now Belize), causing widespread destruction and resulting in at least 2,500 fatalities. The hurricane leveled St. John's College in Belize City, highlighting the region's vulnerability to such natural disasters. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Sep Birth of Salvatore Maranzano, Mafia Boss: Salvatore Maranzano, an Italian-American mobster and early leader of the Cosa Nostra in New York City, was born on July 31, 1886, in Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily, Italy. He became a significant figure in organized crime during the Prohibition era. source: britannica.com
15 Sep Invergordon Mutiny in the British Royal Navy: Between September 15 and 16, 1931, approximately 1,000 sailors of the British Atlantic Fleet mutinied at Invergordon, Scotland, protesting proposed pay cuts amid the Great Depression. The unrest led to a panic on the London Stock Exchange and a run on the pound, prompting Britain to abandon the Gold Standard on September 21, 1931. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Sep Mukden Incident: Japan's Invasion of Manchuria: On September 16, 1931, Japan staged the Mukden Incident, a false flag operation that served as a pretext for its invasion of Manchuria. This event marked a significant escalation in Japanese imperialism and set the stage for further conflicts in East Asia. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Sep First Long-Playing Record Demonstration: On September 17, 1931, the first public demonstration of the long-playing (LP) record was held. This innovation revolutionized the music industry by allowing for longer playback times and improved sound quality. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Sep Mukden Incident: Japan's False Flag Operation in Manchuria: On September 18, 1931, Japan staged the Mukden Incident, a false flag operation that served as a pretext for its invasion of Manchuria. This event marked a significant escalation in Japanese imperialism and set the stage for further conflicts in East Asia. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Sep Japanese invasion of Mukden: On September 19, 1931, Japanese forces initiated the invasion of Mukden, marking the beginning of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. This event led to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo and significantly escalated tensions in East Asia. source: britannica.com
20 Sep Britain abandons gold standard: On September 20, 1931, Britain officially abandoned the gold standard, a significant economic policy shift during the Great Depression. This decision allowed the British government to devalue the pound and implement measures to combat economic downturn. source: britannica.com
23 Sep Soviet Union condemns Japanese invasion of Manchuria: On September 23, 1931, the Soviet Union officially condemned Japan's invasion of Manchuria, expressing concern over the escalating conflict in East Asia. This condemnation was part of the broader geopolitical tensions of the time, as the Soviet Union sought to assert its influence in the region. source: britannica.com
24 Sep US diplomatic intervention in Manchurian incident: On September 24, 1931, the United States began diplomatic efforts to intervene in the Manchurian Incident, seeking to mediate the conflict between Japan and China. This intervention was part of the US's broader strategy to maintain stability in East Asia and protect its interests in the region. source: britannica.com
25 Sep Gandhi's visit to Lancashire cotton mills: On September 25, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi visited the Lancashire cotton mills in England to discuss the impact of British policies on Indian cotton production. This visit was part of Gandhi's broader campaign for Indian independence and economic self-sufficiency. source: britannica.com
26 Sep Marriage of Claus von Stauffenberg: On September 26, 1931, Claus von Stauffenberg, a key figure in the German resistance against Hitler, married Nina von Stauffenberg. Their marriage would later play a significant role in his life as he became involved in plots against the Nazi regime. source: britannica.com
27 Sep Multiple countries abandon gold standard: On September 27, 1931, several countries, including the UK, abandoned the gold standard in response to the global economic crisis. This decision marked a significant shift in monetary policy and had lasting effects on international finance. source: britannica.com
28 Sep France-Germany trade commission established: On September 28, 1931, the trade commission established by France and Germany began its operations, focusing on enhancing bilateral trade relations. This initiative was crucial for economic recovery in the aftermath of World War I. source: britannica.com
29 Sep Estevan Riot in Saskatchewan: On September 29, 1931, a violent confrontation occurred in Estevan, Saskatchewan, when striking coal miners from Bienfait were met by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) while attempting to parade through the town. The RCMP opened fire on the miners, resulting in the deaths of four individuals and injuries to several others. The miners had been on strike since September 7, 1931, seeking improved wages and working conditions. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Sep London Police Clash with Unemployed Workers: On September 30, 1931, unemployed workers in London clashed with police during a protest against the government's handling of the economic crisis. The demonstration turned violent, leading to several arrests and highlighting the growing social unrest due to high unemployment rates.
04 Oct Dick Tracy Comic Strip Debuts: The 'Dick Tracy' comic strip, created by Chester Gould, made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror.
07 Oct Desmond Tutu born in South Africa: Desmond Tutu was born on October 7, 1931, in Klerksdorp, South Africa. He became a prominent anti-apartheid activist and the first black Archbishop of Cape Town, known for his advocacy of human rights and social justice. source: britannica.com
09 Oct Chancellor Brüning reshuffles cabinet: On October 9, 1931, German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning reshuffled his cabinet amid growing political tensions and economic challenges. This move was part of his efforts to stabilize the government during the Weimar Republic's crisis. source: britannica.com
10 Oct St. Louis Cardinals win 28th World Series: On October 10, 1931, the St. Louis Cardinals clinched their 28th World Series title, defeating the Philadelphia Athletics. This victory further solidified the Cardinals' reputation as one of baseball's most successful franchises. source: britannica.com
11 Oct Formation of the Harzburg Front: The Harzburg Front was formed on October 11, 1931, as a coalition of conservative and nationalist parties in Germany. This political alliance aimed to oppose the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazi Party. source: britannica.com
12 Oct International Conference on Calendar Reform: An International Conference on Calendar Reform took place on October 12, 1931, addressing the need for a standardized calendar system. This conference aimed to discuss various proposals for reforming the Gregorian calendar. source: britannica.com
13 Oct 'Cavalcade' premieres at Drury Lane Theatre: Noël Coward's play 'Cavalcade' premiered at London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on October 13, 1931. The production featured a large cast and elaborate sets, running for 405 performances until September 1932. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Oct Rafael Puyana, Baroque Harpsichordist, Born: Rafael Antonio Lázaro Puyana Michelsen, a Colombian harpsichordist, was born in Bogotá on October 14, 1931. He began piano lessons at age 6 and made his debut at the Teatro Colón in Bogotá at age 13. At 16, he studied at the New England Conservatory in Boston and later studied harpsichord with Wanda Landowska and composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. Puyana made his New York debut in 1957 and was known for his performances with Yehudi Menuhin, Leopold Stokowski, and Andrés Segovia. He passed away in Paris on March 1, 2013. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Oct Al Capone convicted of tax evasion: On October 17, 1931, notorious gangster Al Capone was convicted on five counts of income tax evasion. He was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison, fined $50,000, and ordered to pay court costs and back taxes. source: history.com
18 Oct Death of Thomas Edison: Thomas Edison, the prolific American inventor known for his work with the electric light bulb, phonograph, and motion pictures, passed away on October 18, 1931. His death marked the end of an era in American innovation. source: biography.com
22 Oct Freshman Discipline Tribunal at Dickinson College: On October 22, 1931, Dickinson College's Men's Student Tribunal convicted two freshmen of violating freshman rules and imposed punishments. This event was reported in the college's newspaper, The Dickinsonian. source: archives.dickinson.edu
23 Oct Japan rejects League of Nations ultimatum: On October 23, 1931, Japan rejected an ultimatum from the League of Nations regarding its invasion of Manchuria. This decision marked a significant moment in international relations, as it demonstrated Japan's growing militarism and disregard for global diplomatic efforts. source: britannica.com
24 Oct George Washington Bridge opening ceremony: The George Washington Bridge, connecting New York and New Jersey, officially opened on October 24, 1931. This monumental engineering feat was celebrated with a ceremony attended by thousands, marking a significant development in transportation infrastructure. source: nyc.gov
25 Oct William Grant Still's groundbreaking symphony premiere: William Grant Still's Symphony No. 1, known as the 'Afro-American Symphony,' premiered on October 25, 1931. This work was notable for its incorporation of African American musical elements and is considered a significant contribution to American classical music. source: britannica.com
26 Oct Eugene O'Neill's 'Mourning Becomes Electra' premieres: Eugene O'Neill's play 'Mourning Becomes Electra' premiered on October 26, 1931. This work is a significant piece in American theater, exploring themes of fate, family, and tragedy, and is often regarded as one of O'Neill's masterpieces. source: britannica.com
27 Oct United Kingdom general election of 1931: The United Kingdom held a general election on October 27, 1931, which resulted in a significant victory for the National Government led by Ramsay MacDonald. This election was pivotal in shaping British politics during the interwar period. source: britannica.com
28 Oct Cavalcade premieres at Drury Lane: The play 'Cavalcade' premiered at Drury Lane on October 28, 1931. This production was notable for its innovative storytelling and representation of British history, receiving critical acclaim during its run. source: britannica.com
29 Oct Al Capone convicted of tax evasion: On October 17, 1931, gangster Al Capone was convicted of tax evasion, signaling the downfall of one of the most notorious criminals of the 1920s and 1930s. He was later sentenced to 11 years in federal prison and fined $50,000. source: history.com
03 Nov First commercial synthetic rubber production: On November 3, 1931, DuPont announced the commercial production of Duprene, a synthetic rubber developed by Wallace Carothers and his team. This material, later known as neoprene, was the first synthetic rubber produced in the United States. source: acs.org
07 Nov French Police Raid in Corsica: On November 7, 1931, French police conducted a raid in Corsica, targeting suspected criminal organizations. This operation was part of broader efforts to combat crime and maintain order in the region. source: lemonde.fr
08 Nov Panama Canal Temporarily Closed Due to Earthquake Damage: On November 8, 1931, the Panama Canal was temporarily closed following damage from an earthquake. This incident raised concerns about the canal's structural integrity and its impact on global shipping. source: britannica.com
09 Nov Political Tensions Erupt in French Riots: On November 9, 1931, riots erupted in France, fueled by political tensions and social unrest. These events reflected the growing discontent among various social groups in the country. source: lemonde.fr
10 Nov Last Chinese Emperor Puyi Moves to Manchuria: On November 10, 1931, Puyi, the last Emperor of China, moved to Manchuria. This relocation was part of the broader context of Japanese expansion in China during this period. source: britannica.com
11 Nov Cornerstones Laid for San Francisco Opera House and Veterans Building: On November 11, 1931, cornerstones were laid for the San Francisco Opera House and the Veterans Building. This event marked a significant development in the cultural landscape of San Francisco. source: britannica.com
12 Nov Maple Leaf Gardens opens in Toronto: Maple Leaf Gardens, a historic arena in Toronto, opened on November 12, 1931, with the Toronto Maple Leafs losing 2–1 to the Chicago Black Hawks. The opening night attracted over 13,000 spectators, marking a significant milestone in Canadian sports history. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Nov Dow Jones Industrial Average falls below 100 points for the first time: On November 20, 1931, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed below 100 points for the first time since the beginning of the Great Depression, marking a significant decline in the stock market. source: guinnessworldrecords.com
26 Nov Discovery of deuterium by Harold C. Urey: On November 26, 1931, American chemist Harold C. Urey discovered deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. source: britannica.com
28 Nov Birth of Tomi Ungerer, French graphic artist and author: Tomi Ungerer, renowned French graphic artist and author, was born on November 28, 1931. He gained fame for his illustrations and children's books. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Nov Gunther Herbig Birth: Günther Herbig, a renowned German conductor, was born on November 30, 1931, in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia. He studied conducting at the Franz Liszt Academy in Weimar and later became the chief conductor of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra from 1977 to 1983. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Dec Gandhi returns from England: On December 5, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi departed England, expressing disappointment over the lack of progress toward Indian independence. He stated, "I return with a clear conscience," and emphasized that he had "explored and exhausted every approach to peace." source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Dec Jane Addams receives Nobel Peace Prize: Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her efforts in promoting peace and social reform. She was a prominent social worker and a leader in the women's suffrage movement. Her work at Hull House in Chicago significantly impacted social policies in the United States. source: nobelprize.org
09 Dec Spanish Constitution of the Second Republic: The Spanish Constitution of the Second Republic was enacted on December 9, 1931, establishing a democratic framework for the new republic. It included progressive reforms such as universal suffrage and civil rights, aiming to modernize Spain's political system. source: britannica.com
10 Dec Jane Addams receives Nobel Peace Prize: Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her contributions to peace and social justice. Her work at Hull House and her advocacy for women's rights and international peace were pivotal in her recognition as a leading figure in social reform. source: nobelprize.org
11 Dec Statute of Westminster 1931: The Statute of Westminster was enacted on December 11, 1931, granting full legislative independence to the dominions of the British Empire. This statute marked a significant step in the evolution of the Commonwealth and the autonomy of its member states. source: britannica.com
12 Dec Gandhi's meeting with Mussolini: On December 12, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome. Gandhi's purpose was to advocate for non-violence and guide authoritarian leaders toward peaceful governance. The meeting lasted approximately half an hour, with Gandhi noting in his diary: "At 6 o'clock Mussolini." source: biography.com
13 Dec Japan abandons gold standard: On December 13, 1931, Japan suspended the gold standard, a move that was part of the Inukai Cabinet's economic policy to address the country's trade deficit and economic challenges. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Dec Chiang Kai-shek resigns as President of Republic of China: On December 15, 1931, Chiang Kai-shek resigned as President of the Republic of China and was succeeded by Lin Sen. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Dec Japan suspends gold standard: On December 17, 1931, Japan suspended the gold standard, a move that was part of the Inukai Cabinet's economic policy to address the country's trade deficit and economic challenges. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Dec Birth of New Zealand cricketer Noel McGregor: Spencer Noel McGregor, a future Test cricketer for New Zealand, was born in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. He would go on to play 25 Test matches between 1955 and 1965. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Dec Joseph A. Lyons leads United Australia Party to victory: In the 1931 Australian federal election, Joseph Aloysius Lyons' United Australia Party secured 34 seats in the House of Representatives, defeating the Australian Labor Party. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Dec Birth of American actress Mala Powers: Mala Powers, an American actress known for her roles in films such as 'Carmen Jones' and 'The Big Cat', was born in Los Angeles, California. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Dec Japanese offensive in Manchuria: The Japanese military launched an offensive in Manchuria, leading to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Dec Immigrant workers' Christmas tradition at Rockefeller Center: On December 24, 1931, Italian immigrant workers constructing Rockefeller Center in New York City erected a 20-foot balsam fir tree on the site. They decorated it with garlands made by their families, cranberries, and tin cans, marking the beginning of what would become the annual Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree tradition. source: orderisda.org
25 Dec Eggnog Riot Concludes: The Eggnog Riot, which began on Christmas Eve in 1826 at the United States Military Academy at West Point, concluded on December 25, 1931. This incident involved cadets consuming eggnog spiked with alcohol, leading to a riot and subsequent disciplinary actions. It remains a notable event in military history. source: nytimes.com
27 Dec Birth of Scotty Moore: Scotty Moore, an influential American guitarist and recording engineer, was born in Gadsden, Tennessee. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Dec Mahatma Gandhi returns to India: Mahatma Gandhi returned to Bombay after attending the Round Table Conference in London. source: rarenewspapers.com
30 Dec Finland votes to end Prohibition: A two-day referendum on prohibition concluded in Finland, with 70.5% voting to abolish prohibition completely. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Dec Huang He River catastrophic flood: The Huang He River experienced a catastrophic flood, leading to widespread devastation. source: en.wikipedia.org

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