Major Events of 1939: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1939, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1939 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan Hewlett-Packard Founded: Hewlett-Packard (HP) was founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard in a garage in Palo Alto, California. The company became a leading technology firm, known for its innovations in computing and printing. source: hp.com
04 Jan Roosevelt's 1939 State of the Union Address: On January 4, 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his annual State of the Union Address to the 76th United States Congress. In his speech, Roosevelt highlighted the global tensions and the need for the nation to prepare for potential conflicts. He emphasized the importance of defending religion, democracy, and international good faith, stating that "To save one we must now make up our minds to save all." source: presidency.ucsb.edu
05 Jan Felix Frankfurter Appointed to Supreme Court: On January 5, 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Felix Frankfurter to the U.S. Supreme Court. Frankfurter, a prominent legal scholar and advocate for judicial restraint, was confirmed and served on the Court until 1962. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jan The Screen Guild Theater Radio Anthology Series Debuts: The Screen Guild Theater, a radio anthology series featuring Hollywood stars performing adaptations of popular films, premiered on January 8, 1939. The inaugural episode, known as the Gulf Screen Guild Show, was hosted by George Murphy and featured Jack Benny, Joan Crawford, Reginald Gardiner, and Judy Garland. The program aired on CBS and was sponsored by Gulf Oil, with fees donated to the Motion Picture Relief Fund. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Jan Nationalist Forces Capture Tortosa: On January 13, 1939, Nationalist forces captured the city of Tortosa during the Spanish Civil War. This victory was significant in the context of the Nationalists' campaign in Catalonia. source: britannica.com
15 Jan First NFL Pro Bowl: The inaugural NFL All-Star Game, later known as the Pro Bowl, was held on January 15, 1939, at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. The New York Giants, 1938 NFL champions, faced a team of All-Stars, including players from the Los Angeles Bulldogs and Hollywood Stars. The Giants won 13-10. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Jan Birth of Pakistani Cricket Player Antao D'Souza: Antao D'Souza, a notable Pakistani cricketer, was born on January 17, 1939. He is remembered for his contributions to cricket in Pakistan during the mid-20th century. source: espncricinfo.com
18 Jan Donald Bradman's Cricket Performance: On January 18, 1939, Australian cricketer Donald Bradman scored an unbeaten 135 runs against New South Wales, marking his sixth consecutive century in first-class cricket, thereby equaling C.B. Fry's world record established in 1901. source: paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
24 Jan Deadliest Chilean earthquake strikes near Chillán: On January 24, 1939, a devastating earthquake struck near Chillán, Chile, resulting in significant loss of life and destruction. It is considered one of the deadliest earthquakes in Chile's history, with thousands of casualties and widespread damage. source: britannica.com
25 Jan Devastating earthquake strikes Chillán, Chile: On January 25, 1939, a catastrophic earthquake hit Chillán, Chile, causing extensive damage and loss of life. This earthquake is remembered as one of the most destructive in Chilean history, with thousands affected. source: britannica.com
26 Jan Spanish Civil War: Fall of Barcelona to Franco's forces: On January 26, 1939, Barcelona officially fell to the forces of Francisco Franco, marking a pivotal moment in the Spanish Civil War. This event led to the consolidation of Nationalist control over Spain. source: britannica.com
27 Jan Hitler approves Plan Z for German naval expansion: On January 27, 1939, Adolf Hitler approved Plan Z, a comprehensive naval expansion program aimed at building a formidable Kriegsmarine. The plan outlined the construction of various warships, including battleships, aircraft carriers, and cruisers, to challenge the naval dominance of Britain and France. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Jan Death of poet William Butler Yeats: On January 28, 1939, renowned Irish poet and playwright William Butler Yeats passed away in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France. Yeats was a leading figure in 20th-century literature and a key member of the Irish literary revival. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Jan Nazi regime suppresses Berliner Tageblatt: The Berliner Tageblatt, a prominent liberal newspaper in Berlin, was shut down by Nazi authorities on January 31, 1939. This action was part of the regime's broader efforts to control the press and eliminate independent media voices critical of the government. source: germanhistorydocs.org
05 Feb Franco Becomes Leader of Spain: Following the capture of Girona, Francisco Franco solidified his position as the leader of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Feb Wagner-Rogers Bill introduced to admit 20,000 German refugee children: On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers introduced the Wagner-Rogers Bill in the U.S. Congress, proposing the admission of 20,000 German refugee children under the age of 14 over two years, outside the existing immigration quota system. source: newspapers.ushmm.org
14 Feb Launch of the Bismarck Battleship: On February 14, 1939, the German battleship Bismarck was launched in Hamburg, Germany. The ship was one of the largest and most powerful battleships ever built, and its launch was a significant event in naval history. source: historydiaries.blog
18 Feb Golden Gate International Exposition opens in San Francisco: The Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE) opened on February 18, 1939, in San Francisco, California. The exposition celebrated the completion of the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges, showcasing the modern industrial West. It was held on Treasure Island, a man-made island constructed specifically for the event, and attracted over 17 million visitors during its run. source: nps.gov
20 Feb Nazi Rally at Madison Square Garden: On February 20, 1939, a pro-Nazi rally organized by the German American Bund took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Over 20,000 attendees gathered, with Fritz Julius Kuhn as a featured speaker. The event was heavily guarded by 1,700 police officers due to the presence of approximately 100,000 anti-Nazi protesters outside. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Feb Borley Rectory Destroyed by Fire: The infamous Borley Rectory, known as 'the most haunted house in England', was completely destroyed by fire, ending decades of paranormal speculation and historical mystery.
22 Feb British Cabinet Authorizes Massive Military Aircraft Production: On February 22, 1939, the British Cabinet made the unprecedented decision to authorize military aircraft production to maximum levels without regard to cost, in response to the growing threat from Nazi Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Feb Walt Disney Receives Special Oscar for Snow White: On February 23, 1939, Walt Disney received a special Academy Award for his work on the animated film 'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,' recognizing it as a significant achievement in the film industry. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Feb Hungary Joins the Anti-Comintern Pact: On February 24, 1939, Hungary joined the Anti-Comintern Pact, aligning itself with Nazi Germany and other Axis powers against the Soviet Union. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Feb Eleanor Roosevelt resigns from Daughters of the American Revolution over racial discrimination: On February 26, 1939, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) in protest against their refusal to allow African American contralto Marian Anderson to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. This act highlighted Roosevelt's commitment to combating racial discrimination. source: archives.gov
27 Feb Britain and France recognize Franco's Spain: On February 27, 1939, Britain and France formally recognized Francoist Spain, acknowledging Francisco Franco's regime as the legitimate government of Spain. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Feb Great Britain recognizes Franco's regime in Spain: On February 28, 1939, Great Britain officially recognized Franco's regime in Spain, following the earlier recognition by France. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Mar Papal Conclave begins: On March 1, 1939, a papal conclave began to elect a new pope following the death of Pope Pius XI. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Mar Hitler advises Slovak independence: On March 2, 1939, Adolf Hitler expressed support for the independence of Slovakia, which was a significant political maneuver during the lead-up to World War II. This event highlighted the shifting alliances in Europe at the time. source: britannica.com
03 Mar Gandhi's hunger strike in Bombay: Mahatma Gandhi began a hunger strike in Bombay on March 3, 1939, as a form of protest against British rule in India. This act was part of his broader strategy of nonviolent resistance. source: britannica.com
05 Mar Spanish Civil War: National Defence Council coup: On March 5, 1939, a coup occurred within the National Defence Council during the Spanish Civil War, marking a significant shift in the conflict. This event contributed to the eventual victory of Franco's forces. source: britannica.com
07 Mar Gandhi ends fast, accepts conference invitation: On March 7, 1939, Mahatma Gandhi concluded his four-day fast and accepted an invitation from the Viceroy of India, the Marquess of Linlithgow, to attend a political conference in New Delhi. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Mar Franco implements total naval blockade during Spanish Civil War: On March 8, 1939, Generalissimo Francisco Franco declared a total blockade of all remaining Republican-held ports. All ships entering the three-mile limit were to be seized regardless of nationality, or torpedoed if sighted near Cartagena. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Mar United States-Brazil economic cooperation agreement: On March 9, 1939, the United States and Brazil signed a series of agreements through which the Brazilians received economic assistance. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Mar Pope Pius XII coronation ceremony: On March 12, 1939, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli was crowned as Pope Pius XII in a ceremony at St. Peter's Basilica. source: vaticannews.va
14 Mar Pope Pius XII succeeds Pope Pius XI: After the death of Pope Pius XI on February 10, 1939, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli was elected as his successor on March 1–2, 1939, taking the name Pope Pius XII. His election was confirmed on March 14, 1939. source: britannica.com
16 Mar Germany occupies Czechoslovakia: On March 15, 1939, German troops entered the remaining Czech parts of Czechoslovakia, meeting little resistance. The following day, Hitler proclaimed the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, effectively occupying the entire country. source: history.com
17 Mar Chamberlain's defiant speech against German expansionism: On March 17, 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain delivered a speech expressing defiance against German expansionism, following Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia. source: historyplace.com
20 Mar Germany's Territorial Expansion: Memel Annexation Threat: On March 20, 1939, Nazi Germany's foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop presented an oral ultimatum to Juozas Urbšys, foreign minister of Lithuania, demanding the return of the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) to Germany. Lithuania accepted the ultimatum on March 23, 1939. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Mar Nazi Germany Annexes Memel Territory from Lithuania: On March 22, 1939, Lithuania ceded the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) to Germany under an implied ultimatum, leading to its annexation by Nazi Germany. source: upi.com
23 Mar Romania-Germany Economic Agreement: On March 23, 1939, Romania and Germany signed the German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries. This agreement established German control over most aspects of the Romanian economy, leading to Romania's eventual alignment with the Axis Powers. The treaty was ratified on December 20, 1939, and became effective on January 20, 1940. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Mar Richard Halliburton's disappearance at sea: Richard Halliburton, an American travel writer and adventurer, disappeared at sea on March 24, 1939, while attempting to sail the Chinese junk Sea Dragon across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to San Francisco. He was presumed dead after an extensive search failed to locate him or the vessel. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Mar Pope Pius XII Ascends to Papal Throne: On March 25, 1939, Eugenio Pacelli was elected as the 260th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, taking the name Pius XII. He served as pope from 1939 until his death in 1958. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Mar Spanish Civil War: Final Nationalist Offensive: On March 26, 1939, Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco launched their final offensive in the Spanish Civil War. This campaign led to the capture of Madrid on March 28, effectively ending the conflict. source: history.com
28 Mar Franco Conquers Madrid, Ending Spanish Civil War: On March 28, 1939, General Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces entered Madrid, marking the end of the Spanish Civil War. This victory led to the establishment of Francoist Spain. source: history.com
29 Mar Birth of Terence Hill: Terence Hill, born Mario Girotti, is an Italian actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer. He was born on March 29, 1939, in Venice, Italy. Hill gained international fame for his roles in action and comedy films, many alongside his long-time collaborator Bud Spencer. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Mar Batman First Published in Detective Comics: Batman made his first appearance in Detective Comics #27, published on March 30, 1939. Created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, Batman was introduced as a mysterious and adventurous figure fighting for righteousness. The cover date was May 1939. source: dc.com
01 Apr Papal recognition of Franco's victory: On April 1, 1939, the Vatican acknowledged General Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War, marking the end of the conflict and the establishment of Franco's regime in Spain. source: paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
02 Apr Ralph Guldahl wins 6th Masters Golf Championship: On April 2, 1939, American golfer Ralph Guldahl secured his first Masters Tournament victory at Augusta National Golf Club, finishing with a tournament record score of 279 (−9), one stroke ahead of runner-up Sam Snead. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Apr Hitler orders invasion planning for Poland: On April 3, 1939, Adolf Hitler ordered the German military to begin planning for the invasion of Poland, setting the stage for World War II. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Apr Death of King Ghazi I of Iraq: On April 4, 1939, King Ghazi I of Iraq died under mysterious circumstances, leading to the ascension of his son, Faisal II, to the throne. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Apr Hitler Youth membership becomes mandatory in Germany: On April 5, 1939, membership in the Hitler Youth organization was made compulsory for all German youth, reflecting the regime's increasing control over society. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Apr British-Polish military alliance signed: On April 6, 1939, the United Kingdom and Poland signed a military alliance, committing to mutual assistance in the event of aggression, particularly from Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Apr Italy invades Albania: On April 7, 1939, Italian forces launched an invasion of Albania, marking the beginning of the Italian occupation. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Apr King Zog I escapes Albania: On April 8, 1939, King Zog I of Albania fled the country to Greece during the Italian invasion. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Apr Italy completes occupation of Albania: By April 10, 1939, Italian forces had completed the occupation of Albania, establishing full control over the country. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Apr Britain's Guarantee to Romania and Greece: On April 13, 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced that the UK would support Greece and Romania if their independence was threatened. This declaration aimed to deter aggression in the Balkans and reinforce British commitments to European security. source: api.parliament.uk
14 Apr Publication of The Grapes of Wrath: On April 14, 1939, John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath" was published. The book, depicting the hardships of a family during the Great Depression, received critical acclaim and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1940. source: pulitzer.org
15 Apr Albert Lebrun Elected President of France: On April 15, 1939, Albert Lebrun was re-elected as President of France. His presidency continued until the German invasion in 1940, during which he was captured and held as a prisoner of war. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Apr Birth of Dusty Springfield: On April 16, 1939, British singer Dusty Springfield was born. She became one of the most successful female vocalists of the 1960s, known for her soulful voice and hits like "Son of a Preacher Man." source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Apr Billie Holiday records 'Strange Fruit': On April 20, 1939, Billie Holiday recorded 'Strange Fruit' for Commodore Records. The song, written by Abel Meeropol, protests the lynching of African Americans and became one of Holiday's signature pieces. source: history.com
23 Apr Ted Williams hits first Major League home run: On April 23, 1939, Ted Williams, a future Hall of Fame baseball player, hit his first Major League home run while playing for the Boston Red Sox. source: baseball-reference.com
26 Apr Fritz Wendel sets world air speed record: On April 26, 1939, German test pilot Fritz Wendel flew the Messerschmitt Me 209 V1, achieving a world air speed record of 755.14 km/h (469.22 mph). This record stood for 30 years until surpassed in 1969. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Apr Hitler denounces Nazi-Polish Non-Aggression Pact: On April 27, 1939, Adolf Hitler addressed the Reichstag, denouncing the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934. He announced proposals to Poland regarding the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor, signaling a shift in German foreign policy. source: avalon.law.yale.edu
28 Apr Hitler's aggressive Reichstag speech denouncing international agreements: On April 28, 1939, Adolf Hitler delivered a speech to the Reichstag, denouncing the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, signaling a shift in Germany's foreign policy. source: avalon.law.yale.edu
29 Apr Whitestone Bridge connects Bronx and Queens: On April 29, 1939, the Whitestone Bridge opened, connecting the Bronx and Queens in New York City, facilitating transportation between the two boroughs. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Apr 1939-40 New York World's Fair opens: On April 30, 1939, the 1939-40 New York World's Fair opened, showcasing technological innovations and cultural exhibits from around the world. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 May Pulitzer Prize awarded to Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1939 for her novel "The Yearling." This recognition highlighted her contributions to American literature and her ability to capture the essence of rural life in Florida. source: britannica.com
02 May Lou Gehrig's consecutive games streak ends: Lou Gehrig's remarkable streak of 2,130 consecutive games played came to an end on May 2, 1939, when he was unable to play due to health issues. This record stood for decades and solidified his legacy in baseball history. source: britannica.com
03 May Formation of All India Forward Bloc: The All India Forward Bloc was formed on May 3, 1939, by Subhas Chandra Bose as a faction within the Indian National Congress. It aimed to consolidate anti-colonial forces and promote a more radical approach to India's independence. source: britannica.com
04 May Japan's diplomatic support for Axis powers: On May 4, 1939, Japan expressed its diplomatic support for the Axis powers, aligning itself with Germany and Italy during World War II. This move was part of Japan's broader strategy to expand its influence in Asia. source: britannica.com
05 May Poland stands firm against Nazi territorial demands: On May 5, 1939, Poland rejected Nazi Germany's territorial demands, asserting its sovereignty in the face of increasing pressure. This stance contributed to the tensions leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
10 May Hungarian Anti-Semitic Legislation Enacted: On May 10, 1939, Hungary enacted the Second Anti-Jewish Law, which defined Jews in racial terms and imposed further restrictions on their rights, including limitations on employment and property ownership. source: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
11 May Battle of Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Conflict: On May 11, 1939, a border clash occurred between Japanese and Soviet forces near the Khalkhin Gol River, escalating into the Battle of Nomonhan, a significant conflict between Japan and the Soviet Union. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 May SS St. Louis Departs with Jewish Refugees: On May 13, 1939, the German ocean liner SS St. Louis departed Hamburg carrying 937 Jewish refugees seeking asylum in Cuba, but was denied entry, leading to a tragic return to Europe. source: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
15 May Ravensbrück concentration camp opens: On May 15, 1939, the SS established Ravensbrück, the largest concentration camp for women, located north of Berlin, Germany. source: worldwar2-sof.com
16 May First US food stamp program launch: On May 16, 1939, the first US food stamp program was launched, aiming to provide food assistance to low-income individuals. source: history.com
17 May Nordic countries reject German non-aggression pact: On May 17, 1939, the Nordic countries rejected the German non-aggression pact, signaling their resistance to Nazi Germany's influence. source: worldwar2-sof.com
18 May Jewish Riots in Jerusalem Against British White Paper: On May 18, 1939, Jewish protests erupted in Jerusalem in response to the British White Paper, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine. Demonstrations escalated into riots, resulting in over 100 Jews injured in confrontations with police. The unrest included a general strike and mass meetings, reflecting widespread opposition to British policies among the Jewish community. source: loc.gov
19 May Franco's Victory Parade in Madrid: On May 19, 1939, Madrid hosted a grand victory parade to celebrate the Nationalists' triumph in the Spanish Civil War. The event featured approximately 100,000 soldiers and attracted around a million spectators. The parade lasted seven hours, showcasing military units, historical banners, and was attended by General Francisco Franco, who received the Grand Cross with Laurels of St. Ferdinand. source: archive.catholicherald.co.uk
20 May First Regular Transatlantic Airmail Service Launched: On May 20, 1939, Pan American Airways inaugurated the first regular transatlantic airmail service, connecting New York and Lisbon. This service marked a significant advancement in international mail delivery, reducing transit times between the United States and Europe.
21 May Pact of Steel Signed: On May 21, 1939, Italy and Germany signed the Pact of Steel, a military and political alliance that solidified the Axis powers' cooperation during World War II. The pact committed both nations to support each other in times of war and marked a significant escalation in European tensions.
23 May Hitler's Threat to Poland: On May 23, 1939, Adolf Hitler informed Wehrmacht generals of his decision to wage war against Poland, with the Free City of Danzig as a pretext. He expressed confidence that Britain would not intervene, even if it did, Germany could economically cripple Britain by conquering the Low Countries and France. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 May Birth of renowned sportscaster Brent Musburger: Brent Musburger, an American sportscaster known for his work with CBS and ESPN, was born on May 26, 1939, in Portland, Oregon. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 May Jerry Mercer born: Jerry Mercer, a Canadian drummer known for his work with the band April Wine, was born on May 27, 1939, in Montreal, Quebec. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Jun HMS Thetis submarine tragedy: On June 1, 1939, the British submarine HMS Thetis sank during sea trials in Liverpool Bay, resulting in the loss of 99 lives. The disaster occurred when seawater flooded the forward compartments after an internal torpedo tube was opened while the outer hatch was also open. Only four men survived the incident. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Jun 71st Belmont Stakes Horse Race: The 71st Belmont Stakes, held on June 3, 1939, at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, was won by Johnstown, ridden by jockey James Stout. The race covered a distance of 1.5 miles, and Johnstown completed it in 2 minutes and 29.6 seconds. source: mybelmontbets.com
06 Jun MS St. Louis voyage of desperation: On June 6, 1939, the MS St. Louis, a German ocean liner carrying 937 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution, was denied entry to Cuba, the United States, and Canada. The passengers were forced to return to Europe, where many faced dire consequences. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Jun Germany signs non-aggression pacts with Baltic states: On June 7, 1939, Nazi Germany signed non-aggression pacts with Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These agreements were part of Germany's strategic moves leading up to World War II. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jun British monarch's historic US state visit: On June 8, 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth continued their historic state visit to the United States, meeting President Franklin D. Roosevelt and touring various cities, strengthening Anglo-American relations. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Jun IOC selects Cortina d'Ampezzo as 1944 Winter Olympics host city: At the 39th International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session in London, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, was chosen over Montreal, Canada, and Oslo, Norway, to host the 1944 Winter Olympics. However, due to World War II, the Games were ultimately canceled. source: olympedia.org
10 Jun Barney Bear's debut in 'The Bear That Couldn't Sleep': The animated short film 'The Bear That Couldn't Sleep' was released, marking the first appearance of Barney Bear, an anthropomorphic character created by director Rudolf Ising for MGM. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Jun French submarine Phénix sinks during training exercise: On June 15, 1939, the French submarine Phénix disappeared during a training exercise in the South China Sea. Despite extensive search efforts, the wreck was not located until June 16, and all 71 crew members were presumed lost. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Jun Last public guillotining in France: On June 17, 1939, German serial killer Eugen Weidmann was executed by guillotine outside the Saint-Pierre prison in Versailles. The execution was witnessed by a large crowd, leading to public outcry and the subsequent ban on public executions in France. source: lemonde.fr
20 Jun SS Heimwehr Danzig formation: The SS Heimwehr Danzig was formed on June 20, 1939, as a paramilitary unit in Danzig, which was under German control. This unit played a role in the Nazi regime's military and political strategies leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
21 Jun Nazi restrictions on Jewish economic rights: On June 21, 1939, the Nazi regime implemented further restrictions on the economic rights of Jewish citizens in Germany. These measures were part of a broader campaign of discrimination and persecution against Jews leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
22 Jun Tense House of Commons debate on international crisis: On June 22, 1939, the House of Commons held a heated debate regarding the escalating international crisis in Europe. This discussion reflected the growing concerns over the threat posed by Nazi Germany. source: bbc.com
23 Jun Ankara talks resolve Hatay dispute: On June 23, 1939, negotiations in Ankara successfully resolved the Hatay dispute between Turkey and France. This agreement was significant in shaping the geopolitical landscape of the region during the pre-World War II era. source: britannica.com
24 Jun Siam renamed to Thailand: On June 24, 1939, Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thailand's third prime minister, officially changed the country's name from Siam to Thailand, aiming to promote national identity and unity. source: historytoday.com
28 Jun Pan American Airways launches southern transatlantic air route: On June 28, 1939, Pan American Airways inaugurated its first transatlantic passenger flight, known as the "Dixie Clipper," from Port Washington, New York, to Lisbon, Portugal, and Marseilles, France. This marked a significant milestone in commercial aviation, offering paying passengers the opportunity to cross the Atlantic by air. source: si.edu
29 Jun Poland declares readiness to defend Danzig: On June 29, 1939, Poland declared its readiness to defend the city of Danzig, a free city under the protection of the League of Nations, amid rising tensions with Germany. This declaration was part of the escalating conflicts that led to the outbreak of World War II. source: archives.gov
30 Jun Italian racial laws expanded: On June 30, 1939, Italy further expanded its racial laws, imposing additional restrictions on Jewish citizens. These laws were part of a broader pattern of anti-Semitic legislation in Europe during this period. source: jstor.org
02 Jul Theodore Roosevelt's head dedicated at Mount Rushmore: On July 2, 1939, the head of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated at Mount Rushmore National Memorial, marking the completion of the fourth and final presidential sculpture. source: si.edu
07 Jul Alice Marble wins Wimbledon Women's Singles: On July 7, 1939, Alice Marble defeated Kay Stammers 6–2, 6–0 to win the Wimbledon Women's Singles title. source: reuters.com
08 Jul Bobby Riggs wins Wimbledon Men's Singles: On July 8, 1939, Bobby Riggs defeated Elwood Cooke 2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 to win the Wimbledon Men's Singles title. source: reuters.com
12 Jul Diplomatic tension: Dino Grandi recalled from London: Dino Grandi, the Italian ambassador to the United Kingdom, was recalled to Italy amid rising tensions before World War II. This move was part of Italy's shifting diplomatic stance as the war loomed closer. source: britannica.com
13 Jul Frank Sinatra made his recording debut: Frank Sinatra made his recording debut on July 13, 1939, with the song 'The Song Is You.' This marked the beginning of his illustrious career in music, leading to his status as one of the most iconic singers of the 20th century. source: biography.com
14 Jul Roosevelt condemns government strikes during WPA labor dispute: On July 14, 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt condemned strikes by government workers during a labor dispute involving the Works Progress Administration (WPA). His remarks emphasized the importance of maintaining public services during economic challenges. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
15 Jul Clara Adams completes first round-the-world flight by a woman: On July 15, 1939, Clara Adams became the first woman to complete a round-the-world flight. Her journey was a significant milestone in aviation history, showcasing the capabilities of women in a male-dominated field. source: womenshistory.org
16 Jul Sir Oswald Mosley's controversial speech at Earls Court: On July 16, 1939, Sir Oswald Mosley delivered a controversial speech at Earls Court in London, which drew significant public attention and criticism. His remarks reflected the political tensions in Britain during the pre-war period. source: bbc.com
17 Jul British stance on Japanese tensions in Far East: On July 17, 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain declared in the House of Commons that the British government "would not and could not" reverse its policy in the Far East. This statement reflected Britain's cautious approach to Japanese actions in the region during that period. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Jul Roosevelt warns of impending European war: On July 18, 1939, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a warning about the potential for an impending European war, urging nations to seek peaceful resolutions to conflicts. This statement underscored the growing international tensions leading up to World War II.
19 Jul First Surgical Use of Fiberglass Sutures: On July 19, 1939, Dr. Roy P. Scholz became the first surgeon to use fiberglass sutures in medical procedures, marking a significant advancement in surgical techniques. source: businesshistory.com
23 Jul Gandhi's personal letter to Hitler: On July 23, 1939, Mahatma Gandhi wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler, urging him to prevent a war that could reduce humanity to a savage state. The letter was intercepted by the British government and never reached Hitler. source: time.com
27 Jul Birth of Irv Cross, NFL sportscaster: Irv Cross, a former NFL player and pioneering sports broadcaster, was born on July 27, 1939. He became one of the first African-American sports analysts on national television. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Jul Fall of the 5th Dutch Government: The Fifth Colijn cabinet, led by Hendrikus Colijn, resigned on July 28, 1939, after facing a vote of no confidence in the Dutch Lower House. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Aug Formation of De Geer Government with Social Democrats: On August 10, 1939, Dirk Jan de Geer formed the Second De Geer cabinet in the Netherlands, a national unity government comprising the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP), Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP), Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), Christian Historical Union (CHU), and the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB). This cabinet was established following the dismissal of the Fifth Colijn cabinet by Queen Wilhelmina on July 27, 1939. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Aug Sergei Rachmaninoff's Final European Concert Performance: On August 11, 1939, Sergei Rachmaninoff performed at the Lucerne International Music Festival in Switzerland. This concert, featuring works by Haydn, Beethoven, Debussy, and Ravel, marked his final performance in Europe before World War II. source: rachmaninoffdiary.com
20 Aug Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict at Nomanhan: The Nomanhan incident, also known as the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, was a series of clashes between the Soviet Union and Japan along the border of Mongolia. The conflict escalated in August 1939, culminating in a decisive Soviet victory, which influenced future Soviet-Japanese relations. source: britannica.com
21 Aug Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Confirmed: On August 21, 1939, the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact was confirmed, ensuring that Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack each other. This agreement had significant implications for the geopolitical landscape of Europe leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
22 Aug Hitler's Decisive War Speech to Military Leadership: On August 22, 1939, Adolf Hitler delivered a speech to military leaders outlining his plans for the upcoming war. This speech emphasized the need for swift and decisive action against Poland, marking a significant moment in the lead-up to World War II. source: britannica.com
23 Aug Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Signed: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed on August 23, 1939, between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. This non-aggression treaty included secret protocols for the division of Eastern Europe, significantly impacting the course of World War II. source: britannica.com
24 Aug Roosevelt's last diplomatic effort: On August 24, 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a final diplomatic effort to avert war in Europe, reaching out to both Britain and France. This was part of his broader strategy to maintain peace and stability in the face of rising tensions with Nazi Germany. source: archives.gov
25 Aug Poland-Britain mutual assistance agreement: On August 25, 1939, Poland and Britain signed a mutual assistance agreement, pledging military support in the event of an attack by Germany. This agreement was a crucial step in the lead-up to World War II, solidifying alliances against Nazi aggression. source: britannica.com
26 Aug Belgium mobilizes for potential conflict: On August 26, 1939, Belgium announced the mobilization of its military forces in anticipation of potential conflict in Europe. This decision was influenced by the escalating tensions surrounding Germany's aggressive actions in neighboring countries. source: bbc.com
27 Aug First jet aircraft flight by Erich Warsitz: On August 27, 1939, Erich Warsitz conducted the first flight of a jet aircraft, the Heinkel He 178, in Germany. This event marked a significant milestone in aviation history, paving the way for future developments in jet technology. source: britannica.com
28 Aug German troop buildup observed on Polish border: On August 28, 1939, reports indicated a significant concentration of German military forces along the Polish border. This buildup was part of Germany's preparations for the invasion of Poland, which would commence on September 1, 1939. The presence of these troops heightened tensions and signaled the imminent threat of war. source: thesecondworldwar.org
29 Aug Jewish support for Allied war effort: In the lead-up to World War II, Jewish communities in various countries, including Poland and the United Kingdom, actively supported the Allied war effort. This support included enlisting in military services, contributing to war industries, and participating in resistance movements against Axis powers. source: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
30 Aug Nazi Germany initiates invasion of Poland: On August 30, 1939, Nazi Germany initiated its invasion of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. This invasion was preceded by a series of provocations and diplomatic tensions, including the Gleiwitz incident, which provided a pretext for German aggression. source: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
31 Aug Nazi false flag operation at Gleiwitz: On August 31, 1939, Nazi Germany staged a false flag operation at Gleiwitz, where they attacked a German radio station, blaming it on Polish forces. This event was used as a pretext for the invasion of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. source: britannica.com
01 Sep Nazi Germany invades Poland, starting World War II: On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, marking the official start of World War II in Europe. This invasion was characterized by the use of blitzkrieg tactics, overwhelming Polish defenses. source: britannica.com
02 Sep Luftwaffe decimates Polish Air Force: On September 2, 1939, the German Luftwaffe launched a series of devastating air attacks against the Polish Air Force, significantly crippling its capabilities. This aerial assault was part of the broader German invasion strategy. source: britannica.com
03 Sep Britain declares war on Germany: On September 3, 1939, Britain declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland. This declaration marked the official entry of the United Kingdom into World War II. source: britannica.com
04 Sep Poland-France Mutual Assistance Protocol Signed: On September 4, 1939, France ratified the Kasprzycki–Gamelin Convention, a military agreement with Poland that obligated both nations to assist each other in the event of a German attack. This protocol was intended to strengthen mutual defense against German aggression. source: history.state.gov
05 Sep United States Declares Neutrality in World War II: On September 5, 1939, the United States declared its neutrality in World War II, opting to avoid direct involvement in the conflict despite global tensions. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Sep German Invasion of Poland: On September 6, 1939, German forces launched a full-scale invasion of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. This aggressive action led to widespread destruction and significant loss of life. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Sep Westerplatte Fortress surrenders in World War II: On September 7, 1939, after seven days of intense fighting, the Polish garrison at Westerplatte, led by Major Henryk Sucharski, surrendered to German forces. The defenders had held out against repeated assaults, artillery bombardments, and air raids, inflicting significant casualties on the Germans. The surrender marked the end of the first battle of the German invasion of Poland, which initiated World War II in Europe. source: liberationroute.com
08 Sep German invasion of Warsaw begins: On September 8, 1939, German forces commenced their assault on Warsaw, the capital of Poland. This marked a significant escalation in the invasion, leading to the eventual encirclement and siege of the city. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Sep Battle of the Bzura begins: On September 9, 1939, the Battle of the Bzura commenced as Polish forces launched a counteroffensive against the advancing German troops. The battle aimed to relieve pressure on Warsaw and disrupt German supply lines. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Sep Canada declares war on Germany: On September 10, 1939, Canada declared war on Germany, marking the first time Canada declared war independently. This decision followed the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany on September 3, 1939, in response to Germany's invasion of Poland. source: canada.ca
11 Sep Panama declares neutrality in World War II: On September 11, 1939, Panama declared its neutrality in World War II, aligning with other American republics to maintain peace in the Western Hemisphere. source: history.state.gov
14 Sep German forces encircle Warsaw: On September 14, 1939, German forces successfully encircled Warsaw, the capital of Poland, as part of their invasion strategy during World War II. This encirclement marked a significant step in the German campaign against Poland, leading to the city's eventual surrender. source: britannica.com
15 Sep German Wehrmacht besieges Warsaw: On September 15, 1939, the German Wehrmacht intensified its siege of Warsaw, further tightening its grip on the city. This military action was crucial in the broader context of the invasion of Poland, which was a key early campaign in World War II. source: britannica.com
16 Sep Border war between Soviet Union and Japan ends: On September 16, 1939, the border war between the Soviet Union and Japan officially came to an end with a ceasefire agreement. This conflict had significant implications for both nations' military strategies and their relations in the years leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
17 Sep Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland: On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Eastern Poland, following the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This invasion marked a significant expansion of the conflict in Europe and led to the division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union. source: britannica.com
18 Sep German-Soviet invasion and partition of Poland: On September 18, 1939, the German and Soviet forces completed their invasion and partition of Poland, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This event led to the division of Polish territory between the two powers. source: britannica.com
19 Sep Hitler's speech on Poland's fate: On September 19, 1939, Adolf Hitler delivered a speech outlining Germany's plans for Poland following its invasion. This speech emphasized the Nazi regime's intentions and justifications for the occupation. source: britannica.com
20 Sep German army declares Polish campaign complete: On September 20, 1939, the German army officially declared the Polish campaign complete, following the swift invasion and occupation of Poland. This marked a significant early victory for Nazi Germany in World War II. source: britannica.com
21 Sep Heydrich's meeting on Jewish 'Final Solution': On September 21, 1939, Reinhard Heydrich convened a meeting to discuss the implementation of the 'Final Solution' regarding the Jewish population in Europe. This meeting was a pivotal moment in the planning of the Holocaust, which would lead to the systematic extermination of millions. source: britannica.com
22 Sep Soviet forces occupy Polish cities: On September 22, 1939, Soviet forces began occupying Polish cities as part of the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This occupation followed the invasion of Poland by Germany and marked a significant shift in the territorial boundaries of Eastern Europe. source: britannica.com
23 Sep Cookie Lavagetto's historic baseball performance: On September 23, 1939, Cookie Lavagetto made history by hitting a double in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 4 of the World Series, leading the Brooklyn Dodgers to victory. This moment is remembered as a significant event in baseball history. source: britannica.com
24 Sep Massive German bombing of Warsaw: On September 24, 1939, German forces conducted massive bombing raids on Warsaw, the capital of Poland. This bombing campaign aimed to demoralize the Polish population and facilitate the German invasion. source: britannica.com
25 Sep Warsaw falls to Nazi Germany: On September 25, 1939, Warsaw officially fell to Nazi Germany after weeks of intense fighting. The fall of the city marked a significant victory for German forces and a devastating loss for Poland during the early stages of World War II. source: britannica.com
26 Sep First German aircraft shot down by British forces in WWII: On September 26, 1939, British forces shot down the first German aircraft of World War II. This event marked a significant moment in the air war, showcasing the escalating conflict between Germany and Britain. source: britannica.com
27 Sep Warsaw falls to German forces: On September 27, 1939, Warsaw officially surrendered to German forces, concluding the Battle of Warsaw. This marked a pivotal moment in the Polish campaign during World War II, leading to the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany. source: britannica.com
28 Sep Warsaw surrenders to Nazi Germany: On September 28, 1939, Warsaw officially surrendered to Nazi Germany, marking the end of the Polish campaign. This surrender solidified German control over Poland and was a significant event in World War II. source: britannica.com
29 Sep First Public Proposal for Water Fluoridation: On September 29, 1939, the first public proposal for water fluoridation was made in the United States. This initiative aimed to improve dental health by reducing cavities in the population, marking a significant public health advancement. source: cdc.gov
30 Sep Nazi-Soviet Partition of Poland: On September 30, 1939, the partition of Poland between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was formalized. This division was a direct result of the agreements made in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and had lasting effects on the region. source: britannica.com
01 Oct Fall of Warsaw: On October 1, 1939, Warsaw, the capital of Poland, fell to Nazi German forces after weeks of intense fighting. This marked a significant moment in the early stages of World War II, leading to the complete occupation of Poland. source: britannica.com
02 Oct Pan-American Neutrality Zone Established: On October 2, 1939, the Pan-American Conference concluded in Panama City, where 21 American republics established a "safety belt" extending 300 to 600 miles offshore. This zone prohibited belligerent acts by non-American states within its boundaries. source: archive.spectator.co.uk
06 Oct Battle of Kock: Final Combat of September Campaign: The Battle of Kock, fought from October 2 to October 5, 1939, near Kock, Poland, was the final battle of the September Campaign during World War II. The Polish Independent Operational Group Polesie, led by General Franciszek Kleeberg, faced the German XIV Motorized Corps under General Gustav Anton von Wietersheim. Despite initial successes, Polish forces surrendered on October 6 due to exhaustion and lack of supplies, marking the end of organized Polish resistance in the campaign. source: dignitynews.eu
09 Oct Hitler's Directive No. 6 for Western Offensive: On October 9, 1939, Adolf Hitler issued Directive No. 6, planning an offensive through Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to defeat England and France. The directive aimed to secure territory in these countries to establish a base for air and sea operations against Britain. The attack was initially set for November 12 but was postponed due to protests from military leaders and adverse weather conditions. source: der-fuehrer.org
10 Oct Final Polish Military Surrender to Germany: On October 10, 1939, the Polish military officially surrendered to Germany, marking the end of the invasion that began on September 1, 1939. This surrender followed the Soviet invasion of Poland from the east on September 17, leading to the partitioning of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Oct Einstein Warns Roosevelt About Atomic Potential: On October 11, 1939, physicist Albert Einstein signed a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, co-authored with physicist Leo Szilard, warning about the potential for Nazi Germany to develop atomic weapons. This letter led to the establishment of the Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop nuclear weapons for the United States. source: archives.gov
12 Oct France Rejects Hitler's Peace Proposal: On October 12, 1939, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier rejected Hitler's latest peace proposals, stating that a settlement at this time would only consecrate conquests by deceit or violence and would not prevent preparation for new ones. Daladier vowed that arms would only be laid down when certain guarantees of security were provided. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Oct German submarine U-40 sinks in English Channel: On October 13, 1939, the German submarine U-40 was sunk by a British mine in the English Channel. The submarine was attempting a shortcut to rendezvous with other U-boats when it struck a mine and sank immediately. Nine crew members survived the sinking. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Oct Sinking of HMS Royal Oak: On October 14, 1939, the British battleship HMS Royal Oak was sunk by the German submarine U-47 in Scapa Flow. The attack resulted in the loss of 833 crew members. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Oct British gold transported to Canada for safekeeping: In October 1939, the British government decided to transport its gold reserves to Canada for safekeeping amid the uncertainties of World War II. This move was part of a broader strategy to protect national assets during the conflict. source: bbc.com
17 Oct Mr. Smith Goes to Washington premieres: The film 'Mr. Smith Goes to Washington' premiered in Constitution Hall, Washington, D.C., on October 17, 1939, attended by 45 senators and 250 House members. The film received mixed reactions, with some politicians criticizing its portrayal of government corruption. source: politico.com
18 Oct Lee Harvey Oswald born: Lee Harvey Oswald, the man accused of assassinating President John F. Kennedy, was born on October 18, 1939, in New Orleans, Louisiana. His life and actions would later become a significant part of American history. source: history.com
20 Oct Pope Pius XII Publishes Encyclical Summi Pontificatus: On October 20, 1939, Pope Pius XII published his first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, subtitled 'On the Unity of Human Society.' The document criticized ideologies of racism, cultural superiority, and totalitarianism, and called for the restoration of an independent Poland. It also addressed the moral crisis in Europe and emphasized the need for unity and peace. source: britannica.com
21 Oct South Tyrol Option Agreement between Germany and Italy: On October 21, 1939, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy signed the South Tyrol Option Agreement, allowing German and Ladin-speaking residents of South Tyrol to choose between emigration to Germany or remaining in Italy under Italianization policies. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Oct First Television Broadcast of an NFL Game: On October 22, 1939, the first television broadcast of an NFL game took place, marking a significant milestone in sports broadcasting history.
26 Oct Nazi Forced Labor Decree for Polish Jews: On October 26, 1939, the German authorities issued a decree mandating that all Polish Jews aged 14 to 60 perform forced labor. This policy aimed to exploit Jewish labor for various construction and maintenance projects, including public buildings, roads, and agricultural tasks. The implementation of this decree marked a significant escalation in the persecution of Jews in occupied Poland. source: jewishvirtuallibrary.org
28 Oct First German Aircraft Shot Down Over Britain: On October 28, 1939, during World War II, the first German aircraft was shot down over Britain. This event marked a significant escalation in the air conflict between Germany and the United Kingdom, as the war expanded beyond continental Europe. source: history.com
29 Oct Golden Gate International Exposition Concludes: The Golden Gate International Exposition, held in San Francisco to celebrate the completion of the Golden Gate Bridge and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, concluded on October 29, 1939. The exposition showcased technological innovations and cultural exhibits, attracting millions of visitors. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Oct Birth of Leland H. Hartwell, Nobel Laureate: Leland H. Hartwell, an American geneticist and Nobel laureate, was born on October 30, 1939. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2001 for his discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Oct Mussolini reshuffles military and political leadership: On October 31, 1939, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini made significant changes to his military and political leadership. This reshuffle was part of his efforts to strengthen Italy's position in the ongoing conflicts in Europe. source: britannica.com
01 Nov Oslo report: critical intelligence leak: On November 1, 1939, a significant intelligence leak occurred in Oslo, revealing critical information about military strategies. This leak had implications for the ongoing war efforts in Europe. source: britannica.com
02 Nov Soviet invasion of Finland: the Winter War begins: On November 2, 1939, the Soviet Union launched its invasion of Finland, marking the beginning of the Winter War. This conflict would last until March 1940 and significantly impact both nations. source: britannica.com
03 Nov Nazi Germany annexes Free City of Danzig: On November 3, 1939, Nazi Germany formally annexed the Free City of Danzig. This action was part of Germany's broader territorial ambitions in Europe during World War II. source: britannica.com
04 Nov Sonderaktion Krakau: Nazi action against Polish academics: On November 4, 1939, the Nazi regime initiated Sonderaktion Krakau, targeting Polish academics and intellectuals. This operation aimed to suppress Polish culture and education during the occupation. source: britannica.com
06 Nov Sonderaktion Krakau: Nazi assault on Polish academia: On November 6, 1939, the German Nazis initiated Sonderaktion Krakau, arresting 1,000 Polish professors and intellectuals in Kraków, Poland, as part of a campaign to eliminate Polish intellectual leadership. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Nov World War II: Global tensions escalate: By November 7, 1939, World War II tensions had escalated globally, with significant military engagements and diplomatic developments affecting multiple nations. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Nov Hitler survives assassination attempt: On November 8, 1939, a bomb exploded in Munich's Bürgerbräukeller during a celebration marking the 16th anniversary of Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler had left the event earlier than planned and was unharmed. The bomb, planted by Georg Elser, killed seven people and injured 63 others. source: history.com
09 Nov Venlo Incident: On November 9, 1939, British MI6 agents were captured by German Sicherheitsdienst agents near Venlo, Netherlands, leading to a diplomatic incident and the eventual invasion of the Netherlands by Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Nov Finnish author F. E. Sillanpää wins Nobel Literature Prize: On November 10, 1939, Finnish author Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his deep understanding of Finland's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he portrayed their way of life and their relationship with nature. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Nov Kate Smith debuts "God Bless America": On November 11, 1939, American singer Kate Smith debuted "God Bless America" on her radio show, a song that would become a patriotic anthem in the United States. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Nov Polish resistance movement reorganizes: On November 13, 1939, the Polish resistance movement began to reorganize in response to the German occupation. This marked a significant step in the efforts to resist Nazi control and maintain Polish sovereignty during World War II. source: bbc.com
14 Nov Polish Government Establishes Exile Headquarters in London: Following the invasion and occupation of France, the Polish government-in-exile, led by General Władysław Sikorski, relocated its headquarters to London, England, on November 14, 1939. source: holocaustrescue.org
15 Nov First unemployment check issued: On November 15, 1939, the first unemployment check was issued in the United States as part of the New Deal programs. This marked a significant development in social welfare and economic policy during the Great Depression. source: ssa.gov
16 Nov German U-boat attacks Dutch tanker Sliedrecht: On November 16, 1939, the Dutch tanker Sliedrecht was sunk by the German submarine U-28 approximately 120 miles southeast of Rockall. The attack resulted in the loss of 26 crew members, while five survivors were rescued by a British trawler. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Nov Dutch Passenger Ship Simon Bolivar Sunk by German Mine: On November 18, 1939, the Dutch passenger ship Simon Bolivar struck a German mine in the North Sea off Harwich, Essex, resulting in the loss of 86 lives. Survivors were rescued by various Royal Navy ships. source: military-history.fandom.com
22 Nov Birth of Mulayam Singh Yadav: Mulayam Singh Yadav, an influential Indian politician and founder of the Samajwadi Party, was born on November 22, 1939, in Saifai, Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh, India. source: britannica.com
02 Dec LaGuardia Airport opens in New York City: LaGuardia Airport, located in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City, opened on December 2, 1939. It was dedicated on October 15, 1939, and began operations on December 2 of that year. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Dec Battle of Taipale begins in Winter War: The Battle of Taipale commenced on December 6, 1939, during the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union. Soviet forces attempted to cross the Taipale River at three locations, aiming to breach the Finnish Mannerheim Line. Despite numerical superiority, the Soviets faced significant resistance from Finnish defenders, leading to a protracted and intense engagement. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Dec Lou Gehrig inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame: On December 7, 1939, Lou Gehrig, the legendary New York Yankees first baseman, was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Gehrig, known as the 'Iron Horse' for his durability and skill, had passed away earlier that year due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease now commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. source: baseballhall.org
08 Dec World War II ongoing: As of December 8, 1939, World War II was ongoing, with major conflicts occurring across Europe and Asia. The war had been underway since September 1939, following Germany's invasion of Poland, leading to widespread international involvement and significant global impact. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Dec Soviet air raid on Helsinki during Winter War: On December 9, 1939, during the Winter War, Soviet aircraft conducted an air raid on Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The attack targeted civilian areas, causing significant damage and civilian casualties, and marked a significant escalation in the conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Dec 1939 Nobel Prize awards ceremony: The 1939 Nobel Prize awards ceremony took place on December 10, 1939, honoring individuals and organizations for their outstanding contributions in various fields, including Peace, Literature, Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Dec Birth of Tom Hayden, prominent 1960s political activist: Tom Hayden, an influential political activist known for his role in the 1960s anti-war movement and as a co-founder of the Students for a Democratic Society, was born on December 11, 1939. His activism focused on civil rights, social justice, and environmental issues throughout his life. source: britannica.com
12 Dec Winter War: Battle of Tolvajärvi: The Battle of Tolvajärvi, fought on December 12, 1939, was a key engagement in the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union. Finnish troops successfully repelled Soviet forces, marking a significant early victory for Finland in the conflict. source: britannica.com
13 Dec Battle of the River Plate: The Battle of the River Plate occurred on December 13, 1939, and was the first major naval engagement of World War II. British forces engaged the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, leading to a decisive victory for the Allies. source: britannica.com
14 Dec Hitler plans invasion of Denmark and Norway: On December 14, 1939, Adolf Hitler approved plans for the invasion of Denmark and Norway, known as Operation Weserübung. This strategic move aimed to secure German access to Swedish iron ore and to prevent British intervention in Scandinavia. source: britannica.com
15 Dec Gone with the Wind premiere in Atlanta: The film 'Gone with the Wind' premiered in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1939. Based on Margaret Mitchell's novel, it became one of the most popular films in American history, known for its portrayal of the American South during the Civil War. source: britannica.com
16 Dec Finnish ski troops introduce Molotov cocktails in Winter War: On December 16, 1939, Finnish ski troops began using Molotov cocktails against Soviet tanks during the Winter War. This improvised weapon became a symbol of Finnish resistance against the Soviet invasion. source: britannica.com
17 Dec German decision to occupy Denmark: On December 17, 1939, Germany made the decision to occupy Denmark as part of its broader military strategy in Europe. This decision was influenced by the need to secure supply routes and prevent British intervention. source: britannica.com
18 Dec First major air battle of World War II: The first major air battle of World War II occurred on December 18, 1939, involving the German Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force. This battle marked a significant escalation in aerial combat during the war, showcasing the strategic importance of air power. source: britannica.com
19 Dec Soviet attack on Finnish positions during Winter War: On December 19, 1939, the Soviet Union launched a significant attack on Finnish positions as part of the Winter War. This conflict highlighted the fierce resistance of Finnish forces against the larger Soviet military. source: britannica.com
20 Dec Captain Hans Langsdorff's tragic end in World War II: Captain Hans Langsdorff, commander of the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee, died on December 20, 1939, following the ship's scuttling after the Battle of the River Plate. His death marked a poignant moment in naval warfare during the early stages of World War II. source: britannica.com
21 Dec Nazi leadership appointment: Adolf Eichmann's role in Jewish affairs: On December 21, 1939, Adolf Eichmann was appointed to oversee Jewish affairs in Nazi Germany. This role would later become infamous for his involvement in the logistics of the Holocaust during World War II. source: britannica.com
22 Dec Finnish counter-offensive at Petsamo: On December 22, 1939, Finnish forces launched a counter-offensive at Petsamo during the Winter War against the Soviet Union. This operation aimed to reclaim territory and demonstrate Finnish resilience. source: britannica.com
23 Dec Canadian troops arrive in Britain: On December 23, 1939, approximately 7,500 Canadian soldiers arrived in Britain to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force during World War II. source: timetoast.com
24 Dec Pope Pius XII's Christmas Eve peace appeal during World War II: On December 24, 1939, Pope Pius XII made a Christmas Eve appeal for peace during World War II. source: vaticannews.va
27 Dec CBS Television begins transmission: On December 27, 1939, CBS Television began its regular broadcasts, marking a significant milestone in the history of American television. This event laid the foundation for the expansion of television as a mainstream medium in the United States. source: history.com
28 Dec First flight of the B-24 Liberator bomber: On December 28, 1939, the prototype Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber made its first flight from Lindbergh Field in San Diego, California. This aircraft became one of the most produced American military aircraft during World War II. source: airandspaceforces.com
29 Dec Soviet invasion of Finland during Winter War: On December 29, 1939, the Soviet Union launched an invasion of Finland, initiating the Winter War. This conflict lasted until March 1940, resulting in significant territorial losses for Finland. source: britannica.com
30 Dec Admiral Graf Spee scuttled in River Plate estuary: On December 30, 1939, the German battleship Admiral Graf Spee was scuttled in the River Plate estuary off the coast of Uruguay. This event marked the end of the Battle of the River Plate during World War II. source: history.com
31 Dec Finnish Winter War victory: On December 31, 1939, Finland achieved a significant victory in the Winter War against the Soviet Union. This conflict lasted until March 1940, resulting in significant territorial losses for Finland. source: britannica.com

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