Major Events of 1981: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1981, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1981 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan International Year of Disabled Persons declared by the UN: The United Nations declared 1981 as the International Year of Disabled Persons to promote awareness and support for the rights and well-being of individuals with disabilities. This initiative aimed to encourage governments and organizations to take action towards improving the quality of life for disabled persons worldwide. The year served as a catalyst for subsequent policies and programs focused on disability rights and inclusion. source: un.org
02 Jan Ibrox disaster occurred during a football match in 1981: The Ibrox disaster took place on January 2, 1981, during a Scottish football match between Rangers and Celtic at Ibrox Stadium in Glasgow. A crowd surge led to the tragic deaths of 66 people and injuries to over 200 others. This incident remains one of the worst disasters in British sporting history, prompting significant changes in crowd control and safety regulations at sporting events. source: bbc.com
03 Jan Assassination of U.S. labor advisers and Salvadoran official in San Salvador: On January 3, 1981, two American labor advisers, Michael Hammer and Mark Pearlman, along with José Rodolfo Viera, head of El Salvador's Agrarian Transformation Institute, were assassinated in the Sheraton Hotel in San Salvador. The gunmen, identified as National Guardsmen, opened fire on the trio, resulting in their deaths. The motive behind the killings was believed to be related to the agrarian reform program, which had been a source of contention in the country. Subsequent investigations implicated Salvadoran military officers and a wealthy businessman in the plot. In December 1987, an appellate court freed the convicted killers under a sweeping amnesty program, a decision that was met with criticism from the U.S. government. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Jan Peter Pan Broadway revival concludes after 551 performances: The 1979 Broadway revival of 'Peter Pan' at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre concluded its run on January 4, 1981, after 551 performances. The production, directed and choreographed by Rob Iscove, featured Sandy Duncan in the title role and George Rose as Captain Hook. source: julestyne.com
05 Jan Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, arrested in 1981: Peter Sutcliffe, known as the Yorkshire Ripper, was arrested on January 5, 1981, in connection with a series of murders in West Yorkshire. His arrest followed a lengthy investigation into the brutal killings of women, which had terrorized the region since 1975. Sutcliffe was later convicted of 13 murders and seven attempted murders, becoming one of the UK's most notorious criminals. source: bbc.com
06 Jan A.J. Cronin, Scottish novelist and physician, dies at 84: Archibald Joseph Cronin, known as A.J. Cronin, passed away on January 6, 1981, in Montreux, Switzerland, at the age of 84. He was a Scottish physician and novelist, best known for works like "The Citadel" and "The Keys of the Kingdom." source: britannica.com
07 Jan Birth of Alex Auld, Canadian hockey goaltender: Alex Auld, a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender, was born on January 7, 1981. He played in the NHL for several teams, including the Vancouver Canucks and the Florida Panthers. Auld is known for his contributions to the sport during his career, particularly in the early 2000s. source: britannica.com
08 Jan Disneyland celebrates 200 millionth guest: On January 8, 1981, Disneyland welcomed its 200 millionth guest, Gert Schelvis from Santa Barbara, California. This milestone was commemorated with special events and memorabilia, including a limited edition pin released in 2005 to honor the occasion. source: d23.com
09 Jan Euzebiusz Smolarek: Polish football player born: Euzebiusz Smolarek, a notable Polish football player, was born on January 9, 1981. He is known for his contributions to Polish football, particularly during his time with the national team and various clubs in Europe. Smolarek's career highlights include playing in the Bundesliga and representing Poland in international competitions. source: pzpn.pl
10 Jan FMLN launches 'final offensive' in El Salvador: On January 10, 1981, the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) initiated its 'final offensive' against the Salvadoran government, marking a significant escalation in the Salvadoran Civil War. The offensive involved coordinated attacks on 43 military and police sites nationwide, including the Ilopango International Airport and the Treasury Police headquarters in San Salvador. Despite initial successes, the offensive ultimately failed to overthrow the government but demonstrated the FMLN's capability as a formidable guerrilla force. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Jan Ranulph Fiennes leads Antarctic crossing: On January 11, 1981, British explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes and his team completed the longest and fastest crossing of Antarctica, reaching Scott Base after 75 days and covering 2,500 miles. source: britannica.com
12 Jan Macheteros attack Muñiz Air Base: On January 12, 1981, eleven commandos from the Boricua Popular Army, also known as the Macheteros, infiltrated Muñiz Air National Guard Base in San Juan, Puerto Rico. They planted explosives on ten A-7 Corsair II aircraft and one F-104 Starfighter, resulting in the destruction of nine aircraft and damage to two others, with an estimated loss of $45 million. The attack was timed to coincide with the birthday of Puerto Rican independence advocate Eugenio María de Hostos. source: washingtonpost.com
13 Jan Bollingen Prize for Poetry awarded to May Swenson and Howard Nemerov: On January 13, 1981, the Yale University Library announced that poets May Swenson and Howard Nemerov were jointly awarded the Bollingen Prize for Poetry. The prize, established in 1949, is awarded biennially to an American poet for the best book published during the previous two years or for lifetime achievement in poetry. source: bollingen.yale.edu
14 Jan FDA approves extended wear contact lenses: On January 14, 1981, the FDA approved contact lenses that could be worn continuously for up to two weeks without removal. These lenses, made from high water content materials, allowed more oxygen to reach the cornea, enabling overnight wear. Previously, contact lens users were required to remove their lenses at night. The approval marked a significant advancement in contact lens technology. source: upi.com
15 Jan Pope John Paul II meets Solidarity delegation: On January 15, 1981, Pope John Paul II received a delegation from the Polish trade union Solidarity, led by Lech Wałęsa, at the Vatican. During the meeting, the Pope emphasized that the union's activities were non-political and focused on the social good of workers. He also addressed the Soviet Union, urging it not to interfere in Poland's internal affairs. Wałęsa, deeply moved, knelt in prayer upon meeting the Pope. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Jan Bernadette Devlin McAliskey and husband shot in Coalisland, Northern Ireland: On January 16, 1981, Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, a former Member of Parliament and civil rights activist, and her husband, Michael McAliskey, were shot at their home near Coalisland, County Tyrone. The attack was carried out by members of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), a loyalist paramilitary group. Both survived the assassination attempt, though they sustained serious injuries. The gunmen were arrested at the scene by British soldiers who were patrolling nearby. source: news.bbc.co.uk
17 Jan Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law after eight years: On January 17, 1981, President Ferdinand Marcos announced the formal end of martial law in the Philippines, which had been in effect since September 23, 1972. Despite this declaration, Marcos retained substantial powers, including the authority to issue decrees and suspend the writ of habeas corpus for certain crimes. The lifting of martial law coincided with the planned visit of Pope John Paul II and the inauguration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan. source: gulfnews.com
18 Jan Iran-US hostage crisis resolution on January 18, 1981: The Iran-US hostage crisis officially ended on January 18, 1981, when 52 American diplomats and citizens were released after 444 days of captivity. This resolution coincided with the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan, marking a significant moment in U.S.-Iran relations. The Algiers Accords facilitated the release, which was part of a broader agreement to resolve outstanding issues between the two nations. source: archives.gov
19 Jan Muhammad Ali saves suicidal man in Los Angeles: On January 19, 1981, Muhammad Ali intervened to prevent a 21-year-old man from jumping off a ninth-floor fire escape in Los Angeles. Ali spoke to the man, expressing love and support, and after about half an hour, convinced him to come inside safely. This act of compassion garnered national attention. source: catholicnewsagency.com
20 Jan Iran releases 52 American hostages after Reagan's inauguration: On January 20, 1981, minutes after Ronald Reagan's inauguration as the 40th President of the United States, Iran released 52 American hostages who had been held at the U.S. embassy in Tehran for 444 days. This event marked the end of the Iran Hostage Crisis, which began on November 4, 1979, when Iranian militants seized the embassy. The release was facilitated by the signing of the Algiers Accords on January 19, 1981, which addressed the hostages' release and the unfreezing of Iranian assets. source: theguardian.com
21 Jan IRA assassinated Ulster Unionist MPs Norman and James Stronge: On January 21, 1981, Sir Norman Stronge, former Speaker of the Northern Ireland Parliament, and his son, James Stronge, were killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) at their home, Tynan Abbey, in County Armagh. The attackers used machine guns and grenades, leading to the destruction of the house. The bodies of father and son were later recovered from the burning building. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Jan Bum Phillips becomes head coach of New Orleans Saints: On January 22, 1981, O.A. "Bum" Phillips was appointed as the head coach and general manager of the New Orleans Saints. Phillips, previously the head coach of the Houston Oilers, took over the Saints, aiming to improve the team's performance. Under his leadership, the Saints achieved a 27–42 record over five seasons, with Phillips resigning on November 25, 1985. source: canalstreetchronicles.com
23 Jan Sichuan Province earthquake occurred on January 23, 1981: On January 23, 1981, a significant earthquake struck Sichuan Province, China, measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale. The quake resulted in substantial damage and loss of life, with thousands of casualties reported. It remains one of the notable seismic events in the region's history. source: usgs.gov
24 Jan 1981 Dawu earthquake in Sichuan, China: On January 24, 1981, a 6.8-magnitude earthquake struck Dawu County in Sichuan Province, China, resulting in approximately 150 fatalities and around 300 injuries. The earthquake caused significant damage near its epicenter. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Jan Iran Hostage Crisis resolution on January 25, 1981: The Iran Hostage Crisis officially ended on January 25, 1981, when the last 52 American hostages were released after 444 days of captivity. This event occurred just minutes after Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as President of the United States. The resolution of the crisis marked a significant moment in U.S.-Iran relations and had lasting implications for American foreign policy. source: archives.gov
26 Jan Sandeep Patil's 174 against Australia at Adelaide Oval: On January 25 and 26, 1981, Sandeep Patil scored a remarkable 174 runs off 240 balls, including 22 fours and a six, against Australia at the Adelaide Oval. This innings was instrumental in India posting a total of 419 in response to Australia's 528. Patil's aggressive stroke play, especially his off-side drives, was a highlight of the match. source: downloads.cricinfo.com
27 Jan Tampomas II ferry disaster in the Java Sea: On January 27, 1981, the Indonesian ferry Tampomas II sank in the Java Sea after a fire and explosion, resulting in at least 580 fatalities. The ship, carrying over 1,100 passengers and crew, encountered a fire in its engine room, which led to an explosion and eventual sinking. Rescue operations were hindered by severe weather conditions, and many passengers were lost at sea. source: csmonitor.com
28 Jan Reagan lifts federal controls on oil prices and allocations: On January 28, 1981, President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12287, removing federal price and allocation controls on crude oil and refined petroleum products. This action aimed to stimulate domestic oil production and reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil. The decontrol was expected to lead to higher gasoline prices, with estimates ranging from 3 to 13 cents per gallon. source: reaganlibrary.gov
29 Jan Reagan's first presidential press conference held on January 29, 1981: President Ronald Reagan held his first press conference on January 29, 1981, shortly after taking office. During this event, he addressed various issues, including his administration's economic policies and foreign relations. The press conference marked a significant moment in Reagan's presidency, showcasing his communication style and approach to media engagement. source: reaganlibrary.gov
30 Jan Birth of Bulgarian footballer Dimitar Berbatov: Dimitar Berbatov, a prominent Bulgarian footballer known for his skill and elegance on the field, was born on January 30, 1981. He gained fame playing for clubs like Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur, as well as the Bulgarian national team. Berbatov is celebrated for his goal-scoring ability and technical prowess. source: britannica.com
31 Jan Justin Timberlake born in Memphis, Tennessee: Justin Timberlake, an American singer, songwriter, and actor, was born on January 31, 1981, in Memphis, Tennessee. He gained fame as a member of the boy band NSYNC before launching a successful solo career. Timberlake is known for his contributions to pop and R&B music, as well as his work in film and television. source: biography.com
01 Feb Death of Donald W. Douglas, Aircraft Pioneer: Donald W. Douglas Sr., founder of the Douglas Aircraft Company, died on February 1, 1981, at the age of 88 in Palm Springs, California. He was instrumental in developing commercial aircraft, notably the DC-3, which revolutionized air travel. Under his leadership, the company produced significant military aircraft during World War II and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft Company in 1967. source: upi.com
02 Feb Birth of Jason Kapono: Jason Kapono, an American former professional basketball player, was born on February 2, 1981. He is known for his time in the NBA, particularly for his shooting skills and contributions to teams like the Miami Heat and the Los Angeles Lakers. Kapono also had a successful college career at UCLA before entering the NBA. source: basketball-reference.com
03 Feb Australia defeats New Zealand by 6 wickets in 4th Final of 1980–81 World Series Cup: On February 3, 1981, Australia secured a 6-wicket victory over New Zealand in the 4th Final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New Zealand batted first, scoring 215/8 in 50 overs, with John Wright contributing 57 runs. Australia chased down the target, reaching 218/4 in 47.4 overs, led by Greg Chappell's 87 runs. This win clinched the series for Australia with a 3–1 final score. source: espncricinfo.com
04 Feb U.S. Congressman Jon Hinson arrested on sodomy charge: On February 4, 1981, U.S. Representative Jon Hinson (R-Miss.) was arrested in a public restroom of the Longworth House Office Building and charged with attempted sodomy after engaging in sexual activity with a male Library of Congress employee. At that time, such acts were criminal offenses, and Hinson faced a felony charge that could have resulted in up to ten years in prison and fines up to $10,000. The U.S. Attorney's office later reduced the charge to a misdemeanor, and Hinson pleaded not guilty, leading to a trial scheduled for May 4, 1981. He resigned from Congress on April 13, 1981, amid the scandal. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Feb Robert Garwood convicted of collaborating with the enemy: On February 5, 1981, Marine Pfc. Robert Garwood was convicted by a military jury of collaborating with the enemy during his captivity in North Vietnam. The jury, composed of five Marine Corps officers, found Garwood guilty of communicating with the enemy and assaulting a fellow prisoner of war. He was sentenced to a dishonorable discharge, reduction to the lowest rank, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances, but was not sentenced to confinement. Garwood's conviction was upheld on appeal. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Feb Beatles members record Lennon tribute: On February 6, 1981, George Harrison, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr gathered at Harrison's Friar Park Studio to record "All Those Years Ago," a tribute to John Lennon, who had been murdered the previous year. This marked the first time all three surviving Beatles recorded together since 1970's "I Me Mine," and their last collaboration until "Free as a Bird" in 1995. The track also featured backing vocals from McCartney's wife, Linda, and their Wings bandmate Denny Laine. source: wwcfradio.org
07 Feb Soviet Pacific Fleet leadership killed in Tu-104 crash near Leningrad: On February 7, 1981, a Tupolev Tu-104A aircraft carrying 50 people, including 28 high-ranking Soviet military personnel, crashed shortly after takeoff from Pushkin Airport near Leningrad. All aboard perished, including Admiral Emil Spiridonov, commander of the Pacific Fleet, and his wife. The crash resulted in the loss of 16 admirals and generals, effectively decimating the Pacific Fleet's leadership. The official investigation cited improper cargo loading as the cause of the accident. source: washingtonpost.com
08 Feb IBM launches the personal computer: On February 8, 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer, the IBM PC, which revolutionized the computing industry. This launch marked a significant shift towards personal computing, making technology more accessible to individuals and small businesses. The IBM PC set standards for hardware and software that are still influential today. source: britannica.com
09 Feb Political leadership change in Poland: On February 9, 1981, Poland saw a significant political leadership change as the Communist Party leadership was reshuffled. This event was part of the broader context of political unrest and the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland, which would eventually lead to major changes in the country's governance. source: bbc.com
10 Feb Fire at Las Vegas Hilton Hotel kills eight and injures over 200: On February 10, 1981, a fire erupted on the eighth floor of the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel, leading to eight fatalities and over 200 injuries. The blaze, which began in an elevator lobby, rapidly spread up the building's exterior, causing significant damage. The incident prompted a reevaluation of fire safety standards in Nevada, resulting in stricter regulations for high-rise buildings. source: clarkcountynv.gov
11 Feb Operator error causes radioactive water leak at Sequoyah Nuclear Plant: On February 11, 1981, an operator error at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Sequoyah Nuclear Plant in Tennessee led to the accidental opening of a valve, releasing approximately 100,000 gallons of slightly radioactive water into the containment building. Fourteen maintenance workers were exposed to the water but were not injured. The reactor was shut down at the time, and the situation was brought under control within 30 minutes. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Feb Admiral Bobby R. Inman appointed Deputy Director of Central Intelligence: On February 12, 1981, Admiral Bobby R. Inman was sworn in as the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, serving as the principal deputy to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Prior to this appointment, Inman served as the Director of the National Security Agency (NSA) from 1977 to 1981. His extensive military career included roles such as Director of Naval Intelligence and Vice Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency. source: cia.gov
13 Feb Rupert Murdoch acquires The Times and Sunday Times: On February 13, 1981, Rupert Murdoch completed the acquisition of The Times and The Sunday Times from the Thomson Corporation. This purchase marked a significant expansion of Murdoch's media empire in the UK, allowing him to influence British journalism and public opinion through these prestigious publications. source: bbc.com
14 Feb Stardust nightclub fire in Dublin: On February 14, 1981, a devastating fire erupted at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland, during a Valentine's Day disco event. The blaze resulted in 48 fatalities and 214 injuries among the 841 attendees. The fire's origin was traced to an electrical fault in a first-floor storeroom containing highly flammable materials, which rapidly spread due to inadequate safety measures, including locked or obstructed emergency exits. In 2024, a fresh inquest concluded that all 48 victims died as a result of unlawful killing, providing long-awaited justice for the victims' families. source: theguardian.com
15 Feb Richard Petty wins his seventh Daytona 500: Richard Petty secured his record-breaking seventh Daytona 500 victory on February 15, 1981, at Daytona International Speedway. In a strategic move, Petty's crew chief, Dale Inman, opted for a fuel-only pit stop with 25 laps remaining, allowing Petty to leap from fourth to first place. Despite running on worn tires, Petty held off Bobby Allison to win by 3.5 seconds. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Feb Explosion at Karachi stadium before Pope's mass: On February 16, 1981, a bomb exploded at Karachi's National Stadium shortly before Pope John Paul II was scheduled to celebrate mass. The blast killed the man carrying the device and injured several others. The explosion occurred about 15 minutes before the pope's arrival, causing panic among the crowd of over 70,000 people. The Vatican did not confirm reports of the blast, and it was unclear whether the pope was informed before starting the mass. source: digital.bentley.umich.edu
17 Feb Reagan issues Executive Order 12291 on federal regulation: On February 17, 1981, President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12291, titled "Federal Regulation," aiming to reduce regulatory burdens, enhance agency accountability, and provide presidential oversight of the regulatory process. The order mandated that agencies conduct cost-benefit analyses for major regulations and established the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to oversee this process. source: reaganlibrary.gov
18 Feb Reagan's first budget proposal: On February 18, 1981, President Ronald Reagan addressed a joint session of Congress, presenting his economic recovery plan, which included $41.4 billion in budget cuts and tax reductions. He emphasized the need for substantial cuts in federal spending to address the economic crisis, aiming to reduce the deficit and stimulate economic growth. This proposal marked a significant shift in U.S. fiscal policy, focusing on reducing government expenditures and taxes to combat inflation and unemployment. source: reaganlibrary.gov
19 Feb George Harrison ordered to pay $587,000 for 'subconscious plagiarism' of 'My Sweet Lord': On February 19, 1981, U.S. District Judge Richard Owen ruled that George Harrison must pay $587,000 in damages for 'subconsciously' plagiarizing The Chiffons' 1963 song 'He's So Fine' in his 1970 hit 'My Sweet Lord'. The court found that Harrison's song was similar to 'He's So Fine', constituting copyright infringement. The damages were reduced from the original $1.6 million due to Allen Klein's breach of fiduciary duty in acquiring the rights to 'He's So Fine'. source: upi.com
20 Feb James Sanford ties 50-meter indoor world record in San Diego: On February 20, 1981, American sprinter James Sanford matched the 50-meter indoor world record by completing the distance in 5.61 seconds during a race in San Diego. This performance equaled the existing world record at that time. source: upi.com
21 Feb NASA launches Comstar D-4 satellite: On February 21, 1981, NASA successfully launched the Comstar D-4 satellite, which was part of a series of communications satellites. This launch contributed to advancements in satellite technology and telecommunications. source: nasa.gov
22 Feb Amy Alcott wins Bent Tree Ladies Golf Classic: On February 22, 1981, Amy Alcott secured victory at the Bent Tree Ladies Golf Classic in Sarasota, Florida, finishing with a score of 276 (−12). This win marked her 14th LPGA Tour title. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Feb Failed coup attempt in Spain on February 23, 1981: On February 23, 1981, a coup attempt occurred in Spain when Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero led a group of armed Civil Guards into the Spanish Parliament, attempting to seize control. The coup ultimately failed due to widespread public opposition and the decisive stance taken by King Juan Carlos I, who reaffirmed his commitment to democracy. This event is often referred to as 23-F and marked a significant moment in Spain's transition to democracy after Franco's dictatorship. source: bbc.com
24 Feb Jean Harris convicted of second-degree murder in Dr. Herman Tarnower's death: On February 24, 1981, Jean Harris, former headmistress of The Madeira School, was found guilty of second-degree murder for the shooting death of her lover, Dr. Herman Tarnower, a renowned cardiologist and author of 'The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet.' The incident occurred on March 10, 1980, at Tarnower's home in Purchase, New York. Harris was sentenced to 15 years to life in prison on March 20, 1981. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Feb Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo confirmed as Spain's Prime Minister after failed coup attempt: On February 25, 1981, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo was confirmed as Spain's Prime Minister by the Congress of Deputies, following the failed coup attempt on February 23. Despite the interruption of the investiture session by the coup, a second vote was held, resulting in Calvo-Sotelo's confirmation with 186 votes in favor and 158 against, securing an absolute majority. His appointment marked a significant moment in Spain's transition to democracy. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Feb French TGV sets speed record: On February 26, 1981, the French TGV Sud-Est trainset number 16 achieved a world rail speed record of 380 km/h (236 mph) during a test run along the future Paris-Lyon high-speed line. This milestone demonstrated the TGV's potential for high-speed travel, with commercial service commencing later that year. source: theguardian.com
27 Feb McCartney and Wonder record "Ebony and Ivory": On February 27, 1981, Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder recorded "Ebony and Ivory" at AIR Studios in Montserrat. The song, written by McCartney, uses the metaphor of piano keys to promote racial harmony. It was released as a single on March 29, 1982, and became a major hit, topping charts in multiple countries.
28 Feb Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney record 'Ebony and Ivory': On February 28, 1981, Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder recorded the song 'Ebony and Ivory' at AIR Studios in Montserrat. The track, written by McCartney, was released as a single on March 29, 1982, and became a major hit, topping charts in both the UK and the US. source: the-paulmccartney-project.com
01 Mar Bobby Sands hunger strike begins in Northern Ireland: On March 1, 1981, Bobby Sands, a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), began a hunger strike in the Maze Prison, Northern Ireland. The strike aimed to secure political status for IRA prisoners and drew significant international attention, highlighting the conflict in Northern Ireland. Sands' protest lasted 66 days, ultimately leading to his death on May 5, 1981, and becoming a symbol of the struggle for Irish republicanism. source: bbc.com
02 Mar Black People's Day of Action in Response to New Cross Massacre: On March 2, 1981, approximately 20,000 people marched through London to protest the New Cross house fire, which had killed 13 young Black individuals in January. Organized by the New Cross Massacre Action Committee, the demonstration aimed to demand justice and highlight perceived police indifference. The march began at Fordham Park and concluded at Hyde Park, with participants carrying placards bearing slogans like "13 Dead, Nothing Said." source: bristol.ac.uk
03 Mar Lil' Flip's birth date confirmed: Lil' Flip, the American rapper known for his hit songs in the early 2000s, was born on March 3, 1981. He gained fame with tracks like 'The Way We Ball' and has been influential in the Southern hip-hop scene. His contributions to music have made him a notable figure in the genre. source: britannica.com
04 Mar Carol Banawa: Filipino pop singer emerges: Carol Banawa, born on March 4, 1981, in Pasay, Philippines, is a renowned singer-songwriter and actress. She began her career in the entertainment industry at a young age, gaining prominence through her participation in the children's show 'Ang TV' in 1994. Over the years, she has released multiple albums and singles, earning her a significant place in the Philippine music scene.
05 Mar Launch of the ZX81 home computer: The ZX81, a home computer developed by Sinclair Research, was launched on March 5, 1981. It was notable for its affordability and compact design, making computing accessible to a wider audience. The ZX81 became one of the best-selling home computers of its time, influencing the personal computing revolution in the UK. source: bbc.co.uk
06 Mar Reagan announces permanent federal hiring freeze and job cuts: On March 6, 1981, President Ronald Reagan declared a permanent freeze on hiring federal civilian employees, aiming to reduce the federal workforce by nearly 33,000 in fiscal year 1982 and an additional 63,000 in fiscal year 1983. This initiative was part of a broader effort to control federal spending and address the national budget deficit. source: reaganlibrary.gov
07 Mar First homicide at Disneyland Park: On March 7, 1981, 18-year-old Mel C. Yorba was fatally stabbed by 28-year-old James O'Driscoll during a private party at Disneyland's Tomorrowland. The altercation began when O'Driscoll's girlfriend accused Yorba of pinching her, leading to a confrontation near the Submarine Voyage ride. Yorba was transported to Palm Harbor Hospital but succumbed to his injuries. O'Driscoll was later convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to 16 years in prison. source: sfgate.com
08 Mar Radioactive wastewater spill at Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant: On March 8, 1981, a radioactive wastewater spill occurred at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. A worker left a critical valve open, causing a radioactive sludge tank to overflow. Despite efforts to contain the spill, approximately 16 tons of radioactive waste were released into Wakasa Bay. The Japan Atomic Power Company initially failed to inform the public, leading to contamination of local seafood and public concern. The company later admitted the incident and faced criticism for the delay in disclosure. source: history.com
09 Mar First successful human heart-lung transplant performed at Stanford Medical Center: On March 9, 1981, Dr. Bruce Reitz and his team at Stanford Medical Center conducted the first successful combined heart-lung transplant. The recipient, Mary Gohlke, a 45-year-old woman with primary pulmonary hypertension, survived for five years post-surgery. This milestone was achieved through the use of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive drug that reduced organ rejection. source: med.stanford.edu
10 Mar UK budget increases taxes during economic downturn: On March 10, 1981, Chancellor of the Exchequer Geoffrey Howe presented a budget that raised taxes to address the UK's economic challenges. Measures included a 20% tax on North Sea oil, a 2.5% levy on certain bank deposits, and significant increases in excise duties on petrol, cigarettes, beer, spirits, and wine. Additionally, personal income tax allowances were not adjusted for inflation, effectively raising taxes for individuals. These actions aimed to reduce inflation and the budget deficit but faced criticism for potentially worsening the recession and increasing unemployment. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Mar Pinochet inaugurated for extended military rule in Chile: On March 11, 1981, General Augusto Pinochet was inaugurated for an additional eight-year term as President of Chile, following the enactment of a new constitution. This constitution, approved in a 1980 referendum, extended his military rule until 1989, despite ongoing opposition and human rights concerns. source: upi.com
12 Mar Soyuz T-4 mission to Salyut 6 space station: On March 12, 1981, the Soviet Union launched Soyuz T-4, carrying cosmonauts Vladimir Kovalyonok and Viktor Savinykh to the Salyut 6 space station. They docked on March 13, 1981, and spent 74 days conducting experiments and maintenance before returning to Earth on May 26, 1981. source: britannica.com
13 Mar Assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II: On May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot and seriously wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca in St. Peter's Square, Vatican City. The assassination attempt occurred during a public audience, and the Pope was hit by four bullets but survived after extensive medical treatment. This event had significant implications for the Catholic Church and international relations, particularly in the context of the Cold War. source: britannica.com
14 Mar March 14, 1981: Three major upsets in NCAA basketball tournament: On March 14, 1981, the NCAA basketball tournament witnessed three significant upsets, each decided by last-second plays. St. Joseph's defeated top-seeded DePaul 49-48, Arkansas edged defending champion Louisville 74-73 with a buzzer-beating half-court shot by U.S. Reed, and Kansas State overcame Oregon State 50-48 with a game-winning shot by Rolando Blackman. source: si.com
15 Mar Pakistani jet hostages released after 13-day hijacking: On March 15, 1981, the 13-day hijacking of Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326 ended peacefully in Damascus, Syria. The hijackers, members of the Al-Zulfiqar group led by Murtaza Bhutto, had diverted the flight from Karachi to Kabul and then to Damascus, demanding the release of 54 political prisoners. The Pakistani government agreed to their demands, leading to the release of all 147 hostages. source: news.bbc.co.uk
16 Mar Yarbrough & Peoples' "Don't Stop the Music" tops R&B charts: On March 16, 1981, Yarbrough & Peoples' single "Don't Stop the Music" reached number one on the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart, marking a significant achievement in the duo's career. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Mar Police uncover list of 962 members of secret Masonic lodge in Italy: On March 17, 1981, Italian police raided the villa of financier Licio Gelli in Arezzo, discovering a list of 962 individuals associated with the clandestine Masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). The list included prominent figures from politics, the military, and business, leading to a major political scandal and the eventual resignation of Prime Minister Arnaldo Forlani. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Mar Jang Nara: South Korean actress and singer: Jang Nara, born on March 18, 1981, in Seoul, South Korea, is a renowned actress and singer. She gained prominence with her 2002 studio album "Sweet Dream" and has starred in various television series, including "Successful Story of a Bright Girl" (2002) and "The Last Empress" (2018–2019). source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Mar Space Shuttle Columbia accident during ground test: On March 19, 1981, during preparations for the Space Shuttle Columbia's first operational mission (STS-1), five technicians were asphyxiated in the orbiter's nitrogen-purged aft engine compartment. Two of them died: John Bjornstad at the scene and Forrest Cole two weeks later. The accident was caused by a change in testing procedures and communication breakdowns, leading to the first fatalities in the U.S. space program since 1967. source: wired.com
20 Mar Jean Harris sentenced to 15 years for murder of Dr. Herman Tarnower: On March 20, 1981, Jean Harris, former headmistress of the Madeira School, was sentenced to 15 years to life in prison for the second-degree murder of her lover, Dr. Herman Tarnower, a renowned cardiologist and author of 'The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet.' Harris had been convicted on February 24, 1981, after a 14-week trial where she claimed the shooting was accidental during a struggle over the gun. The case garnered significant media attention and public interest. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Mar Mike Hailwood and daughter killed in car accident: On March 21, 1981, British racing legend Mike Hailwood and his nine-year-old daughter, Michelle, were involved in a fatal car accident in Tanworth-in-Arden, Warwickshire. While returning from a fish and chips shop, their car collided with a truck making an illegal U-turn; Michelle was killed instantly, and Mike died two days later from severe internal injuries. His son, David, survived with minor injuries. source: telegraph.co.uk
22 Mar Soyuz 39 mission: The Soyuz 39 mission was a Soviet crewed spaceflight launched on March 22, 1981, carrying cosmonauts Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa to the Salyut 6 space station. This mission marked the first Mongolian in space and involved conducting various scientific experiments during their 7-day stay. The crew returned to Earth on March 30, 1981. source: britannica.com
23 Mar H.L. v. Matheson: Supreme Court upholds parental notification for minors seeking abortion: In H.L. v. Matheson, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Utah law requiring physicians to notify a minor's parents before performing an abortion. The Court emphasized the importance of family integrity and protecting adolescents, stating that parental notification serves significant interests in family guidance and adolescent protection. However, the law did not grant parents veto power over the minor's decision. Justices Marshall, Brennan, and Blackmun dissented. source: washingtonpost.com
24 Mar Nightline debuts on ABC as a late-night news program: Nightline, a late-night news program, premiered on ABC on March 24, 1981. Originally created to cover the Iran hostage crisis, it has evolved into a platform for in-depth reporting and interviews on various topics. The show has become a staple of American television journalism over the decades. source: abcnews.go.com
25 Mar Bowers and Ruddy Galleries Auction of Garrett Coin Collection: On March 25-26, 1981, Bowers and Ruddy Galleries conducted the fourth and final auction of the Garrett Collection, a significant assemblage of rare coins from the Johns Hopkins University. This sale featured 1,180 lots, including notable items such as the Brasher Doubloon and various Washington medals. The auction concluded with total sales of $1,589,215. source: pcgs.com
26 Mar British Social Democratic Party launched: The British Social Democratic Party (SDP) was officially launched on March 26, 1981, by a group of former Labour Party members. The party aimed to provide a centrist alternative to the Labour and Conservative parties, focusing on social democracy and liberal policies. The SDP later formed an alliance with the Liberal Party, which significantly influenced British politics during the 1980s. source: bbc.co.uk
27 Mar Massive Solidarity Movement Strike in Poland: On March 27, 1981, Poland's Solidarity movement organized a four-hour nationwide warning strike in response to the Bydgoszcz events, where several members were beaten by security forces. The strike saw participation from 12 to 14 million Poles, including workers, students, and public servants, marking the largest labor protest in the country's history. This action led to negotiations with the government, resulting in the Warsaw Agreement, which addressed the demands of Solidarity and averted a planned general strike. source: polishhistory.pl
28 Mar Martina Navratilova defeats Andrea Jaeger in WTA Tour Championships: On March 28, 1981, Martina Navratilova won the singles title at the Avon Championships, defeating Andrea Jaeger 6–3, 7–6^(7–3) in the final. This victory marked Navratilova's fifth singles title of the year and the 50th of her career. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Mar First London Marathon held on March 29, 1981: The inaugural London Marathon took place on March 29, 1981, attracting over 7,000 runners. The event has since grown to become one of the largest and most popular marathons in the world, promoting fitness and charity fundraising. The race was won by Dick Beardsley and Inge Simonsen, marking the beginning of a significant annual sporting event in the UK. source: bbc.com
30 Mar Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan: On March 30, 1981, U.S. President Ronald Reagan was shot in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr. outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. Reagan was seriously injured but survived the attack, which also injured three others, including a Secret Service agent. The incident raised significant concerns about presidential security and led to changes in protective measures for public officials. source: archives.gov
31 Mar 53rd Academy Awards Ceremony: The 53rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring films released in 1980, was held on March 31, 1981, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Originally scheduled for March 30, the event was postponed due to the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan. Hosted by Johnny Carson, the ceremony recognized achievements in 20 categories, with "Ordinary People" winning Best Picture and Best Director for Robert Redford. source: oscars.org
01 Apr Wayne Gretzky breaks NHL assist record: On April 1, 1981, Wayne Gretzky surpassed Bobby Orr's single-season assist record by recording his 103rd assist of the season in a game against the Colorado Rockies. This milestone contributed to his total of 109 assists that season, setting a new NHL record. source: upi.com
02 Apr Belgian government collapses amid political crisis: On April 2, 1981, the Belgian government, led by Prime Minister Wilfried Martens, collapsed due to a political crisis over the issue of the country's linguistic divide. The coalition government, which included multiple parties, struggled to address tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flanders and the French-speaking Wallonia regions. This event marked a significant moment in Belgian politics, leading to a period of instability and subsequent elections. source: bbc.com
03 Apr Osborne 1: First Successful Portable Computer: On April 3, 1981, Osborne Computer Corporation introduced the Osborne 1, the first commercially successful portable computer. Weighing 24.5 pounds and priced at $1,795, it featured a 5-inch monochrome CRT display, dual 5¼-inch floppy disk drives, and ran the CP/M 2.2 operating system. Its design was inspired by the Xerox NoteTaker prototype from 1976. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Apr Henry Cisneros becomes first Mexican-American mayor of San Antonio: On April 4, 1981, Henry Cisneros was elected mayor of San Antonio, Texas, becoming the first Mexican-American to lead a major U.S. city in the 20th century. At 33, he secured 62% of the vote, defeating businessman John Steen. Cisneros's victory marked a significant milestone in American politics, reflecting the growing influence of the Mexican-American community in urban governance. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Apr Nancy Lopez wins Colgate Dinah Shore Golf Championship: On April 5, 1981, Nancy Lopez secured victory at the Colgate Dinah Shore Golf Championship, finishing with a score of 277 (−11) at Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California. She won by two strokes over Carolyn Hill. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Apr Formation of Mark Eyskens' Belgian Government: On April 6, 1981, Mark Eyskens was sworn in as Prime Minister of Belgium, leading a coalition government comprising the Christian People's Party (CVP), the French-speaking Socialist Party (PS), and the Dutch-speaking Socialist Party (SP). This government succeeded the Martens IV cabinet and was the fifth since the 1978 legislative elections. Eyskens, previously the Minister of Finance, aimed to address Belgium's economic challenges, including the restructuring of the Walloon steel industry. However, the government faced internal conflicts, particularly over the financing of the Cockerill-Sambre steel combine, leading to its resignation on September 21, 1981. source: upi.com
07 Apr End of Soyuz-81 Military Maneuvers in Eastern Europe: The Soviet-led Warsaw Pact military exercises, code-named Soyuz-81, concluded on April 7, 1981. These maneuvers, which began on March 17, involved forces from Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union. Official reports stated that the objectives were achieved, and participating troops were returning to their respective countries. source: upi.com
08 Apr Deadly grain elevator explosion in Corpus Christi: On April 8, 1981, a catastrophic explosion occurred at a grain elevator in Corpus Christi, Texas, resulting in multiple fatalities and significant injuries. The explosion was attributed to a buildup of grain dust, which is highly combustible. This incident raised concerns about safety regulations in grain handling facilities. source: nytimes.com
09 Apr Bobby Sands elected as MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone: On April 9, 1981, imprisoned IRA member Bobby Sands was elected as the Member of Parliament for Fermanagh and South Tyrone, Northern Ireland, while on hunger strike in the Maze Prison. Sands, representing the Anti H-Block/Armagh Political Prisoner campaign, secured 30,492 votes, defeating Ulster Unionist Party candidate Harry West, who received 29,046 votes. This election marked a significant moment during the 1981 Irish hunger strike, drawing international attention to the prisoners' demands for political status. Sands passed away on May 5, 1981, after 66 days on hunger strike. source: news.bbc.co.uk
10 Apr Space Shuttle Columbia launch delayed due to computer issue: On April 10, 1981, the inaugural launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia was postponed when a backup computer failed to communicate with two of the primary computers during pre-launch checks. Engineers identified a timing discrepancy between the computers, requiring a reprogramming that would take at least a day to complete. Consequently, the launch was rescheduled for April 12, 1981. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Apr President Reagan discharged from hospital after assassination attempt: On April 11, 1981, President Ronald Reagan was discharged from George Washington University Hospital, 12 days after being shot in an assassination attempt. He was accompanied by his wife, Nancy Reagan, as he returned to the White House to continue his recovery. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Apr First Space Shuttle launch occurs on April 12, 1981: The first Space Shuttle launch, STS-1, took place on April 12, 1981, with the orbiter Columbia. This historic mission marked the beginning of a new era in space exploration, allowing for reusable spacecraft and paving the way for future missions. The launch was a significant milestone for NASA and the United States in the field of space technology. source: nasa.gov
13 Apr Janet Cooke's Pulitzer Prize for "Jimmy's World": In April 1981, Janet Cooke, a reporter for The Washington Post, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for her article "Jimmy's World," which profiled an alleged 8-year-old heroin addict in Washington, D.C. The story sparked public concern and led to an investigation revealing that Cooke had fabricated the entire account. She admitted to the fabrication, returned the prize, and resigned from the newspaper. source: washingtonpost.com
14 Apr First Space Shuttle Mission Concludes: NASA's first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1, concluded on April 14, 1981, with the successful landing of the orbiter Columbia at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The mission lasted 2 days, 6 hours, 20 minutes, and 53 seconds, during which Columbia completed 37 orbits around Earth. The crew, Commander John W. Young and Pilot Robert L. Crippen, achieved all primary objectives, verifying the shuttle's performance and paving the way for future missions. source: nasa.gov
15 Apr Reagan pardons FBI agents Felt and Miller: On April 15, 1981, President Ronald Reagan granted full and unconditional pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller, former top FBI officials convicted of authorizing illegal break-ins during the 1970s search for radical anti-war fugitives. Reagan stated that to punish them further after three years of criminal prosecution would not serve the ends of justice, emphasizing their service to the nation with great distinction. source: reaganlibrary.gov
16 Apr Copperfield musical opens in NYC: The musical 'Copperfield,' based on Charles Dickens's novel, opened on April 16, 1981, at the ANTA Playhouse in New York City. Directed and choreographed by Rob Iscove, the production featured a book, music, and lyrics by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn. Despite critical acclaim, the show closed on April 26, 1981, after 13 performances. source: csmonitor.com
17 Apr Mid-air collision between Air U.S. Flight 716 and Sky's West Parachute Center Cessna near Loveland, Colorado: On April 17, 1981, Air U.S. Flight 716, a Handley Page HP-137 Jetstream, collided mid-air with a Cessna TU-206A operated by Sky's West Parachute Center near Loveland, Colorado. The collision resulted in the deaths of all 13 occupants aboard the Jetstream and two of the six occupants aboard the Cessna. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the accident was caused by the Cessna pilot's failure to establish communication with air traffic control and his unauthorized ascent into controlled airspace without an altitude-encoding transponder. Contributing factors included the Denver Center's routine condoning of such operations and the failure of both pilots to see and avoid each other. Additionally, existing regulations did not prohibit parachute jumping in or immediately adjacent to federal airways. source: asn.flightsafety.org
18 Apr Longest professional baseball game in history: On April 18, 1981, the Pawtucket Red Sox and the Rochester Red Wings began the longest professional baseball game in history. The game lasted 33 innings over two months, with the first 32 innings played on April 18–19, 1981, and the decisive 33rd inning completed on June 23, 1981. The Pawtucket Red Sox won 3–2. Notably, future Hall of Famers Cal Ripken Jr. and Wade Boggs participated in the game. source: mlb.com
19 Apr Longest professional baseball game suspended after 32 innings: On April 19, 1981, the International League game between the Rochester Red Wings and the Pawtucket Red Sox was suspended after 32 innings, tied 2-2, at 4:07 a.m. The game, which began on April 18, was resumed on June 23, 1981, and concluded with the PawSox winning 3-2 in the 33rd inning. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Apr Toshihiko Seko wins 1981 Boston Marathon men's race: On April 20, 1981, Toshihiko Seko of Japan won the Boston Marathon men's race with a time of 2:09:26. Craig Virgin of the United States finished second in 2:10:26, and Bill Rodgers, also from the U.S., placed third with a time of 2:10:34. source: upi.com
21 Apr US announces sale of AWACS radar planes and F-15 enhancements to Saudi Arabia: On April 21, 1981, the Reagan administration officially announced its decision to sell five AWACS radar planes and F-15 enhancement equipment to Saudi Arabia. This move was part of a broader arms package intended to bolster Saudi Arabia's defense capabilities. The announcement followed a period of congressional review and was met with significant opposition from various quarters, including members of Congress and advocacy groups concerned about regional stability and the potential impact on U.S.-Israel relations. source: reaganlibrary.gov
22 Apr Chilean Copper Workers Strike: On April 22, 1981, copper workers in Chile initiated a significant strike to demand better working conditions and wages. This event highlighted the ongoing labor struggles in the country during a tumultuous period. source: reuters.com
23 Apr Reagan announces Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): On April 23, 1981, President Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from nuclear missile attacks. The initiative aimed to develop ground-based and space-based systems to intercept and destroy incoming missiles, marking a significant shift in U.S. defense policy during the Cold War. The announcement sparked considerable debate regarding its feasibility and implications for arms control. source: archives.gov
24 Apr U.S. ends grain embargo against USSR: On April 24, 1981, President Ronald Reagan lifted the 15-month grain embargo imposed by the previous administration in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Reagan stated that the embargo had been ineffective and had unfairly burdened American farmers. The decision was made after consulting with national security advisers and U.S. allies, and it aimed to correct what was perceived as a mistake by the previous administration. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Apr Kiss on My List by Daryl Hall & John Oates: On April 25, 1981, "Kiss on My List" by Daryl Hall & John Oates was the number one song on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song held the top position for three consecutive weeks, starting from April 11, 1981. It was a significant hit for the duo, contributing to their popularity during the early 1980s.
26 Apr Jari Project Abandoned: The Jari Project, a significant venture in Brazil aimed at developing the region's resources, was officially abandoned on April 26, 1981. This decision was influenced by various economic and environmental factors. source: theguardian.com
27 Apr Xerox Star Information System launched: On April 27, 1981, Xerox Corporation introduced the Xerox 8010 Star Information System, a pioneering personal computer designed for business professionals. It featured a bitmapped display, a graphical user interface with icons and folders, and Ethernet networking, marking a significant advancement in office computing. source: britannica.com
28 Apr Reagan presents economic recovery program to Congress: On April 28, 1981, President Ronald Reagan addressed a joint session of Congress, presenting his comprehensive economic recovery program. The plan aimed to reduce federal spending, cut tax rates, provide regulatory relief, and implement a stable monetary policy to combat inflation and stimulate economic growth. source: reaganlibrary.gov
29 Apr Peter Sutcliffe's trial for the Yorkshire Ripper murders begins: On April 29, 1981, Peter Sutcliffe, known as the Yorkshire Ripper, stood trial at the Old Bailey in London. He was charged with 13 counts of murder and seven counts of attempted murder. Sutcliffe admitted to the killings but pleaded not guilty to murder on grounds of diminished responsibility, claiming he was directed by God to kill prostitutes. The jury ultimately found him guilty on all counts, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. source: crimeandinvestigation.co.uk
30 Apr 16th Academy of Country Music Awards held on April 30, 1981: The 16th Academy of Country Music Awards ceremony took place on April 30, 1981, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. Hosted by Larry Gatlin, Don Meredith, and Tammy Wynette, the event honored outstanding achievements in country music. Notable winners included Barbara Mandrell as Entertainer of the Year, George Jones as Male Vocalist, and Dolly Parton as Female Vocalist. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 May American Airlines launches AAdvantage frequent flyer program: American Airlines introduced the AAdvantage program on May 1, 1981, marking the first frequent flyer program in the airline industry. This innovative program allowed passengers to earn miles for flights, which could be redeemed for free flights and other rewards, revolutionizing airline loyalty programs. AAdvantage set a precedent that many other airlines would follow in the years to come. source: nytimes.com
02 May Hijacking of Aer Lingus Flight 164 by Laurence James Downey: On May 2, 1981, Aer Lingus Flight 164, a Boeing 737 en route from Dublin to London, was hijacked by 55-year-old Australian Laurence James Downey. Shortly before landing at Heathrow, Downey doused himself in petrol and entered the cockpit, demanding the plane be diverted to Le Touquet, France, and then to Tehran, Iran. After an eight-hour standoff, French special forces stormed the aircraft, capturing Downey without injury. He was later sentenced to five years in prison for air piracy. source: independent.ie
03 May Sally Little wins LPGA CPC Women's International: On May 3, 1981, Sally Little secured her second Women's International golf tournament victory by sinking a seven-foot birdie putt on the first hole of sudden death, edging out Kathy Whitworth and defending champion Hollis Stacy. This win marked her third LPGA Tour victory of the year. source: upi.com
04 May Ron Davis strikes out eight consecutive batters in Yankees' 4-2 win over Angels: On May 4, 1981, New York Yankees relief pitcher Ron Davis tied the American League record by striking out eight consecutive batters in a 4-2 victory over the California Angels at Anaheim Stadium. Davis's performance matched Nolan Ryan's league record for consecutive strikeouts and set a major league mark for relief pitchers, surpassing Denny McLain's previous record of seven consecutive strikeouts. source: washingtonpost.com
05 May Craig David birth: Craig David, the British singer-songwriter known for his hit songs in the early 2000s, was born on May 5, 1981. He gained fame with his debut album 'Born to Do It' and has since become a prominent figure in the music industry. source: britannica.com
06 May Maurice Papon's Nazi collaboration exposed: On May 6, 1981, the French satirical weekly 'Le Canard Enchaîné' published an article revealing that Maurice Papon, then Budget Minister under President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, had ordered the deportation of 1,690 Jews from Bordeaux to Nazi death camps during World War II. The article included documents signed by Papon, implicating him in these actions. This revelation led to legal proceedings, culminating in Papon's 1998 conviction for complicity in crimes against humanity. source: theguardian.com
07 May Labour Party wins Greater London Council election: In the 1981 Greater London Council election held on May 7, the Labour Party secured 50 seats, gaining 22 seats from the previous election. The Conservative Party won 41 seats, a loss of 23 seats. The Liberal Party retained 1 seat. This was the final GLC election before its abolition in 1986. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 May Maurice Fernandes, West Indies cricket captain, dies at 83: Maurice Fernandes, a pioneering West Indian Test cricketer and captain, passed away on May 8, 1981, in Georgetown, Guyana, at the age of 83. He led the West Indies to their first Test victory against England in 1930 and had a notable first-class cricket career with British Guiana. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 May Nepal holds first direct elections in 22 years: On May 9, 1981, Nepal conducted its first direct general elections in 22 years, electing members to the Rastriya Panchayat. The elections were held under the existing partyless Panchayat system, with all candidates running as independents. Major opposition parties, including the Nepali Congress and various communist factions, boycotted the elections, leading to a voter turnout of approximately 52.2%. source: upi.com
10 May Italian referendum on abortion law held on May 10, 1981: On May 10, 1981, Italy held a referendum to decide whether to repeal Law 194, which legalized abortion. The law was upheld, with approximately 68% of voters choosing to maintain it, reflecting a significant public support for reproductive rights in Italy. This referendum was a pivotal moment in the country's social and political landscape regarding women's rights. source: bbc.com
11 May Bob Marley passes away, marking the end of a musical legend: Bob Marley, the iconic Jamaican reggae musician, passed away on May 11, 1981, at the age of 36. His music and message of peace, love, and social justice have left a lasting impact on the world, influencing countless artists and movements. Marley's legacy continues to resonate, making him one of the most celebrated figures in music history. source: britannica.com
12 May Francis Hughes dies during hunger strike in 1981: Francis Hughes, an Irish Republican Army (IRA) member, died on May 12, 1981, after 59 days on hunger strike. His protest was part of the broader hunger strike by IRA prisoners demanding political status. Hughes' death intensified the hunger strike movement and drew international attention to the conditions of political prisoners in Northern Ireland. source: bbc.com
13 May Assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II: On May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot and critically wounded in St. Peter's Square by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish gunman and member of the Grey Wolves. Ağca fired four shots, two of which struck the Pope in the abdomen and left hand. He was immediately apprehended and later sentenced to life imprisonment. The Pope survived after extensive surgery and forgave his assailant, visiting him in prison in 1983. source: history.com
14 May Express train collision in South Korea kills at least 53: On May 14, 1981, an express train collided with the rear of another passenger train near Kyongsan, South Korea, resulting in at least 53 fatalities and 233 injuries. The accident occurred when the first train backed up after striking a stalled motorcycle, and the second train, unable to stop in time due to a blind curve, crashed into it. This incident marked South Korea's second-worst rail disaster at the time. source: upi.com
15 May George Harrison releases single 'All Those Years Ago': On May 15, 1981, George Harrison released the single 'All Those Years Ago,' which was a tribute to his former bandmate John Lennon following his assassination. The song features contributions from Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, making it a significant collaboration among the surviving Beatles. It reached the top of the charts in several countries, reflecting Harrison's enduring influence in music. source: bbc.com
16 May Pleasant Colony wins 106th Preakness Stakes: On May 16, 1981, Pleasant Colony, ridden by Jorge Velásquez, secured victory in the 106th Preakness Stakes at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was run on a fast track, with Pleasant Colony finishing one length ahead of runner-up Bold Ego in a time of 1:54-3/5. The event attracted a crowd of 84,133 spectators. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 May Kathy Whitworth wins Coca-Cola Classic golf tournament: On May 17, 1981, Kathy Whitworth secured victory at the Coca-Cola Classic in Paramus, New Jersey, finishing with a score of 211 (−8) after a playoff against Alice Ritzman. This win marked her 81st career LPGA Tour title. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 May Adam & The Ants' 'Stand and Deliver' dominates UK charts: On May 18, 1981, Adam & The Ants' single 'Stand and Deliver' reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. The song became a defining hit for the band and is remembered as a classic of the new wave era. source: bbc.com
19 May George Harrison releases 'All Those Years Ago': On May 19, 1981, George Harrison released the single 'All Those Years Ago,' which served as a tribute to his former bandmate John Lennon following his assassination. The song features contributions from Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, making it a significant collaboration among the surviving Beatles. The track reflects on their shared history and Lennon's impact on music and culture. source: rollingstone.com
20 May Birth of Iker Casillas, Spanish footballer: Iker Casillas, a renowned Spanish footballer and goalkeeper, was born on May 20, 1981, in Móstoles, Spain. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers in football history, having achieved significant success with both his club, Real Madrid, and the Spanish national team, including winning the FIFA World Cup in 2010. source: britannica.com
21 May Bob Marley receives state funeral in Jamaica: On May 21, 1981, reggae legend Bob Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica, blending Ethiopian Orthodox and Rastafarian traditions. The ceremony was attended by Prime Minister Edward Seaga, who delivered the eulogy, and thousands of fans. Marley's casket, adorned with his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened to Psalm 23, and a stalk of cannabis, was interred in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile. source: theguardian.com
22 May Wayne Williams questioned in Atlanta Child Murders investigation: On May 22, 1981, during a stakeout of the Chattahoochee River, police heard a splash and stopped Wayne Williams, a 23-year-old freelance photographer, driving a white station wagon. He claimed to be searching for an address related to a singer named Cheryl Johnson. Two days later, the body of Nathaniel Cater was found downstream. Williams was arrested on June 21, 1981, and convicted of two murders in 1982. source: fbi.gov
23 May NASA launches Intelsat V F-1 communications satellite: On May 23, 1981, NASA successfully launched the Intelsat V F-1 communications satellite, also known as Intelsat 501, into geostationary orbit. The satellite, built by Ford Aerospace, was designed to provide enhanced telecommunications capacity for the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT). It was launched aboard an Atlas SLV-3D Centaur vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 May Bobby Unser's 1981 Indianapolis 500 Victory Controversy: Bobby Unser won the 1981 Indianapolis 500, but was initially penalized for passing cars under caution, elevating Mario Andretti to first place. After a lengthy appeal, the penalty was overturned, reinstating Unser as the winner, though he was fined $40,000 for the infraction. source: washingtonpost.com
25 May Gulf Cooperation Council established: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was established on May 25, 1981, to foster economic, political, and security cooperation among its member states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The formation aimed to enhance regional stability and promote collaboration in various sectors, including trade and defense. source: britannica.com
26 May Italian government resigns amid P2 Masonic scandal: On May 26, 1981, Italian Prime Minister Arnaldo Forlani and his coalition cabinet resigned following revelations that members of the P2 Masonic lodge, including cabinet ministers, were involved in subversive activities. The scandal implicated high-ranking officials and led to the government's collapse. source: news.bbc.co.uk
27 May Roger Wheeler, Telex Corp. chairman, murdered in Tulsa, Oklahoma: Roger Wheeler, 55, chairman of Telex Corp. and owner of World Jai Alai, was assassinated on May 27, 1981, outside Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The murder was orchestrated by Boston's Winter Hill Gang, led by James "Whitey" Bulger, due to Wheeler's discovery of embezzlement within his company. Hitman John Martorano carried out the shooting, leading to a complex investigation into organized crime and corruption within the FBI. source: tulsaworld.com
28 May Death of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, the Primate of Poland and Archbishop of Warsaw and Gniezno, died on May 28, 1981, in Warsaw at the age of 79. He had been battling abdominal cancer for several months prior to his death. His passing was a significant event in Poland, leading to a period of national mourning and a large funeral attended by hundreds of thousands of people. source: washingtonpost.com
30 May Assassination of Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman: On May 30, 1981, President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in Chittagong, Bangladesh, by a group of army officers. The attackers stormed the Circuit House, where Rahman was staying, and killed him along with several aides and bodyguards. The assassination was part of a failed military coup led by General Manzoor Ahmed, who had been recently dismissed as chief of staff. The government, under Vice President Abdus Sattar, swiftly suppressed the rebellion, declared a state of emergency, and maintained control over the country. The assassination led to a period of political instability, culminating in another coup in 1982 that brought General Hussein Muhammad Ershad to power. source: britannica.com
31 May Burning of Jaffna Public Library: On May 31, 1981, the Jaffna Public Library in Sri Lanka was set ablaze by organized mobs, resulting in the destruction of over 97,000 books and manuscripts. The incident occurred amid escalating ethnic tensions and violence against the Tamil community, leading to widespread condemnation and marking a significant event in Sri Lanka's history. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Jun Arthur Nielsen, market research pioneer, passes away: Arthur Nielsen, the founder of the Nielsen Company, known for his pioneering work in market research and audience measurement, passed away on June 1, 1981. His innovations in data collection and analysis transformed how businesses understand consumer behavior and media consumption. Nielsen's legacy continues to influence the fields of marketing and advertising today. source: nytimes.com
02 Jun Barbara Walters interviews Katharine Hepburn: On June 2, 1981, Barbara Walters conducted a notable interview with actress Katharine Hepburn for ABC's "20/20". During the conversation, Hepburn, then 74, discussed her career and personal life, including her perspective on women balancing careers and family. A memorable exchange occurred when Hepburn, referring to herself as a "strong" individual, was asked by Walters, "What kind of tree are you?" Hepburn humorously responded, "I hope I'm not an elm with Dutch elm disease, because then I'm withering. No, everybody would like to be an oak tree. It's very strong, very pretty." This interview remains one of Walters' most iconic moments. source: washingtonpost.com
03 Jun Pope John Paul II recovers from assassination attempt: Pope John Paul II was critically wounded on May 13, 1981, when Mehmet Ali Ağca shot him in St. Peter's Square. After undergoing extensive surgery, the Pope was released from the hospital on June 3, 1981, having made a full recovery. source: history.com
04 Jun Asteroid discoveries by E. Bowell: On June 4, 1981, astronomer Edward Bowell announced the discovery of several asteroids, contributing significantly to the field of astronomy. His work has helped in understanding the composition and orbits of these celestial bodies. source: nasa.gov
05 Jun First recognized AIDS cases reported in the United States: On June 5, 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a report detailing the first recognized cases of what would later be known as AIDS. The report highlighted five cases of a rare pneumonia in young gay men in Los Angeles, marking the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. This event was pivotal in raising awareness and prompting research into the disease. source: cdc.gov
06 Jun Bihar train disaster: On June 6, 1981, a passenger train derailed while crossing a bridge over the Bagmati River in Bihar, India, plunging into the river. The official death toll was 235, with 88 survivors, but estimates suggest the actual number of fatalities ranged from 500 to 800. The exact cause of the derailment remains uncertain, with theories including a cyclone, flash flooding, or the engineer's attempt to avoid hitting a cow. source: britannica.com
07 Jun Israeli Air Force destroys Iraqi nuclear reactor in Operation Opera: On June 7, 1981, the Israeli Air Force conducted Operation Opera, a surprise airstrike that destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad, Iraq. The operation involved eight F-16 fighter jets and six F-15 escorts, which flew over Jordanian and Saudi airspace to reach the target. The attack resulted in the reactor's complete destruction, with no Israeli aircraft losses. The Israeli government justified the operation as a preemptive measure to prevent Iraq from developing nuclear weapons, citing the reactor's potential to produce bombs of the Hiroshima size. The strike led to international criticism and raised questions about the legality of such preventive actions. source: news.bbc.co.uk
08 Jun Abolhassan Banisadr's defiant speech against dictatorship in Iran: On June 8, 1981, Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr delivered a speech in Hamadan, urging the nation to resist the growing inclination toward dictatorship. He condemned the clergy-dominated authorities for attempting to impose a system of suppression, emphasizing the need for public resistance to preserve the revolution's democratic ideals. source: csmonitor.com
09 Jun Birth of actress Natalie Portman: Natalie Portman, an acclaimed actress and filmmaker, was born on June 9, 1981, in Jerusalem, Israel. She gained fame for her roles in films such as 'Black Swan' and 'Star Wars.' Portman is also known for her activism and academic achievements. source: nytimes.com
10 Jun Pete Rose ties Stan Musial's National League hits record: On June 10, 1981, Pete Rose of the Philadelphia Phillies achieved his 3,630th career hit, matching Stan Musial's National League record. In the first inning of a game against the Houston Astros, Rose singled off pitcher Nolan Ryan. Despite this milestone, Rose struck out in his next three at-bats, and the Phillies lost the game 5-3. source: mlb.com
11 Jun Issei Sagawa commits murder of Renée Hartevelt in Paris: On June 11, 1981, Issei Sagawa murdered Dutch student Renée Hartevelt in Paris. After killing her, he engaged in acts of cannibalism, which shocked the public and media. Sagawa was arrested but later declared legally insane and was released in Japan, where he became a controversial figure. source: bbc.com
12 Jun Major League Baseball players strike over free-agent compensation: On June 12, 1981, Major League Baseball players initiated a strike due to disputes over free-agent compensation. The strike led to the cancellation of 712 games, approximately 38% of the season, and lasted until July 31, 1981, when an agreement was reached, allowing play to resume on August 9 with the All-Star Game. source: washingtonpost.com
13 Jun Assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth II in 1981: On June 13, 1981, an assassination attempt was made on Queen Elizabeth II during the Trooping the Colour ceremony in London. A 17-year-old named Marcus Sarjeant fired six blank shots at the Queen as she rode past on horseback. He was quickly apprehended and later sentenced to five years in prison. The incident raised concerns about security for the royal family. source: bbc.com
14 Jun Har Mar Tornado strikes Twin Cities: On June 14, 1981, an F3 tornado touched down in Edina, Minnesota, and traversed a 15-mile path through Minneapolis to Roseville, causing significant damage. The tornado resulted in one fatality and injured 83 people, with damages exceeding $47 million. The Har Mar Mall area in Roseville was among the hardest hit, with numerous homes and businesses affected. source: dnr.state.mn.us
15 Jun Billy Martin - Musician Profile: Billy Martin, born on June 15, 1981, in Annapolis, Maryland, is an American musician, songwriter, and producer, best known as the lead guitarist and keyboardist for the pop punk band Good Charlotte. He formed the band in 1996, achieving significant success with albums like "The Young and the Hopeless" and "Good Morning Revival." Martin is also a fashion designer and has been involved in various philanthropic activities. source: nndb.com
16 Jun U.S. agrees to supply arms to China for the first time: On June 16, 1981, U.S. Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig Jr. announced that the United States had agreed to supply arms to the People's Republic of China, marking the first such agreement between the two nations. This decision followed three days of talks in Beijing and was part of a broader effort to strengthen coordination against the Soviet Union. The arms sales would be considered on a case-by-case basis after consultation with Congress and allies. source: washingtonpost.com
17 Jun Pink Floyd's final performance of 'The Wall' at Earls Court Exhibition Centre: On June 17, 1981, Pink Floyd performed the last show of their 'The Wall' tour at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London. This concert marked the band's final performance with bassist and founding member Roger Waters until their reunion at Live 8 in 2005. The show was recorded and later released as the live album 'Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81'. source: pinkfloydz.com
18 Jun First cases of AIDS reported in the United States: On June 18, 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a report detailing the first cases of what would later be identified as AIDS. The report highlighted a rare form of pneumonia affecting five young gay men in Los Angeles, marking the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. This event led to increased awareness and research into HIV/AIDS. source: cdc.gov
19 Jun Glastonbury Festival 1981: The 1981 Glastonbury Festival, officially named the Glastonbury CND Festival, took place from June 19 to 21, 1981, at Worthy Farm in Pilton, Somerset, England. Organized by Michael Eavis in partnership with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), the festival attracted approximately 18,000 attendees, with tickets priced at £8. Notable performances included New Order, Hawkwind, and Taj Mahal. A new permanent Pyramid Stage was constructed using telegraph poles and metal sheeting from the Ministry of Defence, serving as both a performance venue and a cowshed during the winter months. The festival raised £20,000 for CND, marking its first profitable year. source: bbc.co.uk
20 Jun Casablanca bread riots in Morocco: On June 20, 1981, widespread riots erupted in Casablanca, Morocco, in response to significant increases in the prices of basic food items such as bread, sugar, and cooking oil. The unrest led to violent confrontations between protesters and security forces, resulting in numerous fatalities and injuries. The government reported 66 deaths, while opposition sources claimed over 600 fatalities. The riots were a significant event during Morocco's "Years of Lead," a period marked by political repression and social unrest. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Jun French Socialists win absolute majority in National Assembly: On June 21, 1981, the French Socialist Party secured an absolute majority in the National Assembly, winning 269 out of 491 seats. This marked the first time in the Fifth Republic that a single party achieved such a majority, enabling President François Mitterrand to implement his policy agenda without coalition partners. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Jun Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr dismissed by Ayatollah Khomeini: On June 22, 1981, Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini dismissed President Abolhassan Banisadr from his position. This followed Banisadr's impeachment by the Iranian Parliament on June 21, 1981, for 'political incompetence.' Banisadr had been in hiding for several days prior to his removal, assisted by the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK). After his dismissal, he attempted to organize an alliance of anti-Khomeini factions to retake power, including the MEK, the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the Fedaian Organisation (Minority). However, after the execution of prominent MEK member Mohammad Reza Saadati on July 27, 1981, Banisadr and MEK leader Massoud Rajavi concluded that it was unsafe to remain in Iran. Banisadr subsequently fled the country on July 29, 1981, hidden on board a military aircraft hijacked by one of his supporters, and sought asylum in France. source: aljazeera.com
23 Jun Longest professional baseball game in history: On April 18, 1981, the Pawtucket Red Sox and the Rochester Red Wings began a game that would become the longest in professional baseball history. After 32 innings and over eight hours, the game was suspended at 4:07 a.m. on April 19, 1981, with the score tied at 2-2. The game resumed on June 23, 1981, and concluded after just one more inning, with the Pawtucket Red Sox winning 3-2 in the bottom of the 33rd inning. The total duration of the game was 8 hours and 25 minutes. Notably, future Hall of Famers Wade Boggs and Cal Ripken Jr. participated in this historic game. source: mlb.com
24 Jun Humber Bridge officially opens to the public: The Humber Bridge, connecting Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire, was officially opened on June 24, 1981. At the time of its completion, it was the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world, measuring 1,410 meters. The bridge has since become an iconic structure and a vital transport link in the region. source: bbc.com
25 Jun Microsoft incorporates in Washington State: On June 25, 1981, Microsoft restructured to become an incorporated business in Washington State, with Bill Gates as president and chairman of the board, and Paul Allen as executive vice president. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Jun For Your Eyes Only premieres in United States: The 12th James Bond film, 'For Your Eyes Only,' premiered in the United States on June 26, 1981, at approximately 1,100 cinemas. The film was released in the UK on June 24, 1981, and in the US on June 26, 1981. It grossed $54.8 million in the US and Canada, becoming the second highest-grossing Bond film at the time. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Jun Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China adopted: On June 27, 1981, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party unanimously adopted the "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China." This document assessed the legacy of the Mao Zedong era, particularly the Cultural Revolution, and outlined the party's future direction. It was prepared over 15 months and revised multiple times to align with Deng Xiaoping's views, emphasizing the need to affirm Mao's revolutionary contributions while acknowledging his errors. source: marxists.org
28 Jun Terry Fox, Canadian Marathon of Hope Runner, passes away: Terry Fox, the Canadian athlete who embarked on the Marathon of Hope to raise funds for cancer research, passed away on June 28, 1981, at the age of 22. His journey inspired millions and led to the establishment of the annual Terry Fox Run, which continues to raise funds for cancer research worldwide. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Jun Leadership change in Communist China marks a significant political shift: On June 29, 1981, Hu Yaobang was appointed as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, succeeding Hua Guofeng. This leadership change was pivotal in the reform era, as Hu was known for advocating economic reforms and modernization, which eventually led to significant changes in China's political landscape. His tenure marked a shift towards more open policies and a departure from the strictures of the Cultural Revolution. source: britannica.com
30 Jun Israeli legislative election held on June 30, 1981: On June 30, 1981, Israel held its legislative elections, resulting in the Likud party, led by Menachem Begin, securing 48 seats, while the Alignment, led by Shimon Peres, obtained 47 seats. This narrow victory enabled Begin to form a coalition government, marking a significant political shift in Israel's history. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Jul The Wonderland Murders: On July 1, 1981, four members of the Wonderland Gang were brutally murdered in Los Angeles. The victims were Ron Launius, William "Billy" Deverell, Joy Miller, and Barbara Richardson. The attack was believed to be retaliation for a robbery committed by the gang at the home of nightclub owner Eddie Nash two days prior. The perpetrators used hammers and metal pipes to inflict fatal injuries. Launius's wife, Susan, survived the attack but sustained severe injuries, including permanent brain damage. The case remains unsolved, with various individuals, including Nash, his henchman Gregory Diles, and actor John Holmes, being arrested and tried but ultimately acquitted for their alleged involvement. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Jul US Supreme Court upholds executive actions during Iran Hostage Crisis: On July 2, 1981, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld President Jimmy Carter's executive actions during the Iran Hostage Crisis. The Court ruled that the President had the authority to freeze Iranian assets and suspend civil claims against Iran, emphasizing the executive branch's broad powers in foreign affairs. This decision affirmed the President's role in negotiating the release of American hostages held in Iran. source: cia.gov
03 Jul Toxteth and Chapeltown riots in the UK: The Toxteth and Chapeltown riots occurred in July 1981, sparked by racial tensions and police actions. The Toxteth riots in Liverpool began on July 3, while the Chapeltown riots in Leeds followed shortly after. These events highlighted issues of race relations and urban unrest in the UK during the early 1980s. source: bbc.com
04 Jul John McEnroe defeats Björn Borg at Wimbledon: On July 4, 1981, John McEnroe defeated five-time defending champion Björn Borg in the Wimbledon men's singles final. The match concluded with a score of 4–6, 7–6^(7–1), 7–6^(7–4), 6–4, marking McEnroe's first Wimbledon singles title and ending Borg's 41-match winning streak at the tournament. source: reuters.com
05 Jul World record for reciting digits of pi set in 1981: On July 5, 1981, Akira Haraguchi recited 100,000 digits of pi, setting a world record that stood for many years. This remarkable feat showcased not only his memory skills but also the fascination with pi in mathematics. Haraguchi's achievement has inspired many to explore the depths of mathematical constants and memory techniques. source: britannica.com
07 Jul Sandra Day O'Connor nominated to the Supreme Court: On July 7, 1981, President Ronald Reagan nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court, making her the first woman to hold this position in U.S. history. O'Connor's appointment was a significant milestone for gender equality in the judiciary and paved the way for more women in legal and political roles. source: archives.gov
08 Jul Sandra Day O'Connor confirmed as first female Supreme Court Justice: On July 8, 1981, Sandra Day O'Connor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the first female Justice of the Supreme Court. Her appointment marked a significant milestone in U.S. history, paving the way for greater representation of women in the judiciary. O'Connor served on the Court until her retirement in 2006, influencing many landmark decisions during her tenure. source: archives.gov
09 Jul Nintendo releases Donkey Kong arcade game: Nintendo released the arcade game Donkey Kong on July 9, 1981. This game marked the debut of the character Mario, who was originally known as Jumpman. Donkey Kong became a significant success and is credited with helping to establish Nintendo as a major player in the video game industry. source: britannica.com
10 Jul Escalation of Israel-Lebanon Conflict on July 10, 1981: On July 10, 1981, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) initiated shelling of northern Israel using Katyusha rockets and 130 mm artillery shells. In response, the Israeli Air Force conducted air raids targeting PLO facilities in Beirut. This exchange marked a significant escalation in hostilities, leading to intensified attacks and a subsequent ceasefire on July 24, 1981, mediated by U.S. envoy Philip Habib. source: idf.il
11 Jul The Specials' 'Ghost Town' tops UK Singles Chart: Released on June 12, 1981, 'Ghost Town' by The Specials reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on July 11, 1981, and held the top position for three consecutive weeks. The song's themes of urban decay and unemployment resonated with the social climate of the time, coinciding with widespread riots across the UK. It was the band's second number one single, following 'Too Much Too Young' in 1980. source: ft.com
12 Jul Severe flooding in Sichuan province, China: In July 1981, torrential rains caused severe flooding in Sichuan province, China, resulting in significant casualties and property damage. The Yangtze River experienced its worst flood in a century, inundating cities like Chongqing and affecting millions of people. The floods led to widespread destruction, including the collapse of bridges and the inundation of homes and farmland. source: upi.com
13 Jul US Senate confirms Donna Pope as US Mint Director: On July 13, 1981, the US Senate confirmed Donna Pope as the Director of the United States Mint. She was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on June 5, 1981, and was sworn in on September 10, 1981. Pope served as the 33rd Director of the Mint until August 1991. source: congress.gov
14 Jul Bombing in Bangui, Central African Republic: On July 14, 1981, a bomb exploded in the Le Club cinema in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, resulting in three fatalities and 32 injuries. The Central African National Liberation Movement (MCLN), led by Rodolphe Iddi Lala, claimed responsibility for the attack, demanding the withdrawal of French troops from the country. In response, the government banned the MCLN and arrested its members. source: cia.gov
16 Jul Mahathir Mohamad becomes Malaysia's Prime Minister: Mahathir Mohamad was sworn in as Malaysia's Prime Minister on July 16, 1981. He served in this role until 2003, marking a significant period in Malaysian politics characterized by economic growth and modernization. His leadership style and policies have had a lasting impact on the country. source: britannica.com
17 Jul Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in Kansas City: On July 17, 1981, a tragic structural failure occurred at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, when two suspended walkways collapsed during a dance event. The disaster resulted in 114 fatalities and over 200 injuries, making it one of the deadliest structural failures in U.S. history. Investigations revealed design flaws and inadequate safety measures, leading to significant changes in engineering practices and building codes. source: nytimes.com
18 Jul Mid-air collision over Armenia: On July 18, 1981, a Soviet Air Defense Forces Sukhoi Su-15 collided with the tail of a Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense Canadair CL-44 commercial transport aircraft that had strayed into Soviet airspace over the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. The three crew members and one passenger aboard the Argentine aircraft died; the Soviet pilot ejected to safety. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jul French President Mitterrand informs U.S. President Reagan about the Farewell Dossier: On July 19, 1981, during the Ottawa Summit, French President François Mitterrand informed U.S. President Ronald Reagan about the Farewell Dossier. This collection of documents, provided by KGB defector Colonel Vladimir Vetrov, revealed the Soviet Union's extensive efforts to steal Western technological research and development. The intelligence led to significant counterintelligence operations by the CIA and NATO allies. source: cia.gov
20 Jul Somali Airlines Flight 40 crashes near Balad, Somalia, killing all 50 on board: On July 20, 1981, Somali Airlines Flight 40, a Fokker F27 Friendship aircraft, crashed shortly after takeoff from Mogadishu International Airport en route to Hargeisa. The plane encountered severe turbulence and heavy rain near Balad, leading to a loss of control and structural failure. All 50 occupants, including 44 passengers and 6 crew members, perished. This remains the deadliest aviation accident in Somalia's history. source: upi.com
21 Jul England's dramatic 18-run victory over Australia at Headingley: In the third Ashes Test at Headingley, England achieved a remarkable 18-run victory over Australia. After following on and facing a daunting target of 130 runs, England's Ian Botham played a pivotal role, scoring an unbeaten 149 runs. In response, Bob Willis delivered an inspired bowling performance, taking 8 wickets for 43 runs, leading to Australia's collapse and England's victory. source: independent.co.uk
22 Jul Mehmet Ali Agca sentenced to life imprisonment for Pope's assassination attempt: On July 22, 1981, Turkish national Mehmet Ali Agca was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in Italy for attempting to assassinate Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981, in St. Peter's Square. Agca admitted to the shooting but refused to accept the jurisdiction of the Italian court, stating he was a foreign national who committed the crime in Vatican City. He also faced additional charges for illegal possession of false identity papers and the weapon used in the attack. source: upi.com
23 Jul Centralia mine fire surfaces in Pennsylvania: On July 23, 1981, an underground mine fire in Centralia, Pennsylvania, emerged on a 200-foot coal outcropping east of the town. This marked the first surface appearance of the fire, which had been burning underground since at least May 1962. The fire's emergence led to increased concerns about safety and environmental impact, prompting further investigations and mitigation efforts. source: washingtonpost.com
24 Jul Mohammad Ali Rajai elected President of Iran: On July 24, 1981, Mohammad Ali Rajai was elected as the second president of Iran, succeeding Abolhassan Banisadr. Rajai, who had been serving as prime minister, won the election with approximately 90% of the votes, defeating three other candidates. He was officially declared the winner on July 27, 1981, and took office on August 2, 1981. Tragically, Rajai's presidency was short-lived; he was assassinated on August 30, 1981. source: britannica.com
25 Jul Voyager 2 spacecraft reaches Saturn: On July 25, 1981, NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft made its closest approach to Saturn, providing unprecedented images and data about the planet and its rings. This flyby allowed scientists to study Saturn's atmosphere, magnetic field, and its many moons, significantly enhancing our understanding of the gas giant. Voyager 2's mission has continued to yield valuable information as it travels beyond the outer planets. source: nasa.gov
26 Jul Asteroid (2845) Franklinken discovered by E. Bowell: On July 26, 1981, astronomer Edward L. G. Bowell discovered asteroid (2845) Franklinken at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. This main-belt asteroid was later named in honor of astronomer Kenneth Franklin. source: de.wikipedia.org
27 Jul Adam Walsh abducted and murdered in Florida: On July 27, 1981, six-year-old Adam Walsh was abducted from a Sears department store in Hollywood, Florida. His severed head was found two weeks later in a drainage canal in Vero Beach, Florida. The case remained unsolved until 2008, when authorities identified drifter Ottis Toole as the perpetrator, based on his confessions and evidence linking him to the crime. source: history.com
28 Jul 1981 Sirch earthquake in Kerman, Iran: On July 28, 1981, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Kerman province in southeastern Iran, causing widespread destruction. The epicenter was approximately 45 km southeast of the city of Kerman. The earthquake resulted in nearly 3,000 fatalities, left over 31,000 people homeless, and destroyed virtually all buildings within a 30 km radius of the epicenter. The town of Sirch was particularly affected, with about 2,000 of its 3,500 residents killed. The region experienced surface fractures, landslides, and rockfalls due to the seismic activity. source: pubs.geoscienceworld.org
29 Jul Iranian President Banisadr flees to Paris amid political turmoil: On July 29, 1981, Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr fled to Paris as political tensions escalated in Iran following the Islamic Revolution. His departure marked a significant moment in Iran's political history, as he had been facing increasing opposition from hardline factions within the government. Banisadr's flight symbolized the instability and challenges faced by the newly established Islamic Republic. source: britannica.com
30 Jul Mass protests in Łódź against food shortages: On July 30, 1981, between 30,000 and 50,000 women and children marched through Łódź, Poland's second-largest city, protesting severe food shortages. Organized by local Solidarity activists, the peaceful demonstration featured participants singing hymns and carrying banners with slogans like "We want to eat" and "Our children are hungry." This event was part of a series of hunger demonstrations across Poland during the summer of 1981. source: upi.com
31 Jul Death of Omar Torrijos in plane crash: Omar Torrijos, the former leader of Panama, died in a plane crash on July 31, 1981. The crash occurred near the town of La Chorrera, and all 21 people on board were killed. Torrijos was a significant figure in Panama's history, known for his role in negotiating the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, which led to the transfer of control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama. source: britannica.com
01 Aug MTV launches first music video channel: On August 1, 1981, MTV, the first 24-hour video music channel, began broadcasting in the United States. The inaugural video was "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles, marking a significant shift in the music and television industries.
02 Aug Ian Botham's remarkable performance in 1981 Ashes Test at Edgbaston: On August 2, 1981, during the fourth Test of the Ashes series at Edgbaston, England, Ian Botham delivered a sensational bowling performance, taking five wickets for just one run in 28 balls. This remarkable spell led to Australia being bowled out for 121, securing a 29-run victory for England and leveling the series at 1-1. source: espncricinfo.com
03 Aug PATCO strike begins, leading to significant labor relations changes: On August 3, 1981, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) initiated a strike for better working conditions and pay. President Ronald Reagan responded by declaring the strike illegal and subsequently fired over 11,000 striking controllers, marking a pivotal moment in U.S. labor relations and signaling a shift in government attitudes towards unions. source: archives.gov
04 Aug Oliver North assigned to White House duty: On August 4, 1981, Oliver North was assigned to the National Security Council staff at the White House. He served as a lobbyist from 1981 to 1983 and as deputy director for political–military affairs from 1983 until his reassignment in 1986. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Aug Reagan fires air traffic controllers during PATCO strike: On August 5, 1981, President Ronald Reagan fired over 11,000 air traffic controllers who were on strike, violating a law against federal employees striking. This event marked a significant moment in labor relations in the U.S., leading to the dismantling of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) and setting a precedent for handling labor disputes in the public sector. source: archives.gov
06 Aug Reagan approves neutron bomb production: On August 6, 1981, President Ronald Reagan authorized the production of neutron bombs, nuclear warheads designed to kill people while minimizing damage to structures. The decision was made in consultation with Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger and other top officials. The weapons were to be stockpiled in the United States, with no immediate plans for deployment in Europe. This move marked a significant shift from the previous administration's stance, which had deferred production in 1978. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Aug The Washington Star ceases publication after 128 years: On August 7, 1981, The Washington Star, a daily afternoon newspaper in Washington, D.C., ceased publication after 128 years. Founded in 1852, the newspaper faced financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy. In the bankruptcy sale, The Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by The Washington Star, including its printing presses. source: washingtonpost.com
08 Aug Roger Federer was born on August 8, 1981: Roger Federer, a Swiss professional tennis player, was born on August 8, 1981, in Basel, Switzerland. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time, having won numerous Grand Slam titles throughout his career. His exceptional skill and sportsmanship have made him a beloved figure in the world of sports. source: britannica.com
09 Aug MLB strike ends with All-Star Game resuming play: The 1981 Major League Baseball strike, which began on June 12, concluded on July 31 with a new Basic Agreement. Play resumed on August 9 with the All-Star Game at Cleveland Stadium, marking the first official game since the strike. Regular season games recommenced the following day. source: mlb.com
10 Aug Adam Walsh's murder led to significant changes in child safety measures: The abduction and murder of 6-year-old Adam Walsh in 1981 prompted widespread reforms in child safety. His parents, John and Reve Walsh, became prominent advocates, leading to the establishment of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children in 1984. Additionally, the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 created a national database of convicted child sex offenders and strengthened federal penalties for crimes against children. source: history.com
11 Aug IBM launches the first personal computer: On August 11, 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer, the IBM PC, which revolutionized the computing industry. This launch marked a significant shift towards personal computing, making technology more accessible to individuals and small businesses. The IBM PC set standards for hardware and software that are still influential today. source: britannica.com
12 Aug IBM Personal Computer Model 5150 released: The IBM Personal Computer Model 5150 was officially released on August 12, 1981. This model marked IBM's entry into the personal computer market and set the standard for PC architecture. It featured an Intel 8088 processor and was notable for its open architecture, which allowed third-party developers to create compatible hardware and software. source: britannica.com
13 Aug Reagan signs Economic Recovery Tax Act into law: On August 13, 1981, President Ronald Reagan signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 into law at his Rancho del Cielo retreat in California. This legislation, also known as the Kemp–Roth Tax Cut, introduced significant tax reductions aimed at stimulating economic growth. The Act reduced the highest individual income tax rate from 70% to 50% and the lowest from 14% to 11%, among other provisions. source: reaganlibrary.gov
14 Aug Mike Schmidt hits his 300th career home run: On August 14, 1981, Philadelphia Phillies third baseman Mike Schmidt hit his 300th career home run off New York Mets pitcher Mike Scott. source: brainyhistory.com
15 Aug Ian Botham scores a historic century at Headingley: On August 15, 1981, Ian Botham scored a remarkable century during the third Test match against Australia at Headingley, Leeds. This innings was pivotal in England's dramatic comeback in the match, where they were initially in a precarious position. Botham's performance is often credited with revitalizing the English cricket team during the Ashes series. source: bbc.com
16 Aug Mary T. Meagher sets world record in 100m butterfly: On August 16, 1981, American swimmer Mary T. Meagher set a world record in the 100-meter butterfly with a time of 57.93 seconds at the U.S. Long Course National Championships in Brown Deer, Wisconsin. This performance was part of a remarkable series of world records she achieved in 1981, including the 200-meter butterfly. Meagher's 100m butterfly record stood for 18 years. source: upi.com
18 Aug Jerry Lewis appears on 'Donahue' to defend Telethons: On August 18, 1981, comedian Jerry Lewis appeared on the 'Donahue' show to discuss and defend his annual Muscular Dystrophy Association Telethons, which were significant fundraising events for medical research. source: brainyhistory.com
19 Aug Sandra Day O'Connor appointed to the Supreme Court: On August 19, 1981, Sandra Day O'Connor was appointed as the first female Justice of the United States Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan. Her appointment marked a significant milestone in U.S. history, breaking gender barriers in the highest court. O'Connor served on the Court until her retirement in 2006, becoming a pivotal figure in many landmark decisions. source: archives.gov
21 Aug Salvador Sánchez defeats Wilfredo Gómez in boxing championship: On August 21, 1981, at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Mexico's Salvador Sánchez successfully defended his WBC Featherweight Title by defeating Puerto Rico's Wilfredo Gómez via eighth-round technical knockout. Sánchez knocked Gómez down in the first round and again in the eighth, prompting referee Carlos Padilla to stop the fight at 2:09 of the eighth round. At the time of stoppage, judges had Sánchez ahead on all scorecards. source: upi.com
22 Aug Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103 disaster: On August 22, 1981, Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103, a Boeing 737-222, crashed near Sanyi Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan, resulting in the deaths of all 110 people on board. The aircraft suffered an explosive decompression due to severe corrosion and metal fatigue, leading to in-flight breakup. The crash is also known as the Sanyi Air Disaster and remains one of the deadliest aviation accidents in Taiwan. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Aug Mark David Chapman sentenced to 20 years to life for John Lennon's murder: On August 24, 1981, Mark David Chapman was sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for the second-degree murder of John Lennon. Chapman had pleaded guilty to the charge, stating that he believed it was God's will to confess. During the sentencing, he read a passage from 'The Catcher in the Rye.' source: history.com
25 Aug Voyager 2's historic flyby of Saturn: On August 25, 1981, NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft made its closest approach to Saturn, providing unprecedented images and data about the planet and its rings. This flyby allowed scientists to study Saturn's atmosphere, magnetic field, and its many moons, significantly enhancing our understanding of the gas giant. Voyager 2's mission has been pivotal in planetary science, marking a key milestone in space exploration. source: nasa.gov
26 Aug Space Shuttle Columbia's preparations for STS-2 mission on August 26, 1981: On August 26, 1981, NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia underwent critical preparations for its second mission, STS-2. The shuttle was mated with its external tank and solid rocket boosters in the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center. Engineers completed a nine-day Shuttle Interface Test to ensure the mechanical and electrical connections between the orbiter, external tank, and solid rocket boosters were functioning correctly. This comprehensive testing was essential for verifying the shuttle's readiness for its upcoming flight. source: nasa.gov
27 Aug Divers prepare to raise safe from Andrea Doria: On August 27, 1981, divers secured the rigging to raise one of the Andrea Doria's two unopened safes, believed to contain over $1 million in valuables and jewels. The safe was located in the ship's first-class lounge, 200 feet below the surface off Nantucket Island. The recovery was part of an expedition organized by Peter Gimbel, aiming to retrieve the treasure lost since the ship sank 25 years prior. source: upi.com
28 Aug South African military incursion into Angola: On August 28, 1981, South African forces initiated Operation Protea, a military operation targeting South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) bases in southern Angola. The operation lasted until September 4, 1981, during which South African Defence Forces (SADF) occupied Cunene province, advancing up to 60 miles into Angolan territory. The operation resulted in significant casualties, with South African officials reporting over 1,000 deaths among SWAPO guerrillas and Angolan soldiers. The Angolan government reported that Xangongo was destroyed and that there was heavy bombing around the town of Ngiva, 35 miles from the border. The United Nations Secretary-General at the time, Kurt Waldheim, condemned the incursion as a "grave violation" and called for the immediate withdrawal of South African forces. source: washingtonpost.com
29 Aug 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: On August 29, 1981, two Palestinian terrorists from the Abu Nidal Organization attacked the Stadttempel synagogue in Vienna during a Bar Mitzvah service. The assailants, posing as Jews, opened fire and threw grenades, resulting in two fatalities and 18 injuries. The attackers were apprehended and later received life sentences for their actions. source: jta.org
30 Aug Assassination of Iranian President and Prime Minister in 1981: On August 30, 1981, a bomb exploded in the office of Prime Minister Mohammad Javad Bahonar in Tehran, killing both Bahonar and President Mohammad Ali Rajai, along with six other officials. The attack was attributed to Masoud Keshmiri, a member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK), who infiltrated the Islamic Republican Party and planted the bomb in a briefcase. This assassination occurred two months after the Haft-e Tir bombing, which had already targeted high-ranking officials. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Aug Bombing at Ramstein Air Base injures 15 people: On August 31, 1981, a terrorist bomb exploded outside the U.S. Air Forces in Europe headquarters at Ramstein Air Base in West Germany, injuring 15 people, including two senior U.S. Air Force officers. The Red Army Faction, a left-wing terrorist group, claimed responsibility for the attack, which caused extensive damage to the building and vehicles in the parking lot. source: washingtonpost.com
01 Sep Lagan College opens as Northern Ireland's first integrated school: On September 1, 1981, Lagan College in Belfast became the first integrated school in Northern Ireland, bringing together students from Protestant and Catholic backgrounds. Established by the 'All Children Together' movement, it began with 28 pupils in a scout hall and has since grown to over 1,400 students. source: bbc.co.uk
02 Sep Soviet Union conducts underground nuclear test: On September 2, 1981, the Soviet Union conducted an underground nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan. This test was part of a series of nuclear detonations that the Soviet Union carried out during the Cold War, contributing to ongoing tensions between superpowers. The test was not publicly acknowledged by the Soviet government until years later, as part of their broader nuclear weapons program. source: britannica.com
03 Sep UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women established: The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was adopted on September 3, 1981. This landmark treaty aims to eliminate discrimination against women and promote gender equality globally. It has been ratified by numerous countries, establishing a framework for women's rights and empowerment. source: un.org
04 Sep Assassination of French Ambassador Louis Delamare in Beirut: On September 4, 1981, French Ambassador Louis Delamare was assassinated in West Beirut. Gunmen ambushed his car near his residence, firing through the right rear window and fatally wounding him. Delamare was rushed to a hospital but died from his injuries. The attack occurred amid deteriorating relations between France and Iran, following France's decision to grant asylum to former Iranian President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr. No group claimed responsibility for the assassination. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Sep Pope Shenouda III deposed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat: On September 5, 1981, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat announced the annulment of the 1971 decree recognizing Pope Shenouda III as the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Sadat accused Shenouda of inciting sectarian strife and attempting to assume a political role, leading to his exile to a desert monastery. This decision was part of a broader crackdown on religious groups deemed threats to national unity. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Sep Christy Brown, Irish poet and artist, passes away: Christy Brown, an Irish poet and painter known for his autobiographical work 'My Left Foot,' died on September 6, 1981. Born with cerebral palsy, he became a prominent figure in Irish literature and art, inspiring many with his story of overcoming adversity. His life and works continue to be celebrated in Ireland and beyond. source: bbc.com
07 Sep West Tampa Post 248 wins American Legion World Series: On September 7, 1981, West Tampa Post 248 clinched the American Legion World Series title. The team was coached by Frank Permuy and featured standout player Dave Magadan, who was named the American Legion Baseball Player of the Year in 1981. source: 813preps.com
08 Sep Bill Shankly, legendary football manager, passes away: Bill Shankly, the iconic manager of Liverpool Football Club, died on September 8, 1981. He is remembered for transforming Liverpool into a dominant force in English football during the 1960s and 1970s. His legacy includes three league titles and two FA Cups, and he is celebrated for his passionate approach to the game and his deep connection with the club's supporters. source: bbc.com
09 Sep Assassination of Lala Jagat Narain: Lala Jagat Narain, an Indian journalist and founder of the Hind Samachar media group, was assassinated on September 9, 1981, near Ludhiana, Punjab. He was a vocal critic of the Khalistan movement and had survived an earlier assassination attempt in January 1981. The attack was carried out by two assailants on a motorcycle; one was arrested at the scene, while the others remain at large. The Dal Khalsa, a Sikh militant organization, was suspected of involvement, and Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a prominent Sikh leader, was implicated but later released due to lack of evidence. The assassination intensified violence in Punjab, leading to further unrest. source: indiatoday.in
10 Sep Picasso's 'Guernica' returned to Spain after 42 years: On September 10, 1981, Pablo Picasso's monumental anti-war mural 'Guernica' was returned to Spain after 42 years in exile. The painting, which had been on loan to New York's Museum of Modern Art since 1939, was transported to Madrid under heavy security and displayed at the Prado Museum's annex, Casón del Buen Retiro. This event marked a significant moment in Spain's transition to democracy following the end of Francisco Franco's dictatorship. source: theguardian.com
11 Sep Assassination of Ayatollah Mir Asadollah Madani during Friday prayers in Tabriz: On September 11, 1981, during Friday prayers in Tabriz, Iran, Ayatollah Mir Asadollah Madani, a prominent Shia cleric and representative of Ayatollah Khomeini, was assassinated. An assailant approached Madani, detonated a grenade concealed under his clothing, resulting in Madani's death, the assailant's death, and injuries to several others. Madani was posthumously honored as the 'second martyr of Mihrab,' following Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was also assassinated while praying. source: upi.com
12 Sep Death of Eugenio Montale, Nobel Prize-winning Italian poet: Eugenio Montale, an influential Italian poet and Nobel laureate, passed away on September 12, 1981. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1975 for his poetic work, which often explored themes of existentialism and the human condition. Montale's contributions to literature have left a lasting impact on Italian poetry and beyond. source: britannica.com
13 Sep McEnroe defeats Borg in US Open final: On September 13, 1981, John McEnroe defeated Björn Borg in the US Open final, marking a significant moment in tennis history. McEnroe won the match in four sets, with a score of 4-6, 7-6, 7-6, 6-4, ending Borg's reign as the champion. This victory was notable as it was one of the few times Borg lost in a Grand Slam final after his dominance in the sport during the late 1970s and early 1980s. source: britannica.com
14 Sep The People's Court TV show premiered on September 14, 1981: The People's Court, an American arbitration-based reality court show, premiered on September 14, 1981. The show featured retired Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner presiding over real small-claims disputes in a simulated courtroom setting. It was the first court show to use binding arbitration, introducing this format into the genre. The original series ran from 1981 to 1993, and the revival ran from 1997 to 2023. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Sep Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O'Connor for Supreme Court seat: On September 15, 1981, the Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approved Sandra Day O'Connor's nomination to the Supreme Court, making her the first woman nominated for the position. The full Senate confirmed her nomination on September 21, 1981, by a vote of 99-0. source: archives.gov
16 Sep Sugar Ray Leonard defeats Thomas Hearns to unify welterweight titles: On September 16, 1981, Sugar Ray Leonard faced Thomas Hearns at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for the undisputed welterweight championship. Leonard won by 14th-round technical knockout, overcoming a swollen left eye and trailing on the scorecards. The fight grossed approximately $35 million, making it the richest in boxing history at that time. source: washingtonpost.com
17 Sep Fernando Valenzuela sets NL rookie shutout record: On September 17, 1981, Fernando Valenzuela, a rookie pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers, set a National League record for shutouts by a rookie. He achieved this milestone by throwing his eighth shutout of the season, showcasing his exceptional talent and contributing significantly to the Dodgers' success that year. Valenzuela's performance not only earned him accolades but also solidified his place in baseball history. source: baseball-reference.com
18 Sep Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum dedicated in Grand Rapids, Michigan: The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum was dedicated on September 18, 1981, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The ceremony was attended by President Ronald Reagan, former President Gerald Ford, and other dignitaries, including Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. The museum serves as a tribute to President Ford's life and legacy. source: reaganlibrary.gov
19 Sep Simon & Garfunkel's historic Central Park concert: On September 19, 1981, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel reunited for a free benefit concert on the Great Lawn of New York City's Central Park. The event attracted over 500,000 attendees and featured a mix of their classic hits and solo material. Proceeds supported the redevelopment and maintenance of the park.
20 Sep China's first triple satellite launch: On September 20, 1981, China achieved its first triple satellite launch with the deployment of the Shijian-2 satellite. This mission marked a significant advancement in China's space capabilities, demonstrating the ability to launch multiple satellites simultaneously using a single carrier rocket. source: hq.nasa.gov
21 Sep Belize gains independence from Britain: Belize officially gained its independence from British colonial rule on September 21, 1981. This marked the end of a long process of decolonization that began in the 1960s. The country became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and established its own government, with George Price as its first Prime Minister. source: britannica.com
22 Sep Turkish Air Force F-5 crashes into military exercise, killing 66: On September 22, 1981, during a military exercise in Babaeski, Kırklareli, Turkey, a Turkish Air Force Northrop F-5 jet crashed into a group of soldiers, resulting in 66 fatalities, including 65 soldiers on the ground and the pilot. The accident is considered the worst military air disaster in Turkey's history as of September 2025. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Sep Jack Henry Abbott arrested in Louisiana for New York murder: On September 23, 1981, Jack Henry Abbott, a convict-author, was arrested in Morgan City, Louisiana, for the July 18 stabbing death of Richard Adan, a 22-year-old waiter and aspiring actor, outside the Bini-Bon Restaurant in New York City. Abbott had been paroled earlier that year with the assistance of author Norman Mailer. After the murder, Abbott fled to Mexico and then to Louisiana, where he was apprehended working in an oil field. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Sep Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first female Supreme Court justice: On September 25, 1981, Sandra Day O'Connor was sworn in as the first female justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan on July 7, 1981, she was confirmed unanimously by the Senate on September 21, 1981. O'Connor served on the Court for 25 years, known for her moderate conservative views and pivotal role in many landmark decisions. source: archives.gov
26 Sep Boeing 767 prototype N767BA's maiden flight: The Boeing 767 prototype, registered N767BA, made its maiden flight on September 26, 1981. This aircraft was used for subsequent flight tests and was later converted into an Airborne Surveillance Testbed for a U.S. Army program in 1984. source: britannica.com
27 Sep First TGV high-speed train service launched in France: The first TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) high-speed train service was inaugurated in France on September 27, 1981. This marked a significant advancement in rail transport, allowing trains to travel at speeds exceeding 300 km/h (186 mph). The initial route connected Paris and Lyon, setting the stage for the expansion of high-speed rail networks across Europe. source: britannica.com
28 Sep Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuelan political leader, dies: Rómulo Betancourt, a prominent Venezuelan politician and two-time president, died on September 28, 1981, in New York City at the age of 73. He was known for his significant contributions to Venezuela's democratic development and his leadership of the Democratic Action party. source: britannica.com
29 Sep Reagan's Executive Order 12324 on Haitian Refugee Interdiction: On September 29, 1981, President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12324, authorizing the U.S. Coast Guard to intercept and return vessels carrying undocumented Haitian migrants attempting to enter the United States by sea. This order aimed to prevent illegal migration and enforce U.S. immigration laws, while ensuring that individuals fleeing political persecution were not returned without their consent. source: reaganlibrary.gov
30 Sep US debt ceiling raised to $1.08 trillion: On September 30, 1981, the United States' debt ceiling was increased to $1.08 trillion, marking the first time it surpassed the $1 trillion threshold. This adjustment was part of a two-step process: a temporary increase to $999.8 billion for one day, followed by a permanent increase to $1.08 trillion through September 30, 1982. President Reagan signed the legislation on the same day. source: govinfo.gov
01 Oct Soviet Union conducts nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya: On October 1, 1981, the Soviet Union conducted a nuclear test at the Novaya Zemlya test site. The test, identified as 580-4, took place at 12:14:57.2 MSK (Moscow Standard Time) in the Matochkin Shar region of Novaya Zemlya. The exact yield of the test is not specified in the available sources. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Oct Reagan announces B-1 bomber and MX missile program: On October 2, 1981, President Ronald Reagan announced a comprehensive strategic modernization program, including the procurement of 100 B-1B bombers and the deployment of 100 MX missiles. The B-1B bombers were intended to replace the aging B-52 fleet, while the MX missiles aimed to enhance the United States' nuclear deterrent capabilities. This decision marked a significant shift in U.S. defense strategy during the early 1980s. source: washingtonpost.com
03 Oct Maze Prison hunger strike ends after seven months: On October 3, 1981, the seven-month-long hunger strike by Irish nationalist prisoners at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland concluded. Initiated by Bobby Sands on March 1, 1981, the protest aimed to restore political status to prisoners. The strike resulted in the deaths of ten inmates, including Sands, who died on May 5, 1981. The remaining six prisoners ended their fast on October 3, 1981, following intervention by their families and religious leaders. source: news.bbc.co.uk
04 Oct Portland Ping Team Championship held in 1981: The Portland Ping Team Championship was an LPGA Tour event held from 1979 to 1982. In 1981, the tournament was played at Riverside Golf & Country Club in Portland, Oregon. The event was part of the LPGA Tour's schedule during that period. source: espn.com
05 Oct Raoul Wallenberg becomes honorary U.S. citizen: On October 5, 1981, Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg was posthumously granted honorary U.S. citizenship by President Ronald Reagan. Wallenberg, who saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews during World War II, was arrested by Soviet forces in 1945, and his fate remains uncertain. This honor was previously awarded only to Sir Winston Churchill in 1963. source: reaganlibrary.gov
06 Oct Assassination of Anwar Sadat during military parade: Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated on October 6, 1981, during a military parade in Cairo. The assassination was carried out by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, who opposed Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. This event marked a significant turning point in Egyptian politics and had lasting implications for the region. source: britannica.com
07 Oct Hosni Mubarak becomes acting president of Egypt: On October 7, 1981, Hosni Mubarak was appointed as the acting president of Egypt following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. Mubarak, who was then the Vice President, took over the leadership during a critical time in Egyptian history, eventually becoming the full president. His presidency lasted until 2011, marking a significant era in Egypt's political landscape. source: britannica.com
08 Oct Cagney & Lacey TV series premiere: The pilot episode of 'Cagney & Lacey' aired on October 8, 1981, featuring Loretta Swit as Christine Cagney and Tyne Daly as Mary Beth Lacey. The series officially premiered on March 25, 1982, with Meg Foster replacing Swit in the role of Cagney. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Oct France abolishes capital punishment: On October 9, 1981, France abolished the death penalty under the Act of 9 October 1981, following a commitment by Justice Minister Robert Badinter. This law was a significant step in France's campaign to promote human dignity. The abolition was incorporated into the Constitution of the Fifth Republic by the Constitutional Act of 23 February 2007, which stipulates that "no one shall be sentenced to death." source: diplomatie.gouv.fr
10 Oct Massive anti-nuclear protest in Bonn: On October 10, 1981, between 250,000 and 300,000 people gathered in Bonn, West Germany, to protest NATO's decision to deploy U.S.-made, medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe. The demonstration, the largest in post-war Germany, featured speeches from prominent figures like Heinrich Böll and Coretta Scott King, and concluded with a peaceful rally in the Hofgarten park. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Oct Minnesota Vikings defeat San Diego Chargers 33-31 in dramatic game: On October 11, 1981, the Minnesota Vikings secured a 33-31 victory over the San Diego Chargers at Jack Murphy Stadium. Vikings quarterback Tommy Kramer threw for 444 yards and four touchdowns, including a game-winning 38-yard field goal by Rick Danmeier as time expired. The game featured multiple lead changes and significant performances from both teams. source: pro-football-reference.com
12 Oct 15th Country Music Association Awards held on October 12, 1981: The 15th annual Country Music Association Awards took place on October 12, 1981, at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville, Tennessee. Hosted by Mac Davis and Barbara Mandrell, the ceremony honored outstanding achievements in country music. Notable winners included Barbara Mandrell, who was named Entertainer of the Year and Female Vocalist of the Year, and George Jones, who received the Male Vocalist of the Year award. The event was televised live on CBS. source: upi.com
13 Oct James Tobin awarded Nobel Prize in Economics: James Tobin, an American economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981 for his analysis of financial markets and his contributions to the theory of portfolio selection. His work has had a significant impact on economic theory and practice, particularly in understanding how financial markets operate. Tobin's influential ideas continue to shape economic policies and financial strategies today. source: britannica.com
14 Oct Hosni Mubarak becomes President of Egypt: Hosni Mubarak was sworn in as the President of Egypt on October 14, 1981, following the assassination of Anwar Sadat. Mubarak, who had been serving as Vice President, led Egypt for nearly 30 years until his resignation in 2011 during the Arab Spring protests. His presidency was marked by a focus on stability and economic reform, but also faced criticism for authoritarian practices. source: bbc.com
15 Oct Formation of Metallica in Los Angeles: Metallica was formed on October 15, 1981, in Los Angeles, California, by drummer Lars Ulrich and guitarist James Hetfield. The band quickly gained popularity in the heavy metal scene, becoming one of the most influential and commercially successful bands in music history. Their unique blend of thrash metal and powerful lyrics has left a lasting impact on the genre. source: britannica.com
16 Oct Death of Moshe Dayan, prominent Israeli military leader: Moshe Dayan, a key figure in Israeli military history and politics, passed away on October 16, 1981. He served as the Minister of Defense during the Six-Day War and was known for his role in shaping Israel's military strategy and foreign policy. His death marked the end of an era in Israeli leadership. source: britannica.com
17 Oct Pope John Paul II meets Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarch Abuna Takla Haymanot: On October 17, 1981, Pope John Paul II welcomed Abuna Takla Haymanot, Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, at Castel Gandolfo. The meeting emphasized the shared Christian faith and the importance of unity among Christians. Pope John Paul II highlighted the need for increased direct contacts and theological dialogue to achieve full reconciliation and unity. source: vatican.va
18 Oct Greece's first socialist government formed under PASOK: On October 18, 1981, Greece's Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), led by Andreas Papandreou, won a decisive victory in the parliamentary elections, securing 48.1% of the vote and 172 seats in the 300-member Hellenic Parliament. This marked the establishment of Greece's first socialist government since 1924. Papandreou's campaign focused on withdrawing Greece from NATO and the European Economic Community, though his policies evolved post-election. The victory was seen as a significant shift in Greece's political landscape. source: washingtonpost.com
19 Oct Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for laser spectroscopy: In 1981, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow for their contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy. Their work advanced the understanding of atomic and molecular properties through laser light interactions. The prize was shared with Kai M. Siegbahn for his development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy. source: nobelprize.org
20 Oct Truck bomb explodes outside Antwerp synagogue, killing three: On October 20, 1981, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in Antwerp, Belgium, shortly before Simchat Torah services were to begin. The blast resulted in three fatalities and 106 injuries, with extensive damage to the synagogue and surrounding buildings. The Palestinian terrorist group Black September claimed responsibility for the attack. source: upi.com
21 Oct Andreas Papandreou becomes Greece's first socialist prime minister: On October 21, 1981, Andreas Papandreou was sworn in as Greece's first socialist prime minister, leading the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) to a decisive victory in the national elections. His administration introduced significant social reforms, including the establishment of the National Health System and expanded welfare programs, marking a transformative period in Greek politics. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Oct Launch of TGV railway service in France: The TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) railway service was officially launched in France on October 22, 1981. This high-speed train service revolutionized rail travel in the country, significantly reducing travel times between major cities. The inaugural route connected Paris and Lyon, marking a significant advancement in rail technology and infrastructure. source: britannica.com
23 Oct Ayman al-Zawahiri arrested in Egypt: On October 23, 1981, Ayman al-Zawahiri was arrested in Egypt on suspicion of involvement in the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. He was later acquitted of direct involvement in the assassination but was convicted of illegal arms possession and sentenced to three years in prison. During his imprisonment, he was reportedly subjected to torture, which intensified his militancy. source: britannica.com
24 Oct Zac Posen's birth date confirmed: Zac Posen, the renowned American fashion designer, was born on October 24, 1981. He is known for his elegant designs and has gained significant recognition in the fashion industry. Posen has dressed numerous celebrities and has been a prominent figure in fashion shows worldwide. source: biography.com
25 Oct Massive anti-cruise missile demonstration in Brussels: On October 25, 1981, over 200,000 demonstrators marched through Brussels to protest the deployment of U.S. cruise missiles in Belgium. The protest was part of a broader European movement against nuclear weapons, with similar demonstrations occurring in Paris and Oslo on the same day. The Brussels march was one of the largest anti-nuclear demonstrations in the city's history. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Oct Muhammad Ali's boxing comeback against Trevor Berbick: On October 26, 1981, Muhammad Ali made his boxing comeback in a match against Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas. This fight was notable as it marked Ali's return to the ring after a three-year hiatus, although he lost the match by unanimous decision. The event was significant in boxing history, showcasing Ali's enduring legacy despite his declining physical condition. source: britannica.com
27 Oct Soviet submarine S-363 runs aground in Swedish waters: On October 27, 1981, the Soviet submarine S-363 ran aground in Gåsefjärden, near the Swedish naval base at Karlskrona. The incident, often referred to as the "Whiskey on the Rocks" event, led to heightened tensions between Sweden and the Soviet Union. Swedish authorities discovered uranium-238 aboard the submarine, suggesting the presence of nuclear weapons. Despite this, Sweden allowed the submarine to depart after a brief period. source: washingtonpost.com
28 Oct Metallica founded in Los Angeles: Metallica, the iconic heavy metal band, was founded on October 28, 1981, in Los Angeles, California. The band was formed by drummer Lars Ulrich and guitarist/vocalist James Hetfield, and it has since become one of the most successful and influential bands in the history of music. Their unique sound and powerful performances have garnered a massive global following. source: britannica.com
29 Oct Death of Georges Brassens, legendary French poet-songwriter: Georges Brassens, a prominent French poet and songwriter, passed away on October 29, 1981. Known for his profound lyrics and unique musical style, Brassens left a lasting impact on French music and culture. His works continue to be celebrated for their poetic depth and social commentary. source: britannica.com
31 Oct First live radio drama in 25 years: On October 31, 1981, NBC broadcast 'Halloween Story,' marking the first live radio drama in 25 years. The performance featured adaptations of Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Black Cat' and George Toudouze's 'Three Skeleton Key,' with a cast including John Carradine, John Houseman, June Lockhart, and Lynn Redgrave. Directed by Dick Orkin and written by Richard Proctor, the broadcast was a fundraiser for UNICEF. source: podcastaddict.com
01 Nov Antigua and Barbuda gains independence from the United Kingdom: Antigua and Barbuda officially gained independence from the United Kingdom on November 1, 1981. This marked a significant milestone in the nation's history, allowing it to establish its own government and constitution while remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The independence was celebrated with various ceremonies and events across the islands. source: britannica.com
02 Nov Antigua and Barbuda gains independence from the United Kingdom: Antigua and Barbuda became an independent nation on November 2, 1981, after gaining sovereignty from British colonial rule. This marked a significant milestone in the Caribbean's decolonization process, allowing the nation to establish its own government and constitution. The independence is celebrated annually as a national holiday in Antigua and Barbuda. source: britannica.com
03 Nov Rollie Fingers wins AL Cy Young Award: On November 3, 1981, Rollie Fingers, the 35-year-old relief ace of the Milwaukee Brewers, was named the American League's Cy Young Award winner. Fingers led the league with 28 saves and posted a 1.04 earned run average in 78 innings pitched. He received 22 first-place votes, surpassing Steve McCatty of the Oakland A's, who finished second with 84.5 points. source: upi.com
04 Nov Dr. George Nichopoulos acquitted in Elvis Presley drug prescription case: Dr. George Nichopoulos, Elvis Presley's personal physician, was acquitted on November 4, 1981, of 11 counts of overprescribing addictive drugs to Presley and other patients. The jury found that Nichopoulos acted in the best interests of his patients, despite evidence of extensive drug prescriptions. In 1995, the Tennessee Board of Medical Examiners permanently suspended his medical license for overprescribing to numerous patients. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Nov Fernando Valenzuela wins historic Cy Young Award: In 1981, Fernando Valenzuela, a rookie pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers, won the National League Cy Young Award, becoming the first rookie to receive this honor. He finished the season with a 13-7 record, a 2.48 ERA, and led the league with 180 strikeouts. Valenzuela also won the Rookie of the Year award that year. source: britannica.com
07 Nov Space Shuttle Columbia's second launch (STS-2): The Space Shuttle Columbia launched for its second mission, STS-2, on November 7, 1981. This mission marked the first time a shuttle was reused, following its initial flight in April 1981. STS-2 successfully completed a series of tests and experiments, further demonstrating the shuttle's capabilities for future missions. source: nasa.gov
08 Nov Belgian general election held on November 8, 1981: Belgium held its general elections on November 8, 1981, marking the first time the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. The Christian People's Party (CVP) emerged as the largest party, securing 43 of the 212 seats in the Chamber of Representatives, a significant decrease from their previous 57 seats. The Socialist Party (PS) and the Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV) also gained seats, while the Liberal Reformist Party (PRL) and the Flemish nationalist party VU made notable gains. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Nov Mauritania abolishes slavery in 1981: On November 9, 1981, Mauritania became the last country to officially abolish slavery. Despite the legal abolition, the practice persisted in various forms, leading to ongoing human rights concerns. The government has faced criticism for not effectively enforcing the law against slavery and for the continued existence of bonded labor in some communities. source: bbc.com
10 Nov Disney and Westinghouse announce family-oriented cable service: On November 10, 1981, Walt Disney Productions and Westinghouse Broadcasting announced a partnership to launch a family-oriented cable television service. This collaboration led to the creation of The Disney Channel, which began broadcasting in April 1983. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Nov Gulf Cooperation Council established: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was established on November 11, 1981, to foster economic, political, and security cooperation among its member states: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. The formation aimed to enhance regional stability and promote collaboration in various sectors, including trade and defense. source: britannica.com
12 Nov Space Shuttle Columbia's second launch on November 12, 1981: The Space Shuttle Columbia launched for its second mission, STS-2, on November 12, 1981. This mission marked the first time a reusable spacecraft was flown a second time, demonstrating the shuttle's capabilities for future missions. The flight lasted nearly 3 days, with a successful landing on November 14, 1981. source: nasa.gov
13 Nov First use of Canadarm in space during STS-2 mission: The Canadarm, a robotic arm designed for use in space, was first deployed on November 13, 1981, during NASA's STS-2 mission aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia. This innovative technology played a crucial role in satellite deployment and retrieval, marking a significant advancement in space exploration capabilities. source: nasa.gov
14 Nov Assassination of Robert Bradford, Ulster Unionist MP: On November 14, 1981, Robert Bradford, a 40-year-old Ulster Unionist Party Member of Parliament for South Belfast, was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) during a constituency surgery at Finaghy Community Centre. Kenneth Campbell, the centre's caretaker, was also killed in the attack. Bradford was known for his hardline unionist views and support for more vigorous security measures in Northern Ireland. source: britannica.com
15 Nov Abdus Sattar confirmed as President of Bangladesh: On November 15, 1981, Abdus Sattar was elected as the President of Bangladesh, succeeding the assassinated Ziaur Rahman. He secured approximately 66% of the vote, defeating his main opponent, Kamal Hossain of the Awami League. The election was marred by allegations of voter intimidation and electoral fraud. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Nov Reagan authorizes covert actions against Nicaragua and El Salvador: On November 16, 1981, President Ronald Reagan approved a plan of covert actions aimed at blocking Cuban aid to Nicaragua and El Salvador. This decision was part of a broader strategy to prevent the spread of communism in Central America. The plan involved supporting anti-Sandinista forces in Nicaragua and countering leftist guerrillas in El Salvador. source: reaganfoundation.org
17 Nov Birth of Sarah Harding, British pop singer: Sarah Harding, a member of the British girl group Girls Aloud, was born on November 17, 1981. She gained fame in the early 2000s and became known for her contributions to pop music and television. Harding's career included various solo projects and appearances in reality TV shows. source: bbc.com
18 Nov Reagan proposes 'Zero Option' for nuclear arms reduction: On November 18, 1981, President Ronald Reagan proposed the 'Zero Option,' offering to cancel the deployment of U.S. intermediate-range missiles in Europe if the Soviet Union dismantled its SS-4, SS-5, and SS-20 missiles targeting Western Europe. This proposal aimed to eliminate an entire class of nuclear missiles from Europe, marking a significant shift from traditional arms control to arms reduction. The Soviet Union dismissed the proposal as unrealistic, and it did not lead to immediate negotiations. source: reaganlibrary.gov
19 Nov Assassination of Griffiths Mxenge: On November 19, 1981, Griffiths Mxenge, a prominent South African civil rights lawyer and anti-apartheid activist, was assassinated in Umlazi township, Durban. He was abducted, stabbed 45 times, and had his throat slit. The perpetrators were later identified as members of the Vlakplaas death squad, led by Dirk Coetzee. In 1989, Butana Almond Nofomela, a former member of the squad, confessed to his involvement in the murder. Despite this, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted amnesty to the perpetrators, and the case remains a significant example of the apartheid regime's covert operations against its opponents. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Nov Bulelani Ngcuka arrested in 1981: In November 1981, Bulelani Ngcuka, a young attorney and anti-apartheid activist, was arrested under the Terrorism Act. He was detained for eight months in solitary confinement and later sentenced to three years in prison for refusing to testify at a high-treason trial. During his imprisonment, he completed his LLB degree through the University of South Africa. source: iol.co.za
21 Nov Mass anti-nuclear missile protest in Amsterdam: On November 21, 1981, approximately 400,000 to 450,000 people participated in a large demonstration in Amsterdam against the deployment of nuclear weapons in Europe. Organized by the Interkerkelijk Vredesberaad (Interdenominational Peace Council) in collaboration with political parties, unions, and peace groups, the protest was the largest in the Netherlands since World War II. Demonstrators marched to express opposition to NATO's plans to station 572 nuclear missiles in Western Europe, including 48 cruise missiles in the Netherlands. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Nov Hans Adolf Krebs, Nobel laureate biochemist, dies at 81: Hans Adolf Krebs, the German-born British biochemist renowned for discovering the citric acid cycle, passed away on November 22, 1981, in Oxford, England, at the age of 81. source: britannica.com
23 Nov Reagan vetoes fiscal year 1982 appropriations resolution: On November 23, 1981, President Ronald Reagan vetoed House Joint Resolution 357, a continuing resolution providing appropriations for fiscal year 1982. Reagan cited concerns over excessive government spending and its impact on inflation and interest rates. The veto led to a partial government shutdown, affecting approximately 241,000 federal employees. Congress subsequently passed a temporary extension to resume government operations. source: reaganlibrary.gov
24 Nov Typhoon Irma strikes Philippines, causing significant damage and fatalities: Typhoon Irma, known locally as Super Typhoon Anding, struck the Philippines on November 24, 1981, with winds up to 150 mph. The typhoon caused widespread damage, including a 50-foot tidal wave that devastated villages in Camarines Sur province, resulting in at least 259 fatalities. Approximately 482,678 people were affected, with nearly 40,000 rendered homeless. The total damage was estimated at $63.3 million (1981 USD). source: upi.com
25 Nov Coup attempt at Seychelles Airport on November 25, 1981: On November 25, 1981, a coup attempt occurred in Seychelles, targeting the government of President France-Albert René. The plot was orchestrated by mercenaries and aimed to overthrow the government, leading to a violent confrontation at the airport. The coup was ultimately unsuccessful, and the event had significant implications for the political landscape of Seychelles. source: bbc.com
26 Nov Spain officially joins NATO: Spain became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on November 26, 1981. This accession marked a significant step in Spain's integration into Western defense structures following the end of Franco's regime. Spain's membership was aimed at enhancing collective security in Europe during the Cold War. source: nato.int
27 Nov Discovery of Buddha's Bone Relics near Beijing in 1981: In November 1981, archaeologists rediscovered two tiny pellets of ash, believed to be the cremated remains of Buddha, in a cave near Beijing's Yunju Temple. These relics, known as sartras, are among the holiest in Buddhism and were found in a cave used to store scriptures on Shijing Mountain. The discovery was announced in April 1987 after researchers confirmed their authenticity. source: upi.com
28 Nov Bear Bryant becomes college football's winningest coach: On November 28, 1981, Paul 'Bear' Bryant surpassed Amos Alonzo Stagg's record of 314 wins by achieving his 315th career victory as head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide, defeating Auburn 28-17 in the Iron Bowl. source: si.edu
29 Nov 1981 Azbakiyah bombing in Damascus: On November 29, 1981, a car bomb exploded in the al-Azbakiyah neighborhood of Damascus, Syria, near a military police office, killing at least 64 people and wounding 135. The Syrian government blamed the Muslim Brotherhood, while a group called the Organisation for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners claimed responsibility. The attack destroyed three five-story apartment buildings and was the fourth bomb attack in the capital since August. source: csmonitor.com
30 Nov U.S. and Soviet Union begin nuclear arms negotiations in Geneva: On November 30, 1981, the United States and the Soviet Union commenced formal negotiations in Geneva aimed at limiting medium-range nuclear weapons in Europe. This marked a significant step in arms control discussions during the Cold War era. source: washingtonpost.com
01 Dec First official recognition of AIDS as a disease: On December 1, 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a report in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) detailing five cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, among previously healthy gay men in Los Angeles. This marked the first official recognition of what would later be known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). source: cdc.gov
02 Dec Spain informs NATO of intention to join: On December 2, 1981, Spain officially notified NATO of its intention to seek membership, marking a significant step in its post-Franco transition towards greater integration with Western institutions. This move was part of Spain's broader efforts to modernize and align itself with European and Atlantic defense structures. source: nato.int
03 Dec Death of Walter Knott, founder of Knott's Berry Farm: Walter Knott, the founder of Knott's Berry Farm, passed away on December 3, 1981, at his home in Buena Park, California, just eight days shy of his 92nd birthday. He died from complications of Parkinson's disease and is buried at Loma Vista Memorial Park in Fullerton, California. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Dec Executive Order 12333—United States Intelligence Activities: On December 4, 1981, President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12333, which redefined the roles and responsibilities of U.S. intelligence agencies, including the CIA. The order authorized the CIA to collect foreign intelligence and conduct counterintelligence activities within the United States, provided these actions were coordinated with the FBI as per procedures agreed upon by the Director of Central Intelligence and the Attorney General. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
05 Dec Marcus Allen wins Heisman Trophy: On December 5, 1981, Marcus Allen of the University of Southern California was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming the first player to rush for over 2,000 yards in a single season. He set 12 NCAA records and led the nation in scoring and all-purpose running. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Dec Gaddafi denies assassination plot against Reagan: On December 6, 1981, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi denied reports that he had dispatched agents to assassinate U.S. officials, including President Ronald Reagan. He criticized Reagan for believing such reports and called him 'silly' and 'ignorant.' In response, the U.S. State Department stated it had 'strong evidence' of the assassination plot. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Dec Spain officially joins NATO: Spain became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on December 7, 1981. This marked a significant step in Spain's integration into Western defense structures following the end of Franco's dictatorship. The accession was part of a broader strategy to enhance security and political stability in Europe during the Cold War. source: nato.int
08 Dec Arthur Scargill elected president of the National Union of Mineworkers: On December 8, 1981, Arthur Scargill was elected president of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), securing approximately 70% of the vote. His election marked a significant shift in the union's leadership, as he succeeded Joe Gormley, who had served as president since 1971. Scargill's tenure was characterized by his militant approach to labor disputes, most notably leading the 1984–1985 miners' strike against the UK government. source: csmonitor.com
09 Dec Murder of Philadelphia Police Officer Daniel Faulkner: On December 9, 1981, at approximately 3:55 a.m., Philadelphia Police Officer Daniel Faulkner conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle driven by William Cook, the brother of Mumia Abu-Jamal. During the stop, Cook assaulted Faulkner, leading to a physical altercation. Abu-Jamal, who was nearby, intervened by shooting Faulkner in the back and face. Faulkner returned fire, wounding Abu-Jamal in the chest. Despite his injuries, Abu-Jamal stood over Faulkner and fired additional shots, fatally wounding him. Abu-Jamal was arrested at the scene, and his revolver, containing five spent cartridges, was found beside him. He was charged with first-degree murder and, after a trial in 1982, was convicted and sentenced to death. The case has been the subject of extensive legal proceedings and public debate over the years. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Dec Spain officially joins NATO: Spain became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on December 10, 1981. This marked a significant step in Spain's integration into Western defense structures following the end of Franco's dictatorship. The accession was part of a broader strategy to enhance security and political stability in Europe during the Cold War. source: nato.int
11 Dec Javier Pérez de Cuéllar becomes UN Secretary-General: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar was appointed as the Secretary-General of the United Nations on December 11, 1981. He served in this role until December 31, 1991, becoming the first Latin American to hold the position. His tenure was marked by efforts to resolve international conflicts and promote peacekeeping initiatives. source: un.org
12 Dec Solidarity's Democratic Push in Poland: On December 12, 1981, the Polish independent trade union Solidarity held a meeting in Gdańsk to discuss lobbying for a referendum aimed at establishing multiparty elections in the Polish People's Republic. This initiative was part of Solidarity's broader efforts to promote democratic reforms within the country. However, the following day, December 13, the government declared martial law, leading to the arrest of Solidarity leaders and the suppression of the movement. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Dec Martial law declared in Poland: On December 13, 1981, the Polish government declared martial law in response to growing unrest and the Solidarity movement. This action was aimed at suppressing opposition and maintaining control amid economic turmoil and political dissent. The martial law lasted until July 22, 1983, leading to significant human rights violations and international condemnation. source: britannica.com
14 Dec Israel passes Golan Heights Law, extending sovereignty: On December 14, 1981, Israel's Knesset enacted the Golan Heights Law, applying Israeli laws, jurisdiction, and administration to the Golan Heights, effectively annexing the territory captured from Syria in 1967. This move was met with international condemnation, leading the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 497, declaring Israel's decision "null and void and without international legal effect." source: washingtonpost.com
15 Dec Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut: On December 15, 1981, a suicide car bombing targeted the Iraqi embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, resulting in the deaths of 61 people, including Iraq's ambassador to Lebanon, Abdul Razzak Lafta, and injuring at least 100 others. The attack was attributed to the Shi'a Islamist group al-Dawa, which had been involved in anti-Baathist activities and had received support from Iran during the Iran-Iraq War. The bombing is considered one of the earliest modern suicide attacks and foreshadowed subsequent attacks in the region. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Dec Pacification of Wujek: Polish authorities suppress miners' strike, resulting in nine deaths: On December 16, 1981, Polish authorities forcibly suppressed a miners' strike at the Wujek Coal Mine in Katowice, leading to the deaths of nine miners. The miners had been protesting against the imposition of martial law and the arrest of their union leader. The crackdown involved riot police and military units, who used live ammunition to disperse the protesters. This event remains one of the most tragic incidents during Poland's martial law period. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Dec Red Brigades kidnap Brigadier General James L. Dozier: On December 17, 1981, the Red Brigades, an Italian terrorist group, kidnapped Brigadier General James L. Dozier in Verona, Italy. The general was held captive for 42 days before being rescued by Italian authorities in a police operation. This incident highlighted the ongoing conflict between the Italian government and leftist extremist groups during that period. source: britannica.com
18 Dec First flight of Tu-160 strategic bomber: The Tupolev Tu-160, a supersonic, variable-sweep wing heavy strategic bomber, made its maiden flight on December 18, 1981. Designed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet Union, the Tu-160 entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1987. It is capable of carrying nuclear and conventional weapons deep into enemy territory. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Dec 7.2 magnitude earthquake in the Aegean Sea near Greece and Turkey: On December 19, 1981, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Aegean Sea, approximately 61 kilometers west of Eresós, Greece. The tremor was felt across the region, causing some damage, though no fatalities were reported. This event was part of a series of significant earthquakes in the area during that period. source: pubs.usgs.gov
20 Dec Penlee Lifeboat Disaster occurred on December 20, 1981: The Penlee Lifeboat Disaster took place off the coast of Cornwall, England, when the lifeboat Solomon Browne capsized while attempting to rescue the crew of the stricken vessel Union Star during a severe storm. All eight crew members of the lifeboat lost their lives, marking it as one of the UK's most tragic maritime disasters. The event led to significant changes in lifeboat operations and safety protocols. source: bbc.com
21 Dec Treaty establishing the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa signed in Lusaka: On December 21, 1981, in Lusaka, Zambia, the Treaty establishing the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) for Eastern and Southern Africa was signed. This agreement aimed to promote economic integration among member states by reducing trade barriers and fostering regional cooperation. The PTA served as a precursor to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), which was later established in 1994. source: globaledge.msu.edu
22 Dec Leopoldo Galtieri becomes President of Argentina: On December 22, 1981, General Leopoldo Galtieri was appointed President of Argentina, succeeding Roberto Eduardo Viola. Galtieri's rise to power marked a significant shift in the military junta's leadership during a period of economic crisis and political unrest. source: washingtonpost.com
23 Dec Geoffrey Boycott surpasses Garfield Sobers' Test run record: On December 23, 1981, during the third Test match between England and India in Delhi, Geoffrey Boycott became the first player to exceed 8,032 Test runs, surpassing Garfield Sobers' long-standing record. Boycott achieved this milestone by scoring a century in the first innings, contributing to England's total of 428/4. This achievement was commemorated with a bat inscribed with the details of the match and his record-breaking century. source: theguardian.com
25 Dec Brezhnev's letter to Reagan on Poland's martial law: On December 25, 1981, Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sent a letter to U.S. President Ronald Reagan, expressing strong disapproval of U.S. interference in Poland's internal affairs following the imposition of martial law. Brezhnev condemned the U.S. stance as unacceptable and urged an end to such actions. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Dec Australia defeats West Indies by 58 runs in 1st Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground: On December 26, 1981, Australia faced the West Indies in the first Test match of the series at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Australia batted first, scoring 198 runs in their first innings, with Kim Hughes contributing a significant 100 not out. The West Indies responded with 201 runs in their first innings. In their second innings, Australia added 222 runs, setting a target of 220 runs for the West Indies. The West Indies were all out for 161 runs, leading to an Australian victory by 58 runs. Kim Hughes was named Player of the Match for his outstanding performance. source: espncricinfo.com
27 Dec Wayne Gretzky reaches 100 points in 38 games: On December 27, 1981, Wayne Gretzky achieved his 100th point of the 1981–82 NHL season in just 38 games, setting a new record for the fastest to reach 100 points. In a game against the Los Angeles Kings, he scored four goals and added an assist, bringing his season total to 45 goals and 55 assists. This milestone underscored Gretzky's exceptional scoring prowess and solidified his reputation as one of the greatest hockey players of all time. source: thepinkpuck.com
28 Dec First American test-tube baby born: On December 28, 1981, Elizabeth Jordan Carr became the first baby born in the United States through in vitro fertilization (IVF). Delivered at Norfolk General Hospital in Virginia, she weighed 5 pounds, 12 ounces. The procedure was conducted at Eastern Virginia Medical School under the direction of Drs. Howard and Georgeanna Seegar Jones, pioneers in reproductive medicine. source: washingtonpost.com
29 Dec Angela Via, American singer: Angela Via, born Angela Jolene Trullinger Villarreal on December 29, 1981, in Raymondville, Texas, is an American singer and songwriter known for her pop music recordings in both English and Spanish. She began her career in the late 1990s, gaining recognition with her single "Catch Me If You Can," which appeared on the Pokémon: The First Movie soundtrack. Her self-titled debut album was released in 2000 by Atlantic Records. source: music.apple.com
30 Dec Wayne Gretzky scores 50 goals in 39 games: On December 30, 1981, Wayne Gretzky achieved a remarkable milestone by scoring his 50th goal of the 1981–82 NHL season in just 39 games. This record-breaking performance occurred during a 7–5 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers, where Gretzky netted five goals, including an empty-netter with three seconds remaining to secure the win. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 50 goals in 50 games, set by Maurice Richard in 1945 and matched by Mike Bossy in 1981. source: nhl.com
31 Dec Ghanaian military coup d'état: On December 31, 1981, Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led a military coup in Ghana, overthrowing President Hilla Limann's government. Rawlings established the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), marking his second time in power after a previous coup in 1979. The PNDC ruled Ghana until 1993, implementing various economic and political reforms during its tenure. source: britannica.com

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