Major Events of 1985: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1985, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1985 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan First mobile phone call in the UK made in 1985: The first mobile phone call in the UK was made on January 1, 1985, by Vodafone's chairman Sir Ernest Harrison. This historic call marked the beginning of mobile telecommunications in the UK, using the first commercial mobile network. The call was made from London to a colleague in Birmingham, showcasing the potential of mobile technology. source: bbc.com
02 Jan Brigham Young University claims 1984 college football national championship: Brigham Young University (BYU) was recognized as the 1984 college football national champion after finishing the season with a 13-0 record. The Cougars secured the title by defeating Michigan 24-17 in the Holiday Bowl on December 21, 1984. Despite some controversy over their strength of schedule, BYU was ranked number one in both the Associated Press (AP) and Coaches' polls, earning them the consensus national championship. source: byucougars.com
03 Jan Israel airlifts thousands of Ethiopian Jews amid famine: In early January 1985, Israel initiated a covert operation to airlift thousands of Ethiopian Jews, known as Falashas, from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel. This effort aimed to rescue them from the severe famine in Ethiopia, which had resulted in the deaths of 300,000 people the previous year. The operation was conducted in secrecy to protect the refugees and maintain diplomatic relations. source: upi.com
04 Jan First British mobile phone call made on January 4, 1985: The first mobile phone call in the UK was made on January 4, 1985, by Vodafone's chairman, Sir Ernest Harrison. The call was made using a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, marking a significant milestone in telecommunications history. This event paved the way for the widespread adoption of mobile technology in the UK and beyond. source: bbc.com
05 Jan Operation Moses: Airlift of Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel: Operation Moses was a covert mission conducted between November 21, 1984, and January 5, 1985, during which approximately 8,000 Ethiopian Jews were airlifted from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel. The operation was a collaborative effort involving the Israel Defense Forces, the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States embassy in Khartoum, mercenaries, and Sudanese state security forces. The mission concluded on January 5, 1985, after Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres confirmed the airlift in a press conference, leading Sudan to halt the operation due to international pressure. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jan Miami Dolphins defeat Pittsburgh Steelers 45-28 in AFC Championship: On January 6, 1985, the Miami Dolphins secured a 45-28 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game at the Orange Bowl in Miami. Quarterback Dan Marino led the Dolphins with 421 passing yards and four touchdowns, while the defense intercepted Steelers quarterback Mark Malone three times. This win advanced the Dolphins to Super Bowl XIX. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Jan Japan launches first deep space probe, Sakigake: On January 7, 1985, Japan launched its first deep space probe, Sakigake, from the Uchinoura Space Center. Designed to study Halley's Comet, Sakigake became Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe launched by any country other than the United States or the Soviet Union. source: upi.com
08 Jan ANC's 73rd Anniversary Statement Highlights Anti-Apartheid Struggle: On January 8, 1985, the African National Congress (ANC) marked its 73rd anniversary with a statement emphasizing the intensification of the anti-apartheid struggle. The statement called for unity among oppressed groups, highlighted the crisis of the apartheid economy, and paid tribute to the sacrifices of liberation heroes. It also underscored the importance of cultural workers in the liberation movement and the need for international solidarity against apartheid. source: sahistory.org.za
09 Jan First British mobile phone call made by Vodafone: On January 9, 1985, the first mobile phone call in the UK was made by Vodafone's chairman, Sir Ernest Harrison, using a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. This marked a significant milestone in telecommunications, paving the way for the mobile phone industry in Britain. The call was made from London to a colleague in the Vodafone office, demonstrating the potential of mobile technology. source: bbc.com
10 Jan Daniel Ortega inaugurated as President of Nicaragua: On January 10, 1985, Daniel Ortega was sworn in as the first elected president of Nicaragua since the Sandinista revolution in 1979. In his inaugural address, Ortega offered amnesty to U.S.-backed rebels and emphasized Nicaragua's desire to normalize relations with the United States. The ceremony was attended by 350 guests from 46 countries, including Cuban President Fidel Castro. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Jan Rock in Rio: Landmark Music Festival Debuts: The inaugural Rock in Rio music festival commenced on January 11, 1985, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Held over ten days, it attracted approximately 1.38 million attendees. The festival featured prominent international artists such as Queen, AC/DC, Rod Stewart, and Yes, each headlining for two nights. The event was notable for its large-scale production, including the construction of the 'City of Rock,' a venue covering 250,000 square meters. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Jan San Antonio records historic snowfall on January 12, 1985: On January 12, 1985, San Antonio experienced its heaviest snowfall on record, with 13.5 inches accumulating over a 24-hour period. This unprecedented event led to school and business closures, as well as significant disruptions to daily life. The snowfall was the result of a rare combination of cold fronts and moisture, creating ideal conditions for such an event in South Texas. source: ksat.com
13 Jan Awash rail disaster in Ethiopia: On January 13, 1985, an express train derailed on a curved bridge over the Awash River gorge in Ethiopia, resulting in at least 428 fatalities and over 500 injuries. The train, traveling from Dire Dawa to Addis Ababa, was reportedly overcrowded with approximately 1,000 passengers. The Ethiopian Ministry of Transportation attributed the accident to excessive speed on the curve, leading to the arrest of the train's engineer. source: latimes.com
14 Jan US indicts sanctuary providers for Central American refugees: On January 14, 1985, a federal grand jury indicted 16 individuals associated with the Sanctuary Movement, a network of U.S. churches offering refuge to Central American refugees fleeing civil conflicts. The charges included harboring and transporting illegal aliens under 8 U.S.C. § 1324. This legal action intensified debates over the movement's humanitarian efforts and U.S. immigration policies. source: usccb.org
15 Jan John Ashbery and Fred Chappell awarded Bollingen Prize for Poetry: On January 15, 1985, poets John Ashbery and Fred Chappell were named recipients of the Bollingen Prize in Poetry by the Yale University Library. Each was honored for their body of work and received a $2,500 award. Ashbery, a professor at Brooklyn College, had authored over 15 volumes of poetry and was also an editor, novelist, and playwright. Chappell, a professor at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, had written eight books of poetry. The selection committee included poet and critic Annie Dillard, poet Richard Howard, and literary critic Louis Rubin. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Jan Playboy magazine eliminates staples from centerfold: In January 1985, Playboy magazine removed staples from its centerfolds to prevent damage when readers detached the pages. This change aimed to make the centerfold easier to remove without tearing the image. source: dve.iheart.com
17 Jan British Telecom announces retirement of red telephone boxes: On January 17, 1985, British Telecom (BT) announced plans to replace the traditional red telephone boxes with the new KX series, citing issues such as high maintenance costs, vandalism, and lack of accessibility. This decision led to public outcry, with many local authorities using legislation to protect the iconic kiosks, resulting in around 2,000 being given listed status. source: theguardian.com
18 Jan Historic Arctic Cold Wave of 1985: In January 1985, a severe Arctic cold wave impacted the United States, beginning on January 18. This event led to record-low temperatures across the country, including a state record low of -34°F at Mount Mitchell, North Carolina. The cold wave resulted in at least 126 fatalities and caused significant damage to Florida's citrus industry, with losses estimated at $1.2 billion. The extreme cold also led to the cancellation of President Ronald Reagan's inauguration parade due to wind chills colder than -10°F in Washington, D.C. source: weather.gov
19 Jan Eric Voegelin, influential philosopher, dies at 84: Eric Voegelin, a German-American political philosopher renowned for his work on modern political thought and the philosophy of history, passed away on January 19, 1985, in Stanford, California. He was 84 years old at the time of his death. source: britannica.com
20 Jan Chicago's record low temperature of -27°F on January 20, 1985: On January 20, 1985, Chicago recorded its coldest temperature ever at O'Hare International Airport, reaching -27°F. This extreme cold was accompanied by wind chills as low as -60°F, caused by sustained winds around 25 mph. The Arctic air mass that led to this record-breaking cold also affected other parts of the United States, with cities like St. Louis and Pittsburgh experiencing similarly low temperatures. source: weather.gov
21 Jan Reagan's second inauguration moved indoors due to severe cold: On January 21, 1985, President Ronald Reagan's second inauguration was relocated indoors to the Capitol Rotunda because of extreme cold temperatures, with wind chills reaching -25°F. The decision was made to ensure the safety of attendees, as exposed skin could freeze within minutes under such conditions. This marked the first time a U.S. presidential inauguration was held indoors since 1909. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Jan Florida citrus industry devastated by record cold wave: In January 1985, a severe cold wave, termed the "Freeze of the Century," struck Florida, causing extensive damage to the state's citrus industry. Temperatures plummeted to record lows, freezing oranges and potentially destroying thousands of trees, particularly in the northern regions of Florida's citrus belt. The freeze led to significant economic losses, with the government estimating a 13% reduction in the citrus crop, amounting to 104 million boxes, and a yield of 1.33 gallons of frozen concentrated juice per box, down from 1.46 gallons before the freeze. source: upi.com
23 Jan First televised debate in the House of Lords: On January 23, 1985, the House of Lords held its first televised debate, marking a significant milestone in parliamentary transparency. The debate, broadcast on BBC2, featured former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, aged 90, delivering a notable speech on the economy. This event was part of a six-month experiment that eventually led to the permanent televising of parliamentary proceedings. source: parliament.uk
24 Jan STS-51-C: First Department of Defense Space Shuttle Mission: STS-51-C, launched on January 24, 1985, was the 15th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third flight of Space Shuttle Discovery. This mission marked the first dedicated to the U.S. Department of Defense, deploying a classified payload. The crew included Commander Thomas K. Mattingly II, Pilot Loren J. Shriver, Mission Specialists Ellison S. Onizuka and James F. Buchli, and Payload Specialist Gary E. Payton. The mission lasted 3 days, 1 hour, 33 minutes, and 23 seconds, completing 49 orbits before landing at Kennedy Space Center on January 27, 1985. source: nasa.gov
25 Jan Wasim Akram's Test cricket debut against New Zealand in Auckland: Wasim Akram made his Test cricket debut for Pakistan against New Zealand at Eden Park, Auckland, from January 25 to 28, 1985. In his debut match, Akram took two wickets for 105 runs in 34.4 overs, dismissing John Wright and Ian Smith. Despite his efforts, Pakistan lost the match by an innings and 99 runs. source: pcb.com.pk
26 Jan Wayne Gretzky scores 50th goal in 49th game of 1984–85 season: On January 26, 1985, Wayne Gretzky scored his 50th goal in the Edmonton Oilers' 49th game of the 1984–85 NHL season, achieving the milestone on his 24th birthday. He completed a hat trick in a 6–3 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins, with his 50th goal being the first of his three goals in that game. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Jan Space Shuttle Discovery returns from Mission 51-C: On January 27, 1985, Space Shuttle Discovery completed its third mission, STS-51-C, by landing at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The mission, lasting 3 days, 1 hour, 33 minutes, and 23 seconds, was the first dedicated to the Department of Defense, deploying a classified payload into orbit. The crew included Commander Thomas K. Mattingly II, Pilot Loren J. Shriver, Mission Specialists Ellison S. Onizuka and James F. Buchli, and Payload Specialist Gary E. Payton. source: nasa.gov
28 Jan We Are the World recording took place on January 28, 1985: The recording of "We Are the World" occurred on January 28, 1985, featuring 45 prominent artists. This charity single aimed to raise funds for famine relief in Africa, particularly Ethiopia. The song was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and produced by Quincy Jones and Michael Omartian, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. source: grammy.com
29 Jan Oxford University denies Thatcher honorary degree: On January 29, 1985, Oxford University's governing assembly, Congregation, voted 738 to 319 against awarding Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher an honorary doctorate. This unprecedented decision was a protest against her government's cuts in education funding, marking the first time an Oxford-educated prime minister was denied this honor. source: theguardian.com
30 Jan Birth of Argentine tennis player Gisela Dulko: Gisela Dulko, a professional tennis player from Argentina, was born on January 30, 1985. She achieved significant success in her career, including winning multiple WTA titles and reaching the doubles world No. 1 ranking. Dulko is also known for her contributions to Argentine tennis and her participation in the Fed Cup. source: wtatennis.com
31 Jan Nelson Mandela rejects conditional release offer from President P.W. Botha: On January 31, 1985, South African President P.W. Botha offered Nelson Mandela conditional release from prison, requiring him to renounce violence as a means of political protest. Mandela rejected the offer, stating that he could not accept freedom while the African National Congress remained banned and apartheid policies were in place. He emphasized that only free men could negotiate, and prisoners could not enter into contracts. source: upi.com
01 Feb Brian Boitano wins U.S. Men's Figure Skating Championship: On February 1, 1985, Brian Boitano secured his first U.S. Men's Figure Skating Championship title in Kansas City, Missouri, landing seven triple jumps in his free skate. This victory marked his emergence as a leading figure in American figure skating, following the retirement of Olympic champion Scott Hamilton. source: latimes.com
02 Feb Foreigner's 'I Want To Know What Love Is' tops US charts: On February 2, 1985, Foreigner's power ballad 'I Want To Know What Love Is' reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, marking the band's first and only chart-topping single in the United States. The song also achieved number one status in the United Kingdom on January 15, 1985, and topped charts in several other countries, including Australia, Canada, and Sweden. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Feb JoAnne Carner wins Elizabeth Arden Classic in 1985: JoAnne Carner secured her 42nd LPGA Tour victory at the Elizabeth Arden Classic on February 3, 1985, finishing with a score of 280 (−8). She won by a six-stroke margin over Jane Blalock. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Feb New Zealand denies USS Buchanan port entry over nuclear concerns: On February 4, 1985, New Zealand's Labour government, led by Prime Minister David Lange, refused the USS Buchanan entry into its ports. The refusal was based on the U.S. policy of neither confirming nor denying the presence of nuclear weapons aboard its ships, which conflicted with New Zealand's commitment to a nuclear-free policy. This decision led to a significant deterioration in diplomatic relations between the two nations. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Feb Birth of Cristiano Ronaldo: Cristiano Ronaldo, a renowned Portuguese professional footballer, was born on February 5, 1985, in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time, having achieved numerous awards and records throughout his career. Ronaldo's impact on the sport has made him a global icon. source: britannica.com
06 Feb New Edition's "Mr. Telephone Man" tops R&B charts: On February 6, 1985, New Edition's single "Mr. Telephone Man" reached number one on the Billboard R&B singles chart. The song was part of their second studio album, 'New Edition,' released in 1984. source: en.wikipedia.org
07 Feb Steve Wozniak departs Apple Computer: On February 7, 1985, Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computer, announced his departure from the company. He cited disagreements with Apple's management over the company's direction and expressed frustration with the rigidity of its corporate bureaucracy. Wozniak stated that the Apple II, which had been central to Apple's success, was being neglected in favor of newer products. Despite leaving his executive role, he remained on Apple's payroll as an engineering consultant. source: tech-insider.org
08 Feb Kim Dae Jung returns to South Korea after exile: On February 8, 1985, former South Korean opposition leader Kim Dae Jung returned to South Korea after years of exile. His return marked a significant moment in South Korea's political landscape, as he had been a prominent figure in the pro-democracy movement against the authoritarian regime. Kim's return was celebrated by supporters and symbolized a shift towards greater political openness in the country. source: bbc.com
09 Feb Murder of DEA Agent Enrique Camarena in Mexico: Enrique 'Kiki' Camarena, a DEA agent, was abducted on February 7, 1985, in Guadalajara, Mexico, by individuals associated with the Guadalajara Cartel. He was tortured for over 30 hours and murdered on February 9, 1985. His body was discovered on March 5, 1985, in Michoacán state. The murder led to extensive investigations and trials, resulting in convictions of several cartel members.
10 Feb Nelson Mandela rejects conditional release offer from South African government: On February 10, 1985, Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), rejected a conditional release offer from President P.W. Botha. The government had proposed releasing Mandela if he renounced violence as a political instrument. In his response, read by his daughter Zindzi at a Soweto rally, Mandela stated he would not sell his birthright or that of his people to be free, emphasizing that their freedom was inseparable. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Feb Jordan and PLO agree on Middle East peace plan: On February 11, 1985, Jordan's King Hussein and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat agreed to collaborate on a Middle East peace settlement. The accord called for Israel's withdrawal from occupied territories in exchange for peace and recognition of Israel's right to exist. The plan proposed a confederation between Jordan and a Palestinian state, with a joint delegation to negotiate with Israel. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Feb Michael Jordan makes his NBA debut with the Chicago Bulls: Michael Jordan made his NBA debut on February 12, 1985, playing for the Chicago Bulls against the Philadelphia 76ers. In this game, he scored 16 points, showcasing his potential as a future basketball star. This debut marked the beginning of a legendary career that would redefine the sport. source: nba.com
13 Feb Seven Solidarity activists arrested in Poland: On February 13, 1985, Polish secret police arrested seven leading Solidarity activists during a clandestine meeting led by founder Lech Wałęsa. The arrested individuals included Władysław Frasyniuk, Bogdan Lis, and Adam Michnik. The meeting aimed to plan a 15-minute general strike to protest food price hikes, police violence, and attacks on the Catholic Church. The strike was later canceled when the government reconsidered its price increase plans. source: upi.com
14 Feb Jeremy Levin escapes captivity in Lebanon: On February 14, 1985, American journalist Jeremy Levin, CNN's Beirut bureau chief, escaped from captivity in Lebanon after 11 months. He managed to slip his chains, tied blankets together to descend from a window, and walked to a Syrian military post in Baalbek, where he was handed over to U.S. officials. Levin was kidnapped on March 7, 1984, while walking to his office in West Beirut. source: washingtonpost.com
15 Feb World Chess Championship Match Abandoned: On February 15, 1985, the World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov was abruptly terminated by FIDE President Florencio Campomanes after 48 games, with Karpov leading 5-3. The decision cited player exhaustion and health concerns, despite both players expressing a desire to continue. This remains the only world championship match to be abandoned without a result. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Feb Hezbollah officially founded in Lebanon: Hezbollah, a Shiite militant group and political party, was officially founded in Lebanon on February 16, 1985. The organization emerged during the Lebanese Civil War and has since played a significant role in Lebanese politics and regional conflicts, particularly against Israel. Its founding was influenced by the Iranian Revolution and the desire to resist Israeli occupation in southern Lebanon. source: bbc.com
17 Feb Murray P. Haydon becomes third recipient of permanent artificial heart: On February 17, 1985, Murray P. Haydon, a 58-year-old retired auto worker from Louisville, Kentucky, underwent a successful implantation of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart at Humana Hospital Audubon. The procedure, led by Dr. William C. DeVries, lasted 3.5 hours and was reported as remarkably routine. Haydon became the third person to receive a permanent artificial heart, following Barney Clark and William J. Schroeder. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Feb WWF War to Settle the Score Wrestling Event: The World Wrestling Federation (WWF) held 'The War to Settle the Score' on February 18, 1985, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The main event featured Hulk Hogan defending his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against 'Rowdy' Roddy Piper, with Hogan retaining the title by disqualification. The event was notable for its live broadcast on MTV, marking a significant moment in the promotion's history. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Feb William J. Schroeder becomes first artificial heart patient discharged from hospital: On February 19, 1985, William J. Schroeder, 52, became the first recipient of a permanent artificial heart to be discharged from the hospital. He had received the Jarvik-7 artificial heart on November 25, 1984, at Humana Hospital Audubon in Louisville, Kentucky. After 144 days of hospitalization, Schroeder's successful recuperation marked a significant advancement in the development of artificial organs, offering new hope for patients with severe heart conditions. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Feb Minolta introduces the first autofocus SLR camera: On February 20, 1985, Minolta revolutionized photography by launching the Minolta Maxxum 7000, the world's first autofocus single-lens reflex (SLR) camera. This innovation allowed photographers to focus on subjects more easily and quickly, significantly changing the landscape of photography. The camera's advanced technology set a new standard in the industry, influencing future designs and features in camera development. source: popphoto.com
21 Feb Tim Raines awarded record $1.2 million salary for 1985 season: On February 21, 1985, Major League Baseball outfielder Tim Raines was granted a $1.2 million salary for the 1985 season by arbitrator Tom Roberts. This decision marked the largest arbitration award in baseball history at that time. Raines, playing for the Montreal Expos, had an impressive 1984 season, batting .309 with 75 stolen bases, leading the National League in stolen bases for the fourth consecutive year. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Feb Hameur Bouazza born in Évry, France: Hameur Bouazza, a French-Algerian footballer, was born in Évry, France, on February 22, 1985. He played as a left winger and had a career spanning several countries, including England, Turkey, France, Cyprus, Spain, Algeria, and Tunisia. Bouazza was also an Algerian international between 2007 and 2013. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Feb Edwin Meese III confirmed as U.S. Attorney General: On February 23, 1985, the U.S. Senate confirmed Edwin Meese III as the 75th Attorney General of the United States with a 63-31 vote. Meese, who had served as President Reagan's Counselor since 1981, faced a prolonged confirmation process due to ethical concerns but was ultimately approved. source: reaganlibrary.gov
24 Feb Jim Kelly sets professional football passing record: On February 24, 1985, Houston Gamblers quarterback Jim Kelly threw for 574 yards and five touchdowns in a 34-33 victory over the Los Angeles Express. This performance set a professional football record for passing yards in a single game, surpassing the previous mark of 554 yards set by Norm Van Brocklin in 1951. source: buffalobills.com
25 Feb FBI indicts heads of New York's five Mafia families: On February 25, 1985, the FBI indicted the leaders of New York City's five Mafia families—Genovese, Gambino, Lucchese, Colombo, and Bonanno—on charges including racketeering, extortion, and labor racketeering. This marked a significant federal crackdown on organized crime, aiming to dismantle the Commission that governed these families' operations. source: fbi.gov
26 Feb Leonardo David, Italian alpine skier, dies after six-year coma: Leonardo David, a promising Italian alpine skier, fell into a coma following a crash during a pre-Olympic downhill race at Lake Placid on March 3, 1979. Despite extensive medical efforts, he remained in a coma for nearly six years before passing away on February 26, 1985, at the age of 24. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Feb Farmers rally in Ames, Iowa, protesting Reagan administration policies: On February 27, 1985, approximately 14,000 farmers gathered at Iowa State University's Hilton Coliseum in Ames, Iowa, to protest the Reagan administration's farm policies. The rally was one of the largest farm protests in American history, with farmers from various Midwestern states demanding federal assistance to address the agricultural crisis, including bankruptcy and farm foreclosures. The protesters called for a return to 100% parity on farm price supports and criticized the administration's advocacy of a 'free market' for agricultural commodities. source: washingtonpost.com
28 Feb IRA mortar attack in Newry kills nine RUC officers: On February 28, 1985, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched a heavy mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) base at Corry Square in Newry, Northern Ireland. The attack resulted in the deaths of nine RUC officers and injuries to almost 40 others, marking the highest death toll suffered by the RUC in a single incident during the Troubles. source: bbc.co.uk
01 Mar Pentagon acknowledges potential for nuclear winter from atomic war: In March 1985, the Pentagon released a report titled "The Potential Effects of Nuclear War on the Climate," acknowledging that a nuclear exchange could produce a "nuclear winter" effect. The report stated that while a nuclear war would be catastrophic, the current U.S. nuclear strategy and arms control efforts remained sound despite the nuclear winter phenomenon. source: latimes.com
02 Mar FDA approves first HIV antibody test: On March 2, 1985, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first commercial HIV antibody test, developed by Abbott Laboratories. This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was designed to detect antibodies to the HIV virus, indicating exposure. The approval marked a significant advancement in HIV detection and prevention, particularly in screening blood donations to ensure a safer blood supply. source: fda.gov
03 Mar UK miners' strike ends after nearly a year: The 1984–1985 UK miners' strike concluded on March 3, 1985, after 362 days of industrial action. The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) voted to end the strike, and miners returned to work on March 5. The strike was initiated to oppose the closure of 20 coal pits, leading to significant economic and social impacts. The NUM's defeat marked a turning point in British industrial relations and the decline of union influence. source: bbc.co.uk
04 Mar FDA approves first HIV blood test: On March 4, 1985, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first diagnostic test to detect antibodies to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Developed by Abbott Laboratories, this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was initially intended for screening blood donations to ensure the safety of the blood supply. The approval marked a significant milestone in the fight against HIV/AIDS, enabling earlier detection and reducing transmission risks. source: fda.gov
05 Mar Discovery of DEA Agent Kiki Camarena's Body: Enrique "Kiki" Camarena, a DEA agent, was abducted on February 7, 1985, in Guadalajara, Mexico. After being tortured, his body was found on March 5, 1985, in a rural area outside La Angostura, Michoacán.
06 Mar Mike Tyson's professional boxing debut: On March 6, 1985, 18-year-old Mike Tyson made his professional boxing debut in Albany, New York, defeating Hector Mercedes by first-round technical knockout. source: espn.com
07 Mar International release of 'We Are the World': 'We Are the World' was released internationally on March 7, 1985. This charity single, written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie, featured numerous prominent artists and aimed to raise funds for famine relief in Africa. The song became a significant cultural moment and raised over $60 million for humanitarian efforts. source: rollingstone.com
08 Mar Mohamed Al Fayed acquires Harrods department store: On March 8, 1985, Egyptian-born businessman Mohamed Al Fayed, along with his brothers Ali and Salah, completed a £615 million acquisition of the House of Fraser group, which included the iconic London department store Harrods. This purchase followed their earlier acquisition of a 30% stake in the company in 1984. The deal was marked by controversy, including an investigation by the Department of Trade and Industry into the Fayeds' background and financial resources. Despite the critical findings, the acquisition was allowed to proceed. source: theguardian.com
09 Mar Auburn wins SEC Basketball Tournament: On March 9, 1985, the Auburn Tigers secured their first Southeastern Conference (SEC) Men's Basketball Tournament title by defeating Alabama 53–49 in overtime. This victory marked the first time a team won four games in four days to claim the SEC Tournament championship. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Mar India wins World Championship of Cricket: On March 10, 1985, India defeated Pakistan by 8 wickets in the final of the Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Pakistan batted first, scoring 176/9 in 50 overs, with Javed Miandad top-scoring at 48 runs. India chased down the target in 47.1 overs, reaching 177/2, with Krishnamachari Srikkanth contributing 67 runs and Ravi Shastri remaining unbeaten at 63. Srikkanth was named Player of the Match, and Shastri was honored as Player of the Series. source: espncricinfo.com
11 Mar Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader and initiates transformative reforms: Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on March 11, 1985. His leadership marked the beginning of significant reforms, including glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed at revitalizing the Soviet economy and society. These policies ultimately contributed to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. source: britannica.com
12 Mar Larry Bird scores 60 points against the Atlanta Hawks: On March 12, 1985, Larry Bird set a Boston Celtics franchise record by scoring 60 points in a 126-115 victory over the Atlanta Hawks at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans. Bird's performance included 22-of-36 shooting from the field and 15-of-16 from the free-throw line, with 32 of his points coming in a 14-minute span during the second half. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 56 points set by teammate Kevin McHale nine days earlier. source: nba.com
13 Mar Funeral of Soviet Leader Konstantin Chernenko: Konstantin Chernenko, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1984 until his death in 1985, was buried with military honors in Red Square on March 13, 1985. The ceremony was attended by numerous world leaders, including U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush and Secretary of State George P. Shultz. Mikhail Gorbachev, who succeeded Chernenko as General Secretary, delivered the eulogy from atop the Lenin Mausoleum, praising Chernenko as a "true son of our party and people, a steadfast fighter for noble communist ideals." source: washingtonpost.com
14 Mar Michael Secrest sets 24-hour cycling distance record: On March 14, 1985, American cyclist Michael Secrest set a 24-hour cycling distance record by covering 516 miles and 427 yards, demonstrating exceptional endurance and cycling prowess. source: pedalmag.com
15 Mar First internet domain name registered: symbolics.com: The first domain name ever registered was symbolics.com on March 15, 1985. This marked the beginning of the domain name system (DNS) as we know it today, allowing for the organization and identification of websites on the internet. Symbolics, a computer manufacturer, was the first to secure a domain name, paving the way for the vast web of online addresses that followed. source: internic.net
16 Mar Terry Anderson hostage crisis begins in Lebanon: On March 16, 1985, Terry Anderson, a journalist for the Associated Press, was kidnapped in Beirut, Lebanon, by a group linked to Hezbollah. His abduction marked the beginning of a prolonged hostage crisis in Lebanon, where numerous foreign nationals were taken captive during the civil war. Anderson was held for nearly seven years before being released in December 1991. source: apnews.com
17 Mar Richard Ramirez's attacks on March 17, 1985: On March 17, 1985, Richard Ramirez, known as the "Night Stalker," attacked Maria Hernandez in Rosemead, California, shooting her in the face; she survived. He then killed her roommate, Dayle Okazaki, and later murdered Tsai-Lian "Veronica" Yu in Monterey Park, California. These attacks led to media coverage and the "Walk-In Killer" moniker. source: biography.com
18 Mar Neighbours debuts on Australian television: The Australian soap opera 'Neighbours' premiered on March 18, 1985. It quickly became a significant part of Australian pop culture and has launched the careers of several notable actors. The show focuses on the lives of residents in the fictional Ramsay Street and has garnered a dedicated fan base over the years. source: bbc.com
19 Mar US Senate votes to continue production of MX missile: On March 19, 1985, the US Senate voted 55 to 45 to authorize the production of 21 additional MX Peacekeeper missiles, a key component of President Reagan's strategic defense initiative. This decision aimed to bolster the nation's nuclear deterrent and strengthen its position in arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Mar Libby Riddles becomes first woman to win Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race: On March 20, 1985, Libby Riddles made history by becoming the first woman to win the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. She completed the 1,135-mile race from Anchorage to Nome in 18 days, 20 minutes, and 17 seconds, overcoming challenging conditions, including a blizzard over Norton Sound. Riddles' victory inspired a new generation of female mushers and brought significant attention to the sport. source: smithsonianmag.com
21 Mar Rick Hansen's Man in Motion World Tour begins: On March 21, 1985, Canadian athlete Rick Hansen commenced his Man in Motion World Tour from Oakridge Mall in Vancouver, aiming to raise awareness for spinal cord research and demonstrate the potential of people with disabilities. Over the next 26 months, Hansen and his team covered over 40,000 kilometers across 34 countries, culminating in a return to Vancouver on May 22, 1987. source: rickhansen.com
22 Mar NASA launches Intelsat VA F-10 communication satellite: On March 22, 1985, NASA successfully launched the Intelsat VA F-10 communication satellite into geostationary orbit. The satellite, also known as Intelsat 510, was designed to enhance global telecommunications capacity and operated for 14 years before being deactivated in July 1999. source: nasa.gov
23 Mar Death of Patricia Roberts Harris: Patricia Roberts Harris, the first African American woman to serve in a U.S. presidential cabinet, passed away on March 23, 1985. She was a prominent figure in American politics, serving as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and later as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Jimmy Carter. Her contributions to civil rights and public service have left a lasting legacy. source: nytimes.com
24 Mar Martina Navratilova wins 1985 Virginia Slims Championships: On March 24, 1985, Martina Navratilova defeated Helena Suková 6–3, 7–5, 6–4 in the final of the Virginia Slims Championships held in New York City. This victory marked Navratilova's second consecutive title at this event. source: latimes.com
25 Mar Edwin Meese III appointed as US Attorney General: Edwin Meese III was sworn in as the 75th Attorney General of the United States on March 25, 1985. He served under President Ronald Reagan and was known for his conservative views on law and order, as well as his involvement in various legal controversies during his tenure. Meese's appointment was significant in shaping the legal landscape of the Reagan administration. source: archives.gov
26 Mar First World Youth Day announced by Pope John Paul II: Pope John Paul II announced the first World Youth Day, set to take place in Rome in 1986. This event aimed to bring together young people from around the world to celebrate their faith and foster a sense of community. The initiative has since grown into a significant global event held every few years in different locations. source: britannica.com
27 Mar Billy Dee Williams honored on Hollywood Walk of Fame: Billy Dee Williams received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 27, 1985. The honor recognized his contributions to film and television, particularly his iconic role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars franchise. source: hollywoodreporter.com
28 Mar Marc Chagall dies at 97 in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France: Marc Chagall, the renowned Russian-French artist known for his dreamlike paintings and stained-glass windows, passed away on March 28, 1985, at his home in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France. He was 97 years old at the time of his death. source: washingtonpost.com
29 Mar Christos Sartzetakis elected President of Greece: On March 29, 1985, Christos Sartzetakis, a Supreme Court judge, was elected President of Greece by the Hellenic Parliament, succeeding Konstantinos Karamanlis. His election was marked by political controversy, with the opposition contesting the legality of the process, particularly the participation of Acting President Ioannis Alevras in the vote. Sartzetakis was sworn in on March 30, 1985, in a ceremony boycotted by conservative opposition leaders who refused to recognize his election. source: upi.com
30 Mar Ireland wins Five Nations Rugby Championship: On March 30, 1985, Ireland secured the Five Nations Rugby Championship by defeating England 13-10 at Lansdowne Road, Dublin. This victory marked Ireland's tenth championship title, their first in 24 years, and earned them the Triple Crown. The match was closely contested, with Ireland's Michael Kiernan contributing significantly with two penalties and a drop goal, while Trevor Ringland scored a try. England's Rory Underwood also scored a try, but Ireland's late drop goal sealed the win. source: rugbynetwork.net
31 Mar El Salvador's 1985 Legislative Elections: On March 31, 1985, El Salvador held legislative elections, resulting in the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) securing 33 of the 60 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) won 13 seats, and the National Conciliation Party (PCN) obtained 12 seats. Voter turnout was approximately 42%. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Apr Villanova's historic NCAA basketball championship upset: On April 1, 1985, the Villanova Wildcats achieved a stunning 66-64 victory over the Georgetown Hoyas in the NCAA championship game. Despite being an eighth seed and underdogs, Villanova executed a near-perfect game, shooting 78.6% from the field, a record for a championship game. This victory remains one of the greatest upsets in college basketball history. source: history.com
02 Apr IBM PC DOS 3.1 released: IBM released PC DOS 3.1 on April 2, 1985. This version introduced support for local area networking, enabling file sharing and network printer capabilities. It also provided some new functions to handle networking. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Apr France announces shift to proportional representation in electoral system: On April 3, 1985, the French Socialist government, led by President François Mitterrand, announced a significant change in the country's electoral system, moving from a winner-take-all constituency system to proportional representation. This reform aimed to bolster the Socialist Party's position in the upcoming 1986 legislative elections. The decision was met with criticism from opposition parties, who viewed it as a strategic move to favor the left. Additionally, Agriculture Minister Michel Rocard resigned in protest, expressing concerns that the new system could lead to unstable coalition governments. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Apr France announces electoral system reform to introduce proportional representation: On April 3, 1985, France's Socialist government, led by President François Mitterrand, announced plans to replace the existing winner-take-all constituency system with proportional representation. This change aimed to be implemented in time for the legislative elections in early 1986. The reform was intended to address concerns about potential confrontations between the president and a right-leaning National Assembly, as the previous system often resulted in a dominant majority for one party, leading to political tensions. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Apr Tyrell Johnson, West Indies cricket player, passes away: Tyrell Johnson, a notable West Indies cricketer, passed away on April 5, 1985. He was remembered for his contributions to the sport and his performances in international matches during his career. source: espncricinfo.com
06 Apr Sudanese military coup ousts President Nimeiry: On April 6, 1985, a military coup led by Defense Minister Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab overthrew President Gaafar Nimeiry's government in Sudan. The coup was precipitated by widespread protests against rising food prices and economic hardships. Nimeiry, who was in the United States at the time, fled to Egypt. The new military government suspended the constitution, dissolved the ruling party, and established a transitional military council to govern the country. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Apr Gorbachev announces moratorium on European missile deployments: On April 7, 1985, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declared a unilateral freeze on the deployment of SS-20 intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe, effective until November. He urged the United States to reciprocate by halting the deployment of Pershing II and cruise missiles in Western Europe. The White House expressed skepticism, viewing the move as an attempt to solidify Soviet advantages. source: washingtonpost.com
08 Apr India files lawsuit against Union Carbide over Bhopal disaster: On April 8, 1985, the Indian government filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) in connection with the Bhopal gas leak disaster. The suit sought compensation for the victims, punitive damages, and recovery of the government's costs of emergency relief. The complaint did not specify the amount of money being sought. source: pubs.acs.org
09 Apr Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by French intelligence operation: On April 9, 1985, the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior was sunk in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, by agents of the French intelligence service. The operation aimed to prevent Greenpeace from interfering with French nuclear testing in the Pacific. The attack resulted in the death of photographer Fernando Pereira and significant international backlash against France. source: bbc.com
10 Apr Challenger Shuttle moved to Vehicle Assembly Building for STS-51-B mission preparation: On April 10, 1985, the Space Shuttle Challenger was transported to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at Kennedy Space Center to prepare for the STS-51-B mission. This mission, initially designated as STS-51-E, was later remanifested as STS-51-B after the cancellation of the original mission due to payload issues. source: nasa.gov
11 Apr Enver Hoxha, Albanian Communist Leader, dies at 76: Enver Hoxha, the longest-serving communist leader in Albania, died on April 11, 1985, at the age of 76. He had been in declining health due to complications from diabetes and a recent heart attack. His death marked the end of his 40-year rule over Albania. source: britannica.com
12 Apr STS-51D: 16th Space Shuttle Mission Launch: STS-51D, the 16th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fourth flight of Space Shuttle Discovery, launched on April 12, 1985, at 8:59:05 a.m. EST from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission lasted 6 days, 23 hours, 55 minutes, and 23 seconds, during which the crew deployed two communications satellites and conducted various experiments. source: nasa.gov
13 Apr USA for Africa's 'We Are the World' tops Billboard Hot 100: On April 13, 1985, 'We Are the World' by USA for Africa reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, marking its fourth week on the chart. The song, written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie, was performed by 45 artists to raise funds for famine relief in Africa. It became the fastest-selling American pop single at the time, raising over $44.5 million in its first year. source: michaeljackson.com
14 Apr First permanent artificial heart implanted in a human: On April 14, 1985, Dr. Barney Clark became the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart, known as the Jarvik-7. This groundbreaking surgery marked a significant milestone in medical technology, providing a new option for patients with severe heart disease. Clark lived for 112 days after the procedure, paving the way for future advancements in artificial heart technology. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
15 Apr South Africa announces repeal of laws prohibiting interracial marriage and sex: On April 15, 1985, the South African government announced plans to repeal the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 and Section 16 of the Immorality Act of 1957, which had previously banned marriages and sexual relations between white and non-white individuals. This decision marked a significant step toward ending apartheid-era racial segregation policies. source: upi.com
16 Apr Islanders defeat Capitals to win Patrick Division semifinal series: On April 16, 1985, the New York Islanders secured a 2-1 victory over the Washington Capitals, clinching the Patrick Division semifinal series 3-2. Brent Sutter scored the decisive goal at 16:56 of the second period, and goaltender Billy Smith made 39 saves to lead the Islanders to the win. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Apr 1985 Luquan earthquake in Yunnan Province, China: On April 18, 1985, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck near Luquan County in Yunnan Province, China, at 13:52 local time (05:52 UTC). The epicenter was near Luquan County, Yunnan, China. The earthquake resulted in 22 fatalities and over 300 injuries. The source of this earthquake was identified as the Zeyi Fault (则邑断层). source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Apr FBI and ATF siege white supremacist CSA compound in Arkansas: On April 19, 1985, approximately 200 federal agents from the FBI and ATF initiated a siege of The Covenant, The Sword, and The Arm of the Lord (CSA) compound in Elijah, Arkansas. The operation aimed to arrest CSA leader James Ellison on weapons charges and to seize illegal firearms and explosives. After a four-day standoff, Ellison and four other CSA leaders surrendered peacefully, avoiding a violent confrontation. source: latimes.com
20 Apr Carlos Lopes sets marathon world record in Rotterdam: On April 20, 1985, Carlos Lopes of Portugal set a new marathon world record in Rotterdam, clocking 2 hours, 7 minutes, and 12 seconds. This performance improved the previous record by 53 seconds, making Lopes the first man to run a marathon in under 2:08. The race was notable for Lopes' consistent pace and strategic running, aided by pacemakers in the early stages. source: runnersworld.com
21 Apr Brazilian presidential transition following Tancredo Neves' death: Tancredo Neves, elected President of Brazil, died on April 21, 1985, before taking office. His death led to the inauguration of Vice President José Sarney, marking a significant transition in Brazilian politics after years of military rule. This event was pivotal in Brazil's return to democracy. source: britannica.com
22 Apr Coca-Cola launches New Coke, sparking consumer backlash: On April 22, 1985, Coca-Cola introduced New Coke, a reformulated version of its classic soft drink. The launch was met with significant consumer backlash, leading to widespread criticism and protests from loyal customers. The negative response prompted the company to revert to the original formula, rebranded as Coca-Cola Classic, just a few months later. source: history.com
23 Apr Philadelphia Flyers defeat New York Islanders 5-3 in Game 3 of Patrick Division Finals: On April 23, 1985, the Philadelphia Flyers secured a 5-3 victory over the New York Islanders in Game 3 of the Patrick Division Finals. The game was held at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. The Flyers' goals were scored by Doug Crossman, Rick Tocchet, Ron Sutter, Brian Propp, and Tim Kerr. The Islanders' goals came from Anders Kallur, Brent Sutter, and John Tonelli. This win gave the Flyers a 3-0 series lead. source: hockey-reference.com
24 Apr West Germany enacts law against Holocaust denial: On April 24, 1985, West Germany passed a law making Holocaust denial a criminal offense. This legislation aimed to combat anti-Semitism and ensure that the historical facts of the Holocaust were recognized and respected. The law reflects Germany's commitment to confronting its Nazi past and preventing the spread of hate speech. source: britannica.com
25 Apr West Germany criminalizes Holocaust denial: In 1985, West Germany amended its criminal code to include provisions banning incitement to hatred, including through forms associated with denial of the Holocaust. This legislation made it a criminal offense to publicly approve, deny, or trivialize genocide committed under the National Socialist regime, with penalties of up to five years in prison or fines. The law aimed to prevent the spread of Nazi propaganda and protect the memory of Holocaust victims. source: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
26 Apr Nam Gyu-ri: South Korean singer and actress: Nam Gyu-ri, born on April 26, 1985, in Seoul, South Korea, is a renowned singer and actress. She gained prominence as the leader of the female trio SeeYa, debuting in 2006. In 2009, she left the group to focus on her acting career, starring in films like 'Death Bell' and the drama '49 Days'. She has also pursued a solo music career, releasing singles such as 'Ride to Me' and 'Starlight Tears'. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Apr Fernando Valenzuela sets MLB record with 41 consecutive scoreless innings to start season: On April 28, 1985, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela set a Major League Baseball record by pitching 41 consecutive scoreless innings to begin the season. His streak ended in the ninth inning when San Diego Padres' Tony Gwynn hit a solo home run, leading to a 1-0 victory for the Padres. Despite the loss, Valenzuela struck out 10 batters and completed the game. source: chatsports.com
29 Apr Space Shuttle Mission 51-B Launch: Space Shuttle Challenger launched on April 29, 1985, at 12:02:18 p.m. EDT from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A. The mission, designated STS-51-B, was the 17th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle Program and the seventh flight of Challenger. The primary payload was Spacelab-3, marking the first operational flight of the European Space Agency's Spacelab orbital laboratory series. The mission lasted 7 days, 8 minutes, and 46 seconds, completing 111 orbits before landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California on May 6, 1985. source: nasa.gov
30 Apr End of South African newspaper publication: On April 30, 1985, the South African government banned the publication of several newspapers, including the influential 'Weekly Mail'. This action was part of a broader effort to suppress dissent and control the media during the apartheid era. source: theguardian.com
01 May CCC bombing in Brussels kills two firefighters: On May 1, 1985, the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) detonated a car bomb outside the Federation of Belgian Enterprises building in Brussels. The explosion killed two firefighters and injured 13 others. The CCC, a far-left terrorist group active in the mid-1980s, claimed responsibility for the attack, marking it as part of their campaign against perceived enemies of communism. source: upi.com
02 May Microsoft Excel launches for Macintosh: Microsoft Excel was launched for the Macintosh on May 2, 1985. This marked the first version of Excel, which later became a leading spreadsheet application. The software was notable for its graphical user interface and advanced features compared to existing spreadsheet programs at the time. source: microsoft.com
03 May First spam email sent: On May 3, 1985, the first unsolicited commercial email, often referred to as spam, was sent by Gary Thuerk to a list of ARPANET users. This marked the beginning of a new era in digital communication and marketing. source: history.com
04 May Norway wins Eurovision Song Contest 1985: Norway secured its first Eurovision victory on May 4, 1985, with the song "La det swinge," performed by the duo Bobbysocks! The contest, held in Gothenburg, Sweden, saw Norway's entry earn 123 points, marking a significant achievement for the country in the competition's history. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 May Reagan's controversial visit to Bitburg cemetery: On May 5, 1985, President Ronald Reagan visited the Bitburg military cemetery in West Germany, where 49 members of the Waffen-SS were buried among 2,000 German soldiers. This visit sparked significant criticism from Jewish leaders and veterans' groups, who felt it was inappropriate to honor Nazi soldiers. To address the controversy, Reagan also visited the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp earlier in the day to commemorate Holocaust victims. source: washingtonpost.com
06 May NASA Space Shuttle Mission 51-B lands successfully: NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger completed its 17th mission, STS-51-B, on May 6, 1985, landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The mission, which lasted 7 days, 8 minutes, and 46 seconds, involved deploying the Spacelab-3 module for microgravity research and was the first operational flight of the Spacelab series developed by the European Space Agency. source: nasa.gov
09 May Edmond O'Brien, acclaimed Hollywood actor, dies at 69: Edmond O'Brien, the Academy Award-winning actor known for his roles in 'The Barefoot Contessa' and 'Seven Days in May,' passed away on May 9, 1985, at the age of 69. He died at St. Erne's Sanatorium in Inglewood, California, after a prolonged battle with Alzheimer's disease. source: britannica.com
10 May The Go-Go's announce disbandment: On May 10, 1985, The Go-Go's announced their disbandment due to creative differences and personal conflicts. Vocalist Belinda Carlisle stated, "When you stop growing artistically, it’s time to try something else." The band had been facing internal tensions, including Jane Wiedlin's departure in October 1984 and subsequent lineup changes. The breakup was officially confirmed on May 13, 1985. source: latimes.com
11 May Bradford City stadium fire: On May 11, 1985, a devastating fire erupted during a match between Bradford City and Lincoln City at Valley Parade stadium in Bradford, England. The blaze, which began in the main stand, rapidly engulfed the wooden structure, resulting in the deaths of 56 spectators and injuries to at least 265 others. The tragedy led to significant reforms in stadium safety, including the banning of wooden grandstands and the implementation of stricter fire prevention measures. source: bbc.com
12 May Amy Eilberg becomes first woman ordained as Conservative rabbi: On May 12, 1985, Amy Eilberg was ordained as the first female rabbi in Conservative Judaism at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. This milestone followed years of debate and advocacy within the movement, culminating in the faculty's decision in 1983 to admit women to the rabbinical program. Eilberg's ordination marked a significant advancement for women in Conservative Judaism. source: jwa.org
13 May Philadelphia police bomb MOVE headquarters, killing 11 and destroying 61 homes: On May 13, 1985, Philadelphia police dropped a bomb on the MOVE organization's headquarters at 6221 Osage Avenue, resulting in the deaths of 11 people, including five children, and the destruction of 61 homes in the surrounding neighborhood. source: britannica.com
14 May Execution of Indonesian labor activist Mohammed Munir: On May 14, 1985, Mohammed Munir, a prominent Indonesian labor leader and former General Secretary of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), was executed by firing squad. Munir had been imprisoned since 1966 for alleged involvement in the 1965 coup attempt, and his execution was part of a series of executions of former PKI members during that period. source: executedtoday.com
15 May Unabomber injures UC Berkeley graduate student John Hauser: On May 15, 1985, a bomb exploded in a computer room at the University of California, Berkeley, injuring graduate student John Hauser. Hauser, an Air Force captain, lost four fingers on his right hand and suffered partial vision loss in his left eye. The device, resembling a three-ring binder, had been left in the lab for several days before Hauser opened it, triggering the explosion. source: law.cornell.edu
16 May Discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole announced: On May 16, 1985, scientists from the British Antarctic Survey published a paper in the journal Nature, revealing significant ozone depletion over Antarctica. This discovery highlighted the impact of human-made chemicals, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), on the ozone layer, leading to global environmental concerns and subsequent international agreements to address the issue. source: bas.ac.uk
17 May Abe Burrows, renowned American playwright and director, dies at 74: Abe Burrows, born Abram Solman Borowitz on December 18, 1910, was a prominent American writer, composer, and director known for his work in radio, Broadway, and television. He co-wrote the book for the acclaimed musical 'Guys and Dolls' and won a Pulitzer Prize for 'How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.' Burrows passed away on May 17, 1985, in New York City after a long illness. source: nytimes.com
18 May Nightline's first remote broadcast from South Africa: On May 18, 1985, ABC's 'Nightline' program, hosted by Ted Koppel, conducted its first remote broadcast from South Africa. This marked a significant milestone in the show's history, as it was the first time 'Nightline' originated from a location outside the United States. The broadcast aimed to provide American viewers with in-depth coverage of South Africa during the apartheid era. source: upi.com
19 May China's football team suffers shocking defeat to Hong Kong: On May 19, 1985, during a 1986 FIFA World Cup qualifying match at Beijing's Workers' Stadium, Hong Kong defeated China 2-1, eliminating China from the tournament. The match, known as the 'May 19 Incident,' led to riots among Chinese fans, resulting in property damage and injuries. This event remains a significant moment in the China–Hong Kong football rivalry. source: scmp.com
20 May FBI arrests major Soviet spy in 1985: On May 20, 1985, the FBI arrested Aldrich Ames, a CIA officer who was later revealed to be a major Soviet spy. Ames was charged with espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information, which compromised numerous U.S. intelligence operations and led to the execution of several agents. His arrest marked a significant moment in Cold War espionage history. source: fbi.gov
21 May Paul Hardcastle's '19' reaches number one on UK charts: On May 21, 1985, Paul Hardcastle's single '19' topped the UK Singles Chart. The song, which addresses the impact of the Vietnam War on soldiers, became notable for its innovative use of synthesizers and sampling. It was a significant hit, reflecting the socio-political climate of the time. source: bbc.co.uk
22 May Roger Moore's final James Bond film premieres: Roger Moore's last appearance as James Bond in 'A View to a Kill' premiered on May 22, 1985. The film, which features a plot involving a villain's plan to control the world's microchip supply, was notable for its action sequences and Moore's portrayal of the iconic character. It received mixed reviews but remains a significant entry in the Bond franchise. source: bbc.com
23 May Space Shuttle Discovery prepared for mission STS-51G: On May 23, 1985, NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery was prepared for its mission STS-51G. This mission marked the first flight of the Discovery and included a diverse crew, with significant contributions to satellite deployment and scientific research. The successful launch demonstrated advancements in shuttle technology and paved the way for future missions. source: nasa.gov
24 May US premiere of James Bond film 'A View to a Kill': The US premiere of the James Bond film 'A View to a Kill' took place on May 24, 1985. This film, featuring Roger Moore in his final appearance as Bond, was notable for its theme song performed by Duran Duran. The premiere was held at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, marking a significant event in the franchise's history. source: rogermoore.com
25 May Severe cyclone strikes Bangladesh, causing widespread devastation: On May 25, 1985, a severe cyclone made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh, bringing winds up to 96 mph (154 km/h) and a storm surge near 10 feet (3 m). The storm inundated many islands, resulting in over 11,000 fatalities and leaving hundreds of thousands homeless. Despite ample warning, inadequate shelter and transportation contributed to the high death toll. source: aoml.noaa.gov
26 May Danny Sullivan wins Indianapolis 500 in dramatic race: On May 26, 1985, Danny Sullivan secured his first and only Indianapolis 500 victory in a race that became known as the "Spin and Win." After passing Mario Andretti for the lead on lap 120, Sullivan lost control and spun 360 degrees without hitting the wall. He regained control, re-passed Andretti on lap 140, and led the final 61 laps to win by 2.477 seconds. source: indianapolismotorspeedway.com
27 May Britain and China sign agreement on Hong Kong's future: On May 27, 1985, Britain and China signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, outlining the terms for the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong. This agreement established the principle of 'one country, two systems,' allowing Hong Kong to maintain its own legal and economic systems for 50 years after the handover in 1997. The declaration was a significant step in the diplomatic negotiations between the two nations regarding Hong Kong's future. source: bbc.com
28 May David Jacobsen kidnapped in Beirut: David Jacobsen, an American hospital administrator, was kidnapped in Beirut, Lebanon, on May 28, 1985. He was taken by a group linked to Hezbollah and held for 17 months before being released. His abduction was part of a series of kidnappings of Westerners during the Lebanese Civil War, which heightened tensions in the region and drew international attention. source: nytimes.com
29 May Heysel Stadium disaster: On May 29, 1985, a tragic incident occurred at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium, during the European Cup Final between Liverpool FC and Juventus. Prior to the match, violent clashes erupted between the two sets of supporters, leading to a stampede that resulted in 39 fatalities and over 600 injuries. The disaster was attributed to hooliganism, inadequate stadium infrastructure, and poor crowd control measures. In response, UEFA imposed a five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions, with Liverpool receiving an additional one-year suspension. The event remains one of the darkest chapters in football history. source: britannica.com
30 May Edmonton Oilers win Stanley Cup: On May 30, 1985, the Edmonton Oilers secured their second consecutive Stanley Cup by defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 8-3 in Game 5 of the Finals. Wayne Gretzky contributed a goal and three assists, earning the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs' most valuable player. The Oilers' victory marked the culmination of a remarkable playoff run, setting multiple records along the way. source: washingtonpost.com
31 May Guatemala adopts new constitution after civil war: On May 31, 1985, Guatemala adopted a new constitution aimed at establishing democratic governance and addressing human rights issues following years of civil conflict. This reform was a significant step towards peace and stability in the country, promoting civil liberties and political participation. The constitution has undergone various amendments since its adoption, reflecting ongoing challenges in Guatemalan politics. source: loc.gov
01 Jun Battle of the Beanfield: police clash with travelers in England: The Battle of the Beanfield occurred on June 1, 1985, when police clashed with a convoy of travelers attempting to reach the Stonehenge Free Festival. The confrontation resulted in significant violence, with over 500 police officers deployed and numerous injuries reported. This event highlighted tensions between law enforcement and the traveling community in the UK during the 1980s. source: bbc.com
02 Jun Leonard Lake arrested in South San Francisco: On June 2, 1985, Leonard Lake was arrested in South San Francisco for shoplifting a vise from a hardware store. During the arrest, police discovered a firearm with an illegal silencer in his vehicle. Lake was later identified as a suspect in a series of murders and suicided in custody four days later. source: latimes.com
03 Jun Massive anti-ETA demonstrations in Basque cities: On June 3, 1985, tens of thousands marched in Bilbao and Pamplona to protest ETA's recent terrorist attacks, including the killing of a 14-year-old schoolboy. The demonstrations were organized by the Basque autonomous government, marking a significant public repudiation of ETA's violence. source: upi.com
04 Jun Supreme Court rules on Alabama's moment of silence law: On June 4, 1985, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Wallace v. Jaffree that Alabama's law authorizing a daily moment of silence for "meditation or voluntary prayer" in public schools violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The Court found that the law's purpose was to promote prayer, thus endorsing religion in public schools. However, the Court also indicated that a moment of silence without such a religious purpose could be constitutional. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Jun Steve Cauthen wins the Epsom Derby: On June 5, 1985, American jockey Steve Cauthen won the Epsom Derby aboard Slip Anchor, becoming the first American to win both the Kentucky Derby and the Epsom Derby. Cauthen led from start to finish, securing a seven-length victory over Law Society. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jun Josef Mengele's remains exhumed in Brazil: On June 6, 1985, Brazilian authorities exhumed a body from a cemetery in Embu, near São Paulo, believed to be that of Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele. Forensic examinations, including dental analysis, indicated a high probability that the remains were indeed Mengele's. His son, Rolf Mengele, confirmed the identity on June 10, 1985, stating that the news of his father's death had been concealed to protect those who had sheltered him. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Jun Freddie Jackson's "Rock Me Tonight (For Old Times Sake)" reaches number one on R&B charts: On June 7, 1985, Freddie Jackson's debut single, "Rock Me Tonight (For Old Times Sake)", topped the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart, marking his first of ten number-one hits on the R&B chart. The song also peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Jun Chris Evert defeats Martina Navratilova in 1985 French Open Women's Final: On June 8, 1985, Chris Evert defeated Martina Navratilova 6-3, 6-7^(4–7), 7-5 in the French Open Women's Singles Final. This victory marked Evert's sixth French Open title and 17th Grand Slam singles title overall. The match is considered one of the finest in the Evert-Navratilova rivalry and in French Open history. source: latimes.com
09 Jun Thomas Sutherland kidnapped in Lebanon: On June 9, 1985, Thomas Sutherland, the dean of agriculture at the American University of Beirut, was abducted by gunmen near his Beirut home. The Islamic Jihad Organization claimed responsibility for the kidnapping. Sutherland was released on November 18, 1991, after being held hostage for over six years. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Jun French agents sink Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior: On June 10, 1985, the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior was bombed in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, by French intelligence agents. The attack was aimed at preventing Greenpeace from interfering with French nuclear testing in the Pacific. The bombing resulted in the death of photographer Fernando Pereira and significant international backlash against France. source: bbc.com
11 Jun Soviet Vega 1 probe lands on Venus: On June 11, 1985, the Soviet Vega 1 spacecraft successfully landed on Venus, deploying a lander and an atmospheric balloon to study the planet's surface and atmosphere. The lander transmitted data for 56 minutes before succumbing to Venus's harsh conditions. The atmospheric balloon operated for approximately 48 hours, providing valuable insights into Venus's cloud layers and weather patterns. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Jun Death of Hua Luogeng, prominent Chinese mathematician: Hua Luogeng, a renowned Chinese mathematician and politician, passed away on June 12, 1985, in Tokyo, Japan, at the age of 74. He died of a heart attack during a lecture at the University of Tokyo. Hua made significant contributions to number theory and played a pivotal role in advancing mathematics research and education in China. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Jun Schengen Agreement signed to facilitate borderless travel in Europe: The Schengen Agreement was signed on June 13, 1985, near the village of Schengen in Luxembourg. This agreement aimed to abolish internal border controls between participating countries, allowing for free movement of people. It laid the groundwork for the Schengen Area, which has since expanded to include many European nations. source: ec.europa.eu
14 Jun TWA Flight 847 hijacked by terrorists: On June 14, 1985, TWA Flight 847, en route from Cairo to San Diego with stops in Athens, Rome, Boston, and Los Angeles, was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Athens. The hijackers, members of Hezbollah, held 153 passengers and crew hostage for 17 days, demanding the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel. During the ordeal, U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem was killed. The last hostages were released on June 30, 1985. source: fbi.gov
15 Jun Studio Ghibli founded on June 15, 1985: Studio Ghibli, the renowned Japanese animation studio, was founded by Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata on June 15, 1985. The studio is celebrated for its critically acclaimed films, including 'Spirited Away' and 'My Neighbor Totoro.' Over the years, Studio Ghibli has become a significant influence in the animation industry worldwide. source: britannica.com
16 Jun Andy North wins 1985 U.S. Open Golf Championship: Andy North secured his second U.S. Open title on June 16, 1985, at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He finished at 279 (−1), one stroke ahead of runners-up Dave Barr, Chen Tze-chung, and Denis Watson. North's victory was notable for his resilience, as he overcame a two-stroke deficit entering the final round to clinch the championship. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Jun First Arab and Muslim in Space - Space Shuttle Mission 51-G: On June 17, 1985, Prince Sultan bin Salman Al Saud of Saudi Arabia became the first Arab and Muslim to travel into space aboard NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery during mission STS-51-G. The seven-day mission, which concluded on June 24, 1985, involved deploying the ARABSAT-1B communications satellite and conducting various scientific experiments. source: nasa.gov
18 Jun Weird Al Yankovic releases 'Dare to Be Stupid': On June 18, 1985, "Weird Al" Yankovic released his third studio album, 'Dare to Be Stupid'. The album features parodies of popular 1980s music, including Madonna's 'Like a Virgin' and Cyndi Lauper's 'Girls Just Want to Have Fun'. It also includes original songs like the title track, which is a style parody of Devo. The album was produced by Rick Derringer and recorded between August 1984 and March 1985. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jun 1985 Zona Rosa attack in San Salvador: On June 19, 1985, during the Salvadoran Civil War, gunmen disguised as Salvadoran soldiers attacked the Zona Rosa restaurant area in San Salvador. The assault resulted in the deaths of twelve people, including four U.S. Marines, two U.S. businessmen, a Guatemalan, a Chilean, and four Salvadorans. The Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers (PRTC) and its armed wing, the Mardoqueo Cruz Urban Commando, claimed responsibility for the attack. source: oig.justice.gov
20 Jun 1985 Nepal bombings: On June 20, 1985, a series of coordinated bombings occurred in Kathmandu and other cities across Nepal, marking the first such attacks in the country. At least eight people were killed, including a Member of Parliament, and several others were injured. The Nepal Janabadi Morcha, an exiled political group, claimed responsibility for the bombings. In response, the government conducted mass arrests, with some 1,400 people detained, and enacted the Destructive Crimes (Special Control and Punishment) Act. The bombings also led to the cancellation of a civil disobedience campaign by the Nepali Congress Party. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Jun Forensic experts confirm remains as Josef Mengele's: On June 21, 1985, forensic experts announced with high certainty that the remains exhumed from a cemetery near São Paulo, Brazil, were those of Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor known as the "Angel of Death." The identification was based on dental records and skeletal analysis, with DNA testing later confirming the identity in 1992. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Jun Grind musical closes on Broadway after 71 performances: The musical 'Grind' closed on June 22, 1985, at the Mark Hellinger Theatre in New York City after 71 performances and 25 previews. Directed by Hal Prince, the production faced mixed reviews and financial losses, failing to recoup its $4.75 million investment. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Jun Air India Flight 182 bombing over the Atlantic Ocean: On June 23, 1985, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-237B named Emperor Kanishka, was destroyed by a bomb planted by Sikh extremists from the Babbar Khalsa. The aircraft was en route from Montreal to London, with a final destination of Mumbai, India. The explosion occurred over the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland, resulting in the deaths of all 329 people on board, including 268 Canadians, 27 British citizens, and 22 Indian citizens. This remains the deadliest terrorist attack in Canadian history and was the world's deadliest act of aviation terrorism until the September 11 attacks in 2001. source: britannica.com
24 Jun Air India Flight 182 bombing incident: On June 24, 1985, Air India Flight 182 was bombed in mid-air, resulting in the deaths of all 329 people on board. The bombing, attributed to Sikh extremists, was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in aviation history. The incident highlighted issues of terrorism and security in aviation, leading to significant changes in international air travel regulations. source: bbc.com
25 Jun Police thwart suspected IRA bombing campaign targeting UK resorts: In June 1985, British police uncovered a suspected IRA plot to bomb 12 seaside resorts across the UK during the summer season. Thirteen individuals were arrested in connection with the scheme, including Patrick Magee, who had previously been convicted for the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing. The police operation successfully prevented potential attacks that could have caused significant harm to civilians. source: news.bbc.co.uk
26 Jun UN International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking established: The UN International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking is observed annually on June 26. It was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1985 to raise awareness about the global drug problem and promote efforts to combat drug abuse and trafficking. The day serves as a platform for governments and organizations to highlight the importance of drug prevention and treatment. source: un.org
27 Jun Route 66 decommissioned by AASHTO: On June 27, 1985, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) officially removed Route 66 from the U.S. Highway System, marking the end of the iconic 2,448-mile route that connected Chicago to Santa Monica. This decision followed the completion of the Interstate Highway System, which had gradually replaced Route 66 over the preceding decades. source: fhwa.dot.gov
28 Jun Phil Bardsley: English footballer born on June 28, 1985: Phil Bardsley is a professional English footballer born on June 28, 1985, in Salford, England. He has played for various clubs in the Premier League and is known for his time at clubs like Manchester United and Sunderland. Bardsley has also represented the Scotland national team. source: bbc.com
30 Jun TWA Flight 847 hostage crisis ends: On June 30, 1985, the 17-day hostage crisis involving TWA Flight 847 concluded when the remaining 39 hostages were released in Beirut, Lebanon. The hijackers, members of Hezbollah, had seized the flight on June 14, demanding the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel. The ordeal resulted in the death of U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem and the release of 735 Lebanese Shiite militants by Israel in the following weeks. source: washingtonpost.com
01 Jul Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons Takes Effect: The Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, concluded in Strasbourg on March 21, 1983, entered into force on July 1, 1985. This international treaty facilitates the transfer of individuals convicted of crimes to serve their sentences in their home countries, aiming to promote social rehabilitation. As of March 2022, 68 countries have ratified or acceded to the Convention. source: rm.coe.int
02 Jul Giotto spacecraft launched to study Halley's Comet: On July 2, 1985, the European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft was launched aboard an Ariane 1 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana. Its mission was to perform a flyby of Halley's Comet, aiming to capture detailed images and analyze the comet's composition. Giotto successfully encountered Halley on March 13, 1986, providing unprecedented close-up data despite sustaining some damage from dust impacts during the flyby. source: esa.int
03 Jul Back to the Future theatrical release: The film "Back to the Future" was released in theaters on July 3, 1985. Directed by Robert Zemeckis and produced by Steven Spielberg, it became a cultural phenomenon, known for its innovative storytelling and memorable characters. The film's success led to two sequels and a lasting legacy in popular culture. source: imdb.com
04 Jul Ruth Lawrence becomes youngest British first-class mathematics graduate: On July 4, 1985, Ruth Lawrence, at 13, graduated from St Hugh's College, Oxford, with a starred first-class degree in mathematics, becoming the youngest British person to earn a first-class degree and the youngest known graduate of Oxford University at that time. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Jul First global circumnavigation by a balloon completed: On July 5, 1985, the first successful global circumnavigation by a balloon was completed by the crew of the Double Eagle II. The journey began in the United States and took 21 days, covering approximately 30,000 miles. This historic flight marked a significant achievement in aviation and exploration. source: nasa.gov
06 Jul Martina Navratilova wins her sixth Wimbledon singles title: On July 6, 1985, Martina Navratilova defeated Chris Evert Lloyd 4–6, 6–3, 6–2 in the Wimbledon women's singles final, securing her sixth Wimbledon singles title and her twelfth major singles title overall. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Jul Boris Becker wins Wimbledon, becoming the youngest champion: On July 7, 1985, Boris Becker won the Wimbledon men's singles title, defeating Kevin Curren in the final. At just 17 years old, Becker became the youngest player to win the tournament, marking a significant milestone in tennis history. His victory was notable not only for his age but also for his powerful serve and aggressive playing style, which would influence the game in the years to come. source: bbc.com
08 Jul Reagan addresses terrorism at ABA conference: On July 8, 1985, President Ronald Reagan addressed the American Bar Association's National Convention, discussing international terrorism. He identified Iran, Libya, North Korea, Cuba, and Nicaragua as a "confederation of terrorist states" engaged in acts of war against the U.S. Reagan emphasized the need for legal tools in international law to combat terrorism and called for a concerted effort to ensure terrorists have no sanctuary anywhere. source: reaganfoundation.org
09 Jul Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Commemorative Coin Act enacted: On July 9, 1985, the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Commemorative Coin Act was enacted, authorizing the minting of three commemorative coins: a five-dollar gold coin, a one-dollar silver coin, and a half-dollar coin. These coins were issued to commemorate the centennial of the Statue of Liberty and the contributions of immigrants to America. The act also authorized the minting of one-dollar silver bullion coins, known as Liberty Coins, to meet public demand. source: congress.gov
10 Jul French agents bomb Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour: On July 10, 1985, French secret service agents planted two bombs on the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand. The explosions sank the vessel, resulting in the death of photographer Fernando Pereira. The attack aimed to prevent Greenpeace from protesting French nuclear testing in the Pacific. Two French agents were arrested and later released after serving prison sentences in New Zealand. The incident led to a diplomatic dispute between New Zealand and France. source: history.com
11 Jul Nolan Ryan strikes out his 4000th batter: On July 11, 1985, Nolan Ryan became the first pitcher in Major League Baseball history to strike out 4,000 batters. He achieved this milestone while playing for the Houston Astros against the Chicago Cubs. Ryan's remarkable career is celebrated for his exceptional strikeout ability and longevity in the sport. source: baseball-reference.com
12 Jul Ronald Reagan diagnosed with colon cancer in 1985: On July 12, 1985, President Ronald Reagan underwent surgery after being diagnosed with colon cancer. The discovery was made during a routine examination, leading to a successful operation that removed a cancerous polyp. Reagan's health scare raised awareness about colon cancer and the importance of early detection. source: history.com
13 Jul George H.W. Bush serves as acting president during Reagan's surgery: On July 13, 1985, President Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove a colon polyp. Prior to the procedure, Reagan signed a letter transferring presidential authority to Vice President George H.W. Bush, making him the first 'acting president' under the 25th Amendment. The transfer lasted approximately eight hours, from 11:28 a.m. to 7:22 p.m., after which Reagan resumed his duties. source: reaganlibrary.gov
14 Jul Baltimore Stars defeat Oakland Invaders in final USFL Championship Game: On July 14, 1985, the Baltimore Stars secured their second consecutive USFL title by defeating the Oakland Invaders 28-24 at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Running back Kelvin Bryant was instrumental, rushing for 103 yards and scoring three touchdowns, including the decisive one with 8:15 remaining. This game marked the conclusion of the USFL's three-season run. source: latimes.com
15 Jul Deborah Carthy-Deu crowned Miss Universe 1985: On July 15, 1985, Deborah Carthy-Deu of Puerto Rico was crowned Miss Universe at the James L. Knight Convention Center in Miami, Florida. She became the second Puerto Rican to win the title, following Marisol Malaret's victory in 1970. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Jul Local Government Act 1985 receives Royal Assent: On July 16, 1985, the Local Government Act 1985 received Royal Assent, leading to the abolition of the Greater London Council (GLC) and the six metropolitan county councils. The Act transferred their functions to local authorities and other bodies, with the GLC ceasing to exist on April 1, 1986. source: news.bbc.co.uk
17 Jul EUREKA Network founded on July 17, 1985: EUREKA, the world's largest intergovernmental network for international research, development, and innovation, was established on July 17, 1985, by 18 European countries and the European Commission. Its mission is to enhance European competitiveness and productivity by supporting cross-border coordination of national innovation policies and project funding. source: eurekanetwork.org
18 Jul Soviet Union conducts underground nuclear test on July 18, 1985: On July 18, 1985, the Soviet Union conducted an underground nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk test site in Kazakhstan. The test was part of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons development program. source: upi.com
19 Jul Christa McAuliffe selected for Space Shuttle mission: On July 19, 1985, Christa McAuliffe was selected as the first teacher in space by NASA. She was chosen from over 11,000 applicants to participate in the STS-51-L mission aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. McAuliffe's selection aimed to inspire students and promote education in science and technology. source: nasa.gov
20 Jul South African government declares state of emergency in 36 districts: On July 20, 1985, President Pieter W. Botha declared a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts, including areas in the Eastern Cape and the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vaal (PWV) region. This measure granted police and military forces extensive powers to detain individuals without formal charges, impose curfews, and censor media coverage. The declaration aimed to address escalating violence in black townships, which had resulted in approximately 450 deaths over the preceding ten months. The state of emergency marked the first such declaration in South Africa since 1960. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Jul Christa McAuliffe selected for Space Shuttle mission: On July 21, 1985, Christa McAuliffe was selected as the first teacher in space by NASA. She was chosen from over 11,000 applicants to participate in the STS-51-L mission aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. McAuliffe's selection aimed to inspire students and promote education in science and technology. source: nasa.gov
23 Jul Launch of the Commodore Amiga 1000 computer: The Commodore Amiga 1000 was launched on July 23, 1985, marking a significant advancement in personal computing. It featured advanced graphics and sound capabilities for its time, appealing to both gamers and professionals. The Amiga 1000 set the stage for future Amiga models and contributed to the evolution of multimedia computing. source: bbc.com
24 Jul Rajiv–Longowal Accord signed to resolve Punjab crisis: On July 24, 1985, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Akali leader Harchand Singh Longowal signed the Rajiv–Longowal Accord, aiming to end the three-year Punjab crisis by addressing Sikh demands for greater autonomy and resolving territorial disputes. The agreement included the transfer of Chandigarh to Punjab and the reallocation of Hindi-speaking areas to Haryana. Despite initial support, the accord faced opposition from some Sikh leaders and politicians in Haryana, and Longowal was assassinated by militants opposed to the agreement less than a month later. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Jul Rock Hudson announces he has AIDS: On July 25, 1985, actor Rock Hudson publicly announced he had been diagnosed with AIDS over a year prior. This made him the first major celebrity to disclose such a diagnosis, bringing significant attention to the AIDS epidemic. source: history.com
27 Jul Ingrid Kristiansen sets 10,000m world record in Oslo: On July 27, 1985, Norwegian runner Ingrid Kristiansen set a new women's 10,000m world record in Oslo, Norway, with a time of 30:59.42, becoming the first woman to run under 31 minutes for the distance. source: worldathletics.org
28 Jul Uganda's new military rulers suspend constitution and dissolve parliament: On July 28, 1985, following a military coup led by Brigadier Basilio Olara Okello, Uganda's new military rulers suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, and imposed a curfew in the capital, Kampala. The coup resulted in at least four civilian deaths and widespread looting in the city. The military authorities announced plans to hold free and fair elections in the future. source: washingtonpost.com
29 Jul STS-51-F mission: Space Shuttle Challenger launch: On July 29, 1985, NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger launched on mission STS-51-F from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission's primary payload was the Spacelab-2 laboratory module, which conducted experiments in life sciences, plasma physics, astronomy, high-energy astrophysics, solar physics, atmospheric physics, and technology research. Despite an in-flight engine shutdown, the mission was completed successfully, and the crew returned to Earth on August 6, 1985. source: nasa.gov
30 Jul Julia Hall Bowman Robinson, American mathematician, dies at 65: Julia Hall Bowman Robinson, an American mathematician renowned for her work on decision problems and Hilbert's Tenth Problem, passed away on July 30, 1985, in Oakland, California, at the age of 65. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Jul Liberia recognizes Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: On July 31, 1985, Liberia officially recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), a self-declared state in Western Sahara. This recognition was later revoked in September 1997. source: sahrawi-emb-au.com
01 Aug Cheyenne, Wyoming, experiences devastating flash flood and hailstorm: On August 1, 1985, Cheyenne, Wyoming, was struck by a severe thunderstorm that led to a flash flood and hailstorm. The storm dumped over 6 inches of rain in approximately three hours, setting a new 24-hour rainfall record for Wyoming. Hailstones up to 2 inches in diameter accumulated in some areas, creating drifts up to 1 foot deep. The flooding resulted in 12 fatalities, 70 injuries, and damages exceeding $61 million, with most deaths occurring along Dry Creek as vehicles were swept away while attempting to cross flooded streets. source: weather.gov
02 Aug Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashes at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport: On August 2, 1985, Delta Air Lines Flight 191, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, crashed while on approach to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The aircraft encountered a microburst-induced wind shear, leading to a loss of control and impact with the ground approximately 6,000 feet short of the runway. The crash resulted in 137 fatalities, including 136 occupants and one person on the ground. source: weather.gov
03 Aug Deadly train collision in Flaujac, France: On August 3, 1985, a head-on collision occurred between two trains near Flaujac, France, resulting in 35 fatalities and 91 injuries. The accident was caused by a communication error between stationmasters at Assier and Gramat, leading to the authorization of a local train's departure onto a single-track section without accounting for an oncoming express train. This tragedy highlighted the critical need for improved communication and signaling systems on single-track lines. source: fr.wikipedia.org
04 Aug Rod Carew reaches 3,000 career hits; Tom Seaver wins 300th game: On August 4, 1985, Rod Carew of the California Angels became the 16th player in Major League Baseball history to reach 3,000 career hits, achieving the milestone with a single off Frank Viola of the Minnesota Twins. On the same day, Tom Seaver of the Chicago White Sox secured his 300th career win by defeating the New York Yankees 4-1 at Yankee Stadium. source: mlb.com
05 Aug Establishment of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame announced: On August 5, 1985, the establishment of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame was announced. The first group of inductees, inducted on January 23, 1986, included Elvis Presley, James Brown, Little Richard, Fats Domino, Ray Charles, Chuck Berry, Sam Cooke, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, and Jerry Lee Lewis. source: sunny1079.com
06 Aug Major League Baseball players strike over pension and arbitration issues: On August 6, 1985, Major League Baseball players initiated a two-day strike after negotiations failed to resolve disputes over pension contributions and salary arbitration. The strike led to the postponement of 25 games, all of which were rescheduled later in the season. The work stoppage concluded on August 7, 1985, with an agreement that included increased owner contributions to the players' pension plan and adjustments to salary arbitration rules. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Aug Japan selects first astronauts: Doi, Mohri, and Mukai: On August 7, 1985, Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) selected Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri, and Chiaki Mukai as the nation's first astronauts. This marked a significant milestone in Japan's space exploration efforts, paving the way for future participation in international space missions. source: islandnet.com
08 Aug Japan selects first national astronauts for space program: On August 8, 1985, Japan announced the selection of its first national astronauts, marking a significant milestone in its space exploration efforts. The selected astronauts were part of a broader initiative to enhance Japan's capabilities in space science and technology, contributing to international space missions. This selection paved the way for Japan's active participation in future space endeavors, including collaborations with NASA and other space agencies. source: britannica.com
09 Aug Aretha Franklin's "Freeway of Love" tops R&B charts: On August 9, 1985, Aretha Franklin's "Freeway of Love" reached number one on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart, marking her twentieth number-one hit on the chart. The song also peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and earned Franklin her 12th Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. source: billboard.com
10 Aug Michael Jackson acquires Beatles music catalog: On August 10, 1985, Michael Jackson purchased ATV Music Publishing for $47.5 million, gaining control over 251 Beatles songs, including classics like "Yesterday" and "Let It Be." This acquisition marked a significant moment in music history, highlighting the value of music publishing rights. The deal also strained Jackson's friendship with Paul McCartney, who had previously advised him on the importance of owning music catalogs. source: biography.com
11 Aug Space Shuttle Challenger returns to Kennedy Space Center after STS-51-F mission: On August 11, 1985, the Space Shuttle Challenger was transported back to Kennedy Space Center, Florida, after completing its STS-51-F mission. The shuttle had landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on August 6, 1985, and was subsequently flown back to Florida for refurbishment and preparation for future missions. source: nasa.gov
12 Aug Japan Airlines Flight 123 disaster occurred on August 12, 1985: Japan Airlines Flight 123, a domestic flight from Tokyo to Osaka, crashed into Mount Takamagahara on August 12, 1985, after suffering a catastrophic failure due to improper repairs. It remains the deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history, resulting in 520 fatalities. The incident raised significant concerns about aircraft maintenance and safety regulations in Japan. source: britannica.com
14 Aug Michael Jackson acquires Beatles music catalog: On August 14, 1985, Michael Jackson purchased the rights to the Beatles' music catalog for approximately $47 million. This acquisition included the rights to over 250 songs, significantly impacting the music industry and Jackson's financial portfolio. The deal was notable for its scale and the controversy it generated among music artists and industry professionals. source: bbc.com
15 Aug P.W. Botha delivers Rubicon speech in 1985: On August 15, 1985, P.W. Botha, then Prime Minister of South Africa, delivered his famous Rubicon speech. In this address, he announced significant reforms but stopped short of dismantling apartheid, which led to widespread disappointment and protests. The speech is often seen as a pivotal moment in South African history, marking a turning point in the struggle against apartheid. source: bbc.com
16 Aug Madonna marries Sean Penn in a lavish ceremony: Madonna and Sean Penn were married on August 16, 1985, in a high-profile ceremony in Malibu, California. The marriage was marked by significant media attention, reflecting both their celebrity status. However, the couple's relationship was tumultuous, leading to their divorce in 1989. source: rollingstone.com
17 Aug Rajiv Gandhi announces Punjab state elections: On August 17, 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi announced that elections would be held in Punjab state on September 25, 1985. This decision followed the signing of the Rajiv-Longowal Accord on July 24, 1985, which aimed to address Sikh demands and end the agitation in the region. Despite concerns over security due to ongoing violence, the government proceeded with the election plan. source: upi.com
18 Aug Japan launches Suisei spacecraft to study Halley's Comet: On August 18, 1985, Japan launched the Suisei spacecraft, also known as Planet-A, from the Kagoshima Space Center. The mission aimed to study Halley's Comet, with Suisei approaching the comet to within 151,000 kilometers on March 8, 1986, to observe its hydrogen corona and solar wind interactions. source: esa.int
20 Aug Israel facilitates U.S. arms transfer to Iran: On August 20, 1985, Israel, through intermediaries including arms dealer Yaakov Nimrodi and financier Adnan Khashoggi, transferred 96 U.S.-made TOW anti-tank missiles to Iran via chartered aircraft. This operation was part of a covert effort to secure the release of American hostages held in Lebanon. The initial shipment did not result in the release of any hostages, although further shipments were made in subsequent months. source: cia.gov
21 Aug Northern Peru earthquake occurred on August 21, 1985: On August 21, 1985, a powerful earthquake struck northern Peru, registering a magnitude of 6.9. The quake caused significant destruction, particularly in the city of Chimbote, leading to numerous casualties and extensive damage to infrastructure. This event highlighted the seismic risks in the region and prompted discussions on building safety and disaster preparedness. source: usgs.gov
22 Aug Manchester Airport British Airtours Flight 28M Disaster: On August 22, 1985, British Airtours Flight 28M, a Boeing 737-236, suffered an uncontained engine failure during takeoff at Manchester Airport, leading to a catastrophic fire. The crew aborted the takeoff, but the fire rapidly engulfed the aircraft, resulting in 55 fatalities, primarily due to smoke inhalation. This tragedy prompted significant changes in aviation safety standards, including improved evacuation procedures and fire-resistant materials. source: faa.gov
23 Aug 1985 Wuqia earthquake in Xinjiang, China: On August 23, 1985, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck near the border of Wuqia County and Shufu County in Xinjiang, China. The earthquake resulted in 71 deaths, 162 injuries, and left 15,000 people homeless. Approximately 85% of buildings and highways were destroyed. The epicenter was located along the Kazkeaerte Fault, and the tremor was felt throughout much of the Fergana Basin in the USSR and parts of Pakistan. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Aug STS-51-I mission scrubbed at T-5 minutes due to bad weather: On August 24, 1985, the launch of NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery for the STS-51-I mission was scrubbed at T-5 minutes due to thunderstorms in the vicinity of the launch pad. The mission was successfully launched on August 27, 1985. source: nasa.gov
25 Aug Space Shuttle Discovery's August 25, 1985, launch delayed due to computer failure: On August 25, 1985, the launch of Space Shuttle Discovery was postponed when a guidance computer failed 25 minutes before liftoff. This marked the fifth computer failure in the shuttle program and the second in the final minutes of a countdown. The mission was rescheduled for August 27, 1985. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Aug French government denies involvement in Rainbow Warrior assault: On August 26, 1985, the French government officially denied any involvement in the bombing of the Greenpeace ship, the Rainbow Warrior, in Auckland, New Zealand. The attack, which resulted in the death of a photographer and injuries to others, was later attributed to French intelligence operatives. This incident sparked international outrage and led to significant diplomatic tensions between France and New Zealand. source: theguardian.com
27 Aug Nigerian military coup ousts President Buhari, General Babangida assumes power: On August 27, 1985, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida led a military coup that deposed President Muhammadu Buhari. Babangida criticized Buhari's regime for being 'rigid and uncompromising,' citing economic mismanagement and incompetence. Following the coup, Babangida became the new Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. source: washingtonpost.com
29 Aug Space Shuttle Atlantis prepares for 51-J mission: On August 29, 1985, Space Shuttle Atlantis was moved to Launch Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida in preparation for its first flight, designated STS-51J. This mission, launched on October 3, 1985, was the 21st NASA Space Shuttle mission and the first flight of Atlantis. The crew included Commander Karol J. Bobko, Pilot Ronald J. Grabe, Mission Specialists Robert L. Stewart and David C. Hilmers, and Payload Specialist William A. Pailes. The mission lasted four days, deploying two Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS-III) satellites into orbit. source: nasa.gov
31 Aug Richard Ramirez, the 'Night Stalker', captured in East Los Angeles: On August 31, 1985, Richard Ramirez, known as the 'Night Stalker', was apprehended in East Los Angeles after being recognized from media coverage. Residents detained him until police arrived, preventing a potential lynching. Ramirez was later identified through fingerprints found on a stolen car, linking him to a series of murders and assaults across California. source: history.com
01 Sep RMS Titanic wreckage discovered in the North Atlantic: On September 1, 1985, the wreckage of the RMS Titanic was discovered by a Franco-American expedition led by Robert Ballard. The ship sank on April 15, 1912, after hitting an iceberg, and its discovery provided significant insights into maritime history and underwater exploration. The wreck lies about 12,500 feet below the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean, and its discovery sparked renewed interest in the Titanic's tragic story. source: britannica.com
02 Sep Assassination of Tamil Politicians M. Alalasundaram and V. Dharmalingam in Sri Lanka: On September 2, 1985, former Members of Parliament M. Alalasundaram and V. Dharmalingam were abducted and subsequently found murdered in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Alalasundaram's body was discovered near his home in Kalliyankadu, while Dharmalingam's body was found in a cemetery in Thavady, Manipay. The perpetrators were not officially identified, but various sources suggest involvement of the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), possibly under the direction of the Indian intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Sep Space Shuttle Discovery STS-51I mission returns to Earth: On September 3, 1985, Space Shuttle Discovery completed its sixth mission, STS-51I, landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The mission lasted 7 days, 2 hours, 17 minutes, and 42 seconds, during which Discovery deployed three communications satellites into orbit. The crew included Commander Joe H. Engle, Pilot Richard O. Covey, and Mission Specialists James D.A. van Hoften, John M. Lounge, and William F. Fisher. source: nasa.gov
04 Sep Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene (C60): On September 4, 1985, chemists Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley announced the discovery of Buckminsterfullerene, a molecule composed of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a spherical structure resembling a soccer ball. This discovery opened new avenues in materials science and nanotechnology, leading to significant advancements in various fields, including chemistry and physics. source: britannica.com
05 Sep John Howard becomes Australian Opposition Leader: On September 5, 1985, John Howard was elected as the Leader of the Opposition in Australia, succeeding Andrew Peacock. This leadership change marked a significant shift in the Liberal Party's direction, with Howard advocating for economic liberalism and social conservatism. His tenure as Opposition Leader lasted until 1989, after which he returned to the role in 1995, eventually becoming Prime Minister in 1996. source: naa.gov.au
06 Sep Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 crashes shortly after takeoff in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: On September 6, 1985, Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, crashed into an open field near General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, shortly after takeoff. The aircraft was en route to Atlanta, Georgia, carrying 27 passengers and 4 crew members; all 31 occupants perished. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that an uncontained engine failure led to the crash, with the crew's response to the emergency contributing to the loss of control. source: ntsb.gov
07 Sep Hana Mandlíková defeats Martina Navratilova in 1985 US Open Women's Singles Final: On September 7, 1985, Hana Mandlíková won the US Open Women's Singles title by defeating two-time defending champion Martina Navratilova with a score of 7–6^(7–3), 1–6, 7–6^(7–2). This victory marked Mandlíková's third major singles title and ended Navratilova and Chris Evert's record streak of 15 consecutive major titles between them. source: itftennis.com
08 Sep Pete Rose ties Ty Cobb's historic hit record: On September 8, 1985, Pete Rose tied Ty Cobb's major league record of 4,191 career hits by singling off Chicago Cubs pitcher Reggie Patterson at Wrigley Field. The game was suspended due to darkness after nine innings, resulting in a 5–5 tie. Rose would surpass Cobb's record three days later, on September 11, 1985, with his 4,192nd hit. source: washingtonpost.com
09 Sep Executive Order 12532: US sanctions on South Africa: On September 9, 1985, President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12532, declaring a national emergency due to the threat posed by the policies and actions of the Government of South Africa. The order imposed sanctions including prohibitions on U.S. bank loans to the South African government, exports of computers and related technology to certain government agencies, nuclear exports, and imports of arms, ammunition, or military vehicles produced in South Africa. source: reaganlibrary.gov
10 Sep Death of legendary Scottish football manager Jock Stein: Jock Stein, a prominent Scottish football manager known for his successful tenure at Celtic FC, passed away on September 10, 1985. He was celebrated for leading Celtic to numerous victories, including the European Cup in 1967, making him a legendary figure in Scottish football history. His death occurred shortly after a match, leaving a significant impact on the football community. source: bbc.com
11 Sep International Cometary Explorer's flyby of Comet Giacobini-Zinner: On September 11, 1985, NASA's International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft conducted the first-ever encounter with a comet, passing through the tail of Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner at a distance of approximately 7,800 kilometers from its nucleus. This historic mission provided valuable data on the composition and structure of cometary tails, supporting the 'dirty snowball' theory of comet composition. ICE later flew past Comet Halley in 1986. source: esa.int
13 Sep Super Mario Bros. released in Japan on September 13, 1985: Super Mario Bros. was first released in Japan on September 13, 1985, for the Family Computer (Famicom). It was later released in North America for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in October 1985, with exact dates varying by region. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Sep Penang Bridge opens to traffic: The Penang Bridge, a 13.5 km dual carriageway toll bridge connecting Perai on the mainland to Gelugor on Penang Island, was officially opened to traffic on September 14, 1985. This bridge was the first road link between the peninsula and the island, significantly easing transportation and boosting economic activities in the region. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Sep Olof Palme's Social Democrats win 1985 Swedish general election: In the 1985 Swedish general election held on September 15, Prime Minister Olof Palme's Social Democratic Party secured 159 of the 349 seats in the Riksdag, maintaining their position as the largest party. Despite a narrow victory, Palme formed a minority government with support from the Left Party Communists. The Social Democrats received 44.68% of the vote, while the opposition parties garnered 55.32%. source: csmonitor.com
16 Sep Discovery of the ozone hole announced: On September 16, 1985, scientists announced the discovery of a significant depletion of ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica, termed the 'ozone hole.' This finding raised global awareness about the dangers of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and led to international efforts to address ozone layer depletion, culminating in the Montreal Protocol in 1987. source: nasa.gov
17 Sep Alexander Ovechkin's birth date confirmed: Alexander Ovechkin, the renowned Russian professional ice hockey player, was born on September 17, 1985, in Moscow, Russia. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest hockey players of all time, known for his scoring ability and leadership on the ice. Ovechkin has had a significant impact on the NHL and is a key player for the Washington Capitals. source: britannica.com
18 Sep Song and Dance musical opens on Broadway: The musical 'Song and Dance' opened on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on September 18, 1985. The production, directed by Richard Maltby Jr. and choreographed by Peter Martins, starred Bernadette Peters as Emma. The show ran for 474 performances, closing on November 8, 1986. Peters received the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance. source: broadwayworld.com
19 Sep 1985 Mexico City earthquake: On September 19, 1985, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Mexico City at 7:18 am, causing widespread destruction and resulting in at least 5,000 deaths. The epicenter was located off the coast of Michoacán, approximately 200 miles from Mexico City. The unique geological conditions of Mexico City, built on an ancient lakebed, amplified the seismic waves, leading to severe damage. The earthquake also triggered a tsunami with waves up to 3 meters high. source: britannica.com
20 Sep 7.5 magnitude aftershock strikes Mexico City following 1985 earthquake: On September 20, 1985, a magnitude 7.5 aftershock struck Mexico City, causing further structural damage and leading to the collapse of 20 additional buildings. The aftershock also generated a tsunami in Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, with waves reaching 1.5 meters in height. source: britannica.com
21 Sep CIA officer Edward Lee Howard defects to Soviet Union: On September 21, 1985, Edward Lee Howard, a former CIA officer, defected to the Soviet Union. Howard had been dismissed from the CIA in 1983 due to issues related to drug use and mental instability. After his defection, he was granted political asylum in the Soviet Union, marking the first known case of a CIA officer defecting to the USSR. His actions were considered highly damaging to U.S. intelligence operations. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Sep Plaza Accord signed to address trade imbalances: The Plaza Accord was an agreement signed on September 22, 1985, by five nations: the United States, Japan, West Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. The accord aimed to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the Japanese yen and the German Deutsche Mark to correct trade imbalances and stabilize the global economy. This agreement marked a significant moment in international economic policy. source: brookings.edu
23 Sep Giancarlo Siani assassinated by Camorra in Naples: On September 23, 1985, Italian crime reporter Giancarlo Siani was killed by the Camorra in Naples. He was ambushed and shot ten times in the head while driving his Citroën Méhari near his home in the Vomero district. Siani was known for his investigative journalism exposing links between organized crime and politics. source: upi.com
24 Sep Andre Dawson's historic three-home-run game against the Cubs: On September 24, 1985, Montreal Expos outfielder Andre Dawson hit three home runs, including two three-run shots in a 12-run fifth inning, leading the Expos to a 17-15 victory over the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field. This performance marked the second time Dawson hit two home runs in a single inning, joining Willie McCovey as the only players to achieve this feat twice. source: mlb.com
25 Sep Rickey Henderson steals 75th base of the season, setting Yankees record: On September 25, 1985, Rickey Henderson stole his 75th base of the season, setting a new New York Yankees record for stolen bases in a single season. This achievement highlighted Henderson's exceptional speed and baserunning skills, contributing significantly to the Yankees' performance that year. source: brainyhistory.com
26 Sep Tunisia severs diplomatic relations with Libya over expulsions: On September 26, 1985, Tunisia severed diplomatic relations with Libya following the expulsion of approximately 30,000 Tunisian workers by the Libyan government. The expulsions were part of a broader pattern of tensions between the two nations, including accusations of Libyan support for subversive activities within Tunisia. The severance of ties marked a significant deterioration in bilateral relations. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Sep Hurricane Gloria strikes US East Coast: Hurricane Gloria, a powerful Cape Verde hurricane, made landfall on the US East Coast on September 27, 1985. It first struck the Outer Banks of North Carolina, then Long Island, New York, and Connecticut, causing extensive damage and resulting in 14 fatalities. The storm was the first significant system to strike the northeastern United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. source: weather.gov
28 Sep Brixton riots sparked by police shooting of Dorothy Groce: On September 28, 1985, the Brixton riots erupted in South London following the police shooting of Dorothy "Cherry" Groce. Officers had raided her home seeking her son, Michael Groce, in connection with an armed robbery. During the raid, Mrs. Groce was shot and left paralysed from the waist down. The incident led to widespread unrest, with shops looted, cars destroyed, and fires set. The riots lasted for two days, resulting in numerous injuries and over 200 arrests. source: theguardian.com
29 Sep MacGyver TV series premieres on September 29, 1985: The television series 'MacGyver' premiered on September 29, 1985. The show starred Richard Dean Anderson as Angus MacGyver, a resourceful secret agent known for his ability to solve problems using everyday materials. It became a cultural icon and ran for seven seasons, concluding in 1992. source: imdb.com
30 Sep Howard Stern fired from WNBC Radio: On September 30, 1985, Howard Stern was abruptly dismissed from WNBC Radio in New York City due to "conceptual differences" with management. Despite achieving the station's highest ratings in four years, Stern's controversial on-air antics led to his termination. He later signed a five-year contract with Infinity Broadcasting to host a show on WXRK, beginning in November 1985. source: washingtonpost.com
01 Oct Israeli Air Force bombing of PLO headquarters in Tunis: On October 1, 1985, Israel conducted Operation Wooden Leg, a long-range airstrike targeting the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters in Hammam Chott, near Tunis, Tunisia. The operation involved eight F-15 fighter jets, which flew over 2,000 kilometers, refueling mid-flight, to destroy the PLO complex. The attack resulted in the deaths of between 47 and 71 people, including Palestinians and Tunisians, and injured between 65 and 100 others. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat narrowly escaped the attack, as he was not present at the time. The strike was in retaliation for the killing of three Israelis in Cyprus by a PLO faction. The United Nations Security Council condemned the attack as a violation of Tunisia's sovereignty and international law. source: washingtonpost.com
02 Oct Mikhail Gorbachev visits Paris for a summit: On October 2, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, visited Paris to attend a summit with Western leaders. This visit marked a significant moment in Cold War diplomacy, as Gorbachev sought to improve relations with the West and promote his policies of glasnost and perestroika. The summit was part of broader efforts to reduce tensions between the East and West during this period. source: bbc.com
03 Oct Space Shuttle Atlantis completes its maiden voyage: The Space Shuttle Atlantis, the fourth shuttle in NASA's fleet, launched on its maiden flight on October 3, 1985. The mission, designated STS-51-J, successfully deployed a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense. Atlantis went on to complete a total of 33 missions before its retirement in 2011. source: nasa.gov
04 Oct Islamic Jihad claims execution of U.S. diplomat William Buckley: On October 4, 1985, the pro-Iranian group Islamic Jihad announced the execution of William Buckley, the CIA's Beirut station chief, in retaliation for an Israeli air raid on the Palestine Liberation Organization's headquarters in Tunis. Buckley had been kidnapped on March 16, 1984, and held captive until his reported death. His remains were discovered near Beirut in December 1991. source: cia.gov
05 Oct 6.6 magnitude earthquake near Nahanni River, Northwest Territories, Canada: On October 5, 1985, a 6.6 magnitude earthquake struck near the North Nahanni River in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The tremor was felt across the Northwest Territories, Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, and parts of Saskatchewan. Despite its strength, the earthquake caused minimal damage and no injuries. The epicenter was approximately 320 miles west of Yellowknife, the capital of the Northwest Territories. source: latimes.com
06 Oct PC Keith Blakelock murdered during Broadwater Farm riots: On October 6, 1985, during the Broadwater Farm riots in Tottenham, London, Police Constable Keith Blakelock was fatally stabbed while attempting to protect firefighters from an armed mob. Despite extensive investigations, no one has ever been convicted for his murder. source: bbc.com
07 Oct Achille Lauro hijacking: On October 7, 1985, four members of the Palestinian Liberation Front hijacked the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Egypt. The hijackers took 748 passengers and crew hostage, demanding the release of 50 Palestinian prisoners held in Israel. During the ordeal, they killed Leon Klinghoffer, a 69-year-old American Jewish passenger, and threw his body overboard. The hijacking ended on October 10 when the hijackers surrendered in exchange for safe passage. source: britannica.com
08 Oct Les Misérables London premiere held at the Barbican Theatre: The London premiere of the musical 'Les Misérables' took place on October 8, 1985, at the Barbican Theatre. This adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel became a significant cultural phenomenon and has since been performed worldwide. The production was notable for its powerful music and emotional storytelling, contributing to its long-standing success in the West End. source: bbc.co.uk
09 Oct Strawberry Fields Memorial dedicated to John Lennon: On October 9, 1985, a 2.5-acre section of Central Park in New York City, named Strawberry Fields, was officially dedicated to John Lennon on what would have been his 45th birthday. The memorial features a circular mosaic with the word 'Imagine' at its center, designed by Bruce Kelly and donated by the city of Naples, Italy. Yoko Ono, Lennon's widow, attended the ceremony alongside their son, Sean, who celebrated his 10th birthday that day. source: beatlesbible.com
10 Oct U.S. Navy intercepts Egyptian airliner carrying Achille Lauro hijackers: On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy F-14 fighters intercepted an Egyptian airliner carrying the four Palestinian hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro. The aircraft was forced to land at a NATO base in Sigonella, Sicily, where the hijackers were arrested by Italian authorities. This operation was part of the U.S. response to the hijacking, which had resulted in the death of an American passenger. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Oct Reagan bans South African Krugerrand gold coin imports: On October 1, 1985, President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12535, prohibiting the importation of South African Krugerrand gold coins into the United States, effective October 11, 1985. This action aimed to pressure the South African government to abandon its apartheid policies by targeting a significant source of its foreign exchange earnings. The ban was part of a broader package of economic sanctions against South Africa. source: reaganlibrary.gov
12 Oct Resolution of the MS Achille Lauro hostage crisis: The MS Achille Lauro hostage crisis concluded on October 12, 1985, when the hijackers surrendered to Egyptian authorities after a standoff. The crisis began on October 7, when Palestinian terrorists took control of the cruise ship, leading to the murder of an American passenger, Leon Klinghoffer. The resolution involved negotiations and the eventual release of hostages, highlighting the complexities of international terrorism and maritime security. source: britannica.com
13 Oct Christian People's Party wins Belgian parliamentary election: In the Belgian general election held on October 13, 1985, the Christian People's Party (CVP) emerged as the largest party, securing 49 of the 212 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. This marked an increase of six seats from the previous election. The CVP's leader, Wilfried Martens, continued as Prime Minister, leading a coalition government with the Liberal Reformist Party (PRL) and the Socialist Party (PS). source: washingtonpost.com
14 Oct Jets retire Joe Namath's No. 12 jersey: On October 14, 1985, the New York Jets retired quarterback Joe Namath's No. 12 jersey in honor of his contributions to the team, including leading them to their only Super Bowl victory in 1969. source: newsday.com
15 Oct Franco Modigliani awarded Nobel Prize in Economics for pioneering analyses of saving and financial markets: On October 15, 1985, Franco Modigliani, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his pioneering analyses of saving and financial markets. His work included the development of the life-cycle hypothesis of household saving and the formulation of the Modigliani-Miller theorems regarding capital costs and the valuation of firms. source: nobelprize.org
16 Oct Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: On October 16, 1985, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly to Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle for their development of direct methods for determining crystal structures. Their work revolutionized the field by enabling rapid and accurate mapping of molecular structures, significantly advancing chemical research. source: nobelprize.org
17 Oct Claude Simon awarded Nobel Prize in Literature: Claude Simon, a French novelist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature on October 17, 1985. He was recognized for his innovative narrative techniques and contributions to literature, particularly in the context of the French literary tradition. Simon's works often explore themes of memory and perception, reflecting the complexities of human experience. source: britannica.com
18 Oct Nintendo Entertainment System launches in New York City: On October 18, 1985, Nintendo released the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in New York City as a test market. This marked the beginning of the NES's introduction to the United States, with a nationwide launch following in 1986. source: wired.com
19 Oct First Blockbuster Video store opens in Dallas, Texas: On October 19, 1985, the first Blockbuster Video store opened in Dallas, Texas, featuring an inventory of 8,000 VHS and 2,000 Beta tapes. This innovative store layout allowed customers to browse tapes on shelves, enhancing the rental experience. The success of this store led to rapid expansion, making Blockbuster a leading provider of in-home movie and game entertainment. source: history.com
20 Oct October 20, 1985: A Day Without Major Global Events: On October 20, 1985, no significant global events were recorded, marking it as an uneventful day in history. This day is noted for its lack of major occurrences, reflecting a typical day in the mid-1980s. source: takemeback.to
24 Oct Virginia Culver served as president of the American Numismatic Association from 1973 to 1975: Virginia Culver was the first woman to serve as president of the American Numismatic Association (ANA), holding the position from 1973 to 1975. She was succeeded by Virgil Hancock, who served from 1975 to 1977. source: money.org
25 Oct Emirates Airline's inaugural flight to Karachi: Emirates Airline commenced operations on October 25, 1985, with its first flight, EK600, from Dubai to Karachi, Pakistan. The airline's initial fleet included a Boeing 737 and an Airbus A300B4, both wet-leased from Pakistan International Airlines. This marked the beginning of Emirates' journey as a global airline. source: emirates.com
26 Oct Uluru returned to Anangu traditional owners: On October 26, 1985, the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park to the Anangu people, marking a significant milestone in Indigenous land rights. The Anangu agreed to lease the land back to the Australian Parks and Wildlife Service for 99 years, establishing a system of joint management. This event was a culmination of decades of advocacy by the Anangu for recognition of their traditional land rights. source: dcceew.gov.au
27 Oct Hurricane Juan impacts Gulf Coast and Eastern Seaboard: Hurricane Juan formed in the Gulf of Mexico on October 26, 1985, and made landfall near Morgan City, Louisiana, on October 29. The storm caused extensive flooding, particularly in Louisiana, with rainfall totals reaching 17.78 inches in Galliano. The hurricane's erratic path led to significant damage along the Gulf Coast and Eastern Seaboard, resulting in 12 fatalities and approximately $1.5 billion in damages. source: weather.gov
28 Oct Total lunar eclipse on October 28, 1985: A total lunar eclipse occurred on October 28, 1985, visible across Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and parts of North and South America. The eclipse featured a totality lasting approximately 44 minutes, with partial phases extending the event to about 6 hours and 5 minutes. This eclipse was the second of a tetrad, following the May 4, 1985, total lunar eclipse and preceding those on April 24, 1986, and October 17, 1986. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Oct Hurricane Juan causes severe damage along the U.S. Gulf Coast: Hurricane Juan, a Category 1 storm, struck the U.S. Gulf Coast on October 29, 1985, causing widespread flooding and significant damage. The storm's erratic path led to torrential rainfall, with Galliano, Louisiana recording 17.78 inches. The combination of heavy rain and a 5 to 8.2-foot storm surge inundated approximately 50,000 homes, leading to an estimated $1 billion in damages in Louisiana alone. Offshore, nine fatalities occurred due to overturned oil rigs and boats. The storm's impact was felt from Texas to Florida, with flooding in Texas and Mississippi, and tornadoes in the Florida Panhandle causing over $1 million in damage. source: weather.gov
30 Oct STS-61-A: Space Shuttle Challenger's final successful mission: On October 30, 1985, Space Shuttle Challenger launched on mission STS-61-A, the 22nd flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program. This mission was dedicated to the German Spacelab D-1, featuring 75 experiments in materials science, life science, and technology. The crew included Commander Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Pilot Steven R. Nagel, and six mission specialists, including two German astronauts and one Dutch astronaut. The mission lasted 7 days, 44 minutes, and 51 seconds, concluding with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base on November 6, 1985. source: nasa.gov
31 Oct Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor, dies at 72: Poul Reichhardt, a prominent Danish actor known for his roles in 1940s and 1950s comedies, passed away on October 31, 1985, at the age of 72. He was recognized for his performances in films such as 'Soldaten og Jenny' (1947) and the 'Olsen-banden' series. Reichhardt also starred in the television series 'Huset på Christianshavn' and 'Matador'. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Nov Dizzee Rascal was born on November 1, 1985: Dizzee Rascal, the British rapper and music producer, was born on November 1, 1985, in London, England. He gained fame in the early 2000s with his debut album 'Boy in da Corner,' which won the Mercury Prize. His unique style blends grime, hip hop, and electronic music, making him a significant figure in the UK music scene. source: britannica.com
03 Nov Radical Civic Union wins Argentine legislative elections: On November 3, 1985, Argentina held legislative elections in which the ruling Radical Civic Union (UCR) party, led by President Raúl Alfonsín, secured a significant victory. The UCR obtained 43.58% of the vote, winning 65 out of 127 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, thereby increasing its majority. The main opposition, the Justicialist Liberation Front (FREJULI), received 24.49% of the vote, securing 37 seats. This outcome was seen as an endorsement of Alfonsín's anti-inflation measures and his decision to prosecute former military junta members for human rights abuses. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Nov 1985 Election Day Floods in West Virginia and Virginia: In early November 1985, severe flooding occurred in West Virginia and Virginia, triggered by two Gulf-origin low-pressure systems bringing record rainfall across the Potomac, Cheat, and Monongahela basins. The floods resulted in 38 fatalities and nearly $700 million in damage in West Virginia, while Virginia experienced 22 deaths and $753 million in damages. The event coincided with Election Day, leading to its name as the "Election Day Floods." source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Nov Death of Spencer W. Kimball, LDS Church President: Spencer W. Kimball, the 12th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, passed away on November 5, 1985, at the age of 90 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He had been battling health issues for nearly 30 years, including operations for throat cancer, heart ailments, and subdural hematomas. Under his leadership, the church experienced significant growth and doctrinal developments. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Nov Wojciech Jaruzelski elected president of Poland: On November 6, 1985, General Wojciech Jaruzelski resigned as Prime Minister and was elected President of the Council of State by the Polish Parliament. This move allowed him to retain his position as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, consolidating his authority as Poland's most powerful leader. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Nov Colombian Palace of Justice siege ends after 27-hour assault: On November 6, 1985, the M-19 guerrilla group stormed Colombia's Palace of Justice in Bogotá, taking approximately 350 hostages, including Supreme Court justices. The Colombian military launched a 27-hour operation to retake the building, culminating in a final assault on November 7. The operation resulted in over 100 deaths, including 11 Supreme Court justices, and the destruction of the building by fire. source: latimes.com
08 Nov Space Shuttle Atlantis preparation for STS-61B mission on November 8, 1985: On November 8, 1985, Space Shuttle Atlantis was moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) for mating in preparation for the STS-61B mission. This marked a significant milestone in the shuttle's rapid turnaround, as Atlantis had returned to the Kennedy Space Center on October 12, 1985, after completing the STS-51J mission. The swift processing and preparation for STS-61B demonstrated NASA's efficiency in managing shuttle operations. source: nasa.gov
09 Nov Brabant Killers attack Delhaize supermarket in Aalst, Belgium: On November 9, 1985, three masked gunmen attacked the Delhaize supermarket in Aalst, Belgium, killing eight people and injuring nine others. The perpetrators, known as the Brabant Killers, were responsible for a series of violent robberies in the 1980s, resulting in 28 deaths and 22 injuries. Despite extensive investigations, the case remains unsolved. source: upi.com
10 Nov Garry Kasparov becomes World Chess Champion: Garry Kasparov won the World Chess Championship on November 10, 1985, by defeating Anatoly Karpov. This victory marked the beginning of Kasparov's reign as the world's top chess player, a position he held for 15 years. The match was notable for its intense competition and strategic depth, solidifying Kasparov's legacy in the chess world. source: britannica.com
11 Nov First AIDS-themed TV movie airs on November 11, 1985: The first AIDS-themed television movie, titled "An Early Frost," premiered on NBC on November 11, 1985. The film focused on the life of a young man diagnosed with AIDS and aimed to raise awareness about the disease during a time of widespread fear and misinformation. It was significant in bringing the realities of AIDS into mainstream media and fostering discussions about the epidemic. source: nbcnews.com
12 Nov STS-61-B vehicle moved to launch pad: On November 12, 1985, the Space Shuttle Atlantis was rolled out to Launch Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the STS-61-B mission. This marked a significant milestone in the mission's timeline, following the shuttle's move to the Vehicle Assembly Building on November 7, 1985, and its earlier tow to the Orbiter Processing Facility on October 12, 1985. source: nasa.gov
13 Nov Nevado del Ruiz volcanic eruption causes catastrophic lahars in Colombia: On November 13, 1985, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted in Colombia, melting its glaciers and generating massive lahars (volcanic mudflows) that devastated nearby towns, including Armero. The disaster resulted in over 23,000 fatalities and significant property damage. source: usgs.gov
14 Nov Nevado del Ruiz volcanic disaster in Colombia: On November 14, 1985, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted, triggering a massive lahar that devastated the town of Armero in Colombia. The disaster resulted in the deaths of approximately 23,000 people and caused significant destruction to infrastructure and homes. This event highlighted the importance of volcanic monitoring and disaster preparedness in vulnerable regions. source: britannica.com
15 Nov Anglo-Irish Agreement signed by UK and Ireland: On November 15, 1985, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement at Hillsborough Castle in Northern Ireland. This accord granted the Irish government a consultative role in Northern Ireland's affairs, aiming to address the longstanding tensions and violence in the region. The agreement outlined cooperation in political, security, legal, and cross-border matters. source: britannica.com
16 Nov Space Shuttle Enterprise transported to Smithsonian: On November 16, 1985, the Space Shuttle Enterprise was transported to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. This marked a significant moment in aerospace history, as Enterprise was the first shuttle built for NASA and was used for testing purposes. The shuttle remains a key exhibit, showcasing the early days of the Space Shuttle program. source: nasa.gov
17 Nov Howard Stern begins broadcasting on WXRK FM: On November 17, 1985, Howard Stern began broadcasting on WXRK 92.3 FM in New York City. This marked his return to the New York airwaves after his departure from WNBC AM. Stern initially hosted the afternoon slot from 2–6 pm, later transitioning to mornings on February 18, 1986. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Nov Space Shuttle Enterprise transferred to Smithsonian Institution: On November 18, 1985, NASA ferried the Space Shuttle Enterprise to Washington Dulles International Airport, where it was officially transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. The shuttle was placed in storage at the National Air and Space Museum's hangar, awaiting the completion of a new exhibition facility. Enterprise remained in storage for 18 years before being moved to the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in 2003. source: nasa.gov
19 Nov Reagan and Gorbachev hold their first summit meeting: On November 19, 1985, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev met in Geneva for the first time in six years. The summit focused on arms control, human rights, and regional conflicts, resulting in six bilateral agreements on cultural and scientific exchanges, improved air safety, consular exchanges, research, and environmental protection. The meeting concluded with the announcement that Gorbachev had accepted Reagan's invitation to visit the United States for a summit in 1986. source: reaganlibrary.gov
20 Nov Microsoft Windows 1.0 launched on November 20, 1985: Microsoft Windows 1.0 was officially launched on November 20, 1985. This marked the beginning of the Windows operating system, which introduced a graphical user interface to the MS-DOS operating system. Windows 1.0 was a significant step in personal computing, paving the way for future versions and the widespread adoption of graphical interfaces. source: britannica.com
21 Nov Jonathan Pollard arrested for espionage in 1985: Jonathan Pollard, a former U.S. Navy intelligence analyst, was arrested on November 21, 1985, for spying for Israel. He was convicted of passing classified information to the Israeli government, which led to significant diplomatic tensions. Pollard was sentenced to life in prison but was released on parole in 2015 after serving 30 years. source: bbc.com
22 Nov Largest U.S. Citizenship Ceremony in Los Angeles: On November 22, 1985, a record-breaking 38,648 immigrants from 106 countries were sworn in as U.S. citizens in Los Angeles, marking the largest such ceremony in American history at that time. source: upi.com
23 Nov EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking and commando raid: On November 23, 1985, EgyptAir Flight 648 was hijacked by members of the Abu Nidal Organization. The aircraft, en route from Athens to Cairo, was diverted to Malta, where a commando raid by Egyptian forces resulted in the rescue of hostages but also led to casualties. The incident highlighted the complexities of international terrorism and counter-terrorism efforts during that era. source: britannica.com
24 Nov Egyptian commandos storm hijacked EgyptAir jet in Malta: On November 24, 1985, Egyptian commandos stormed a hijacked EgyptAir Boeing 737 at Malta's Luqa Airport. The hijackers, members of the Abu Nidal Organization, had seized the flight from Athens to Cairo, demanding refueling and threatening passengers. During the assault, grenades were detonated, causing a fire that led to the deaths of at least 57 people, including passengers and hijackers. The operation was authorized by Maltese Prime Minister Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici after negotiations failed. Three U.S. military officers accompanied the Egyptian commandos to Malta but did not participate in the assault. The surviving hijacker, Omar Rezaq, was later tried and sentenced to life imprisonment in the United States. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Nov Soviet Antonov An-12 shot down in Angola: On November 25, 1985, an Aeroflot Antonov An-12BP cargo aircraft, operated by the Soviet Air Force, was shot down by South African Special Forces while en route from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda, Angola. The aircraft crashed approximately 43 kilometers east of Menongue in the Cuando Cubango province, resulting in the deaths of all 21 occupants, including eight crew members and 13 passengers. Eyewitnesses and investigative reports indicated that the aircraft was struck by a surface-to-air missile, likely a Soviet-made 9K31 Strela-1 system captured by South African forces. The incident occurred during the Angolan Civil War and the South African Border War, amidst operations involving the Soviet Union-backed People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) against the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which received support from South Africa. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Nov Space Shuttle Atlantis Mission STS-61B: On November 26, 1985, Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on mission STS-61B, deploying three communications satellites: MORELOS-B for Mexico, AUSSAT-2 for Australia, and SATCOM KU-2 for RCA Americom. The mission also conducted two spacewalks to test assembling structures in space, marking the 50th and 51st extravehicular activities for the U.S. The mission lasted 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, and 49 seconds, landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 3, 1985. source: nasa.gov
27 Nov Alison Pill: Canadian actress born in Toronto: Alison Pill, born on November 27, 1985, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a Canadian actress known for her work in film, television, and theater. She began her acting career at a young age, appearing in various television movies and series. Pill gained recognition for her role in the film 'Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen' (2004) and received a Tony Award nomination for her Broadway debut in 'The Lieutenant of Inishmore' (2006). source: rottentomatoes.com
28 Nov Formation of Belgium's 6th Martens Government: On November 28, 1985, Prime Minister Wilfried Martens formed the 6th Martens Government in Belgium. This coalition government, comprising Christian Democrats and Liberals, succeeded the Martens V Government and was preceded by the Martens VII Government. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Nov Assassination of Gérard Hoarau in London: Gérard Hoarau, a Seychellois political activist and leader of the Mouvement Pour La Résistance (MPR), was assassinated on November 29, 1985, in Edgware, North London. He was shot multiple times on his doorstep by an unidentified gunman. The British police have never solved his murder, but the René government was highly implicated. As well as the hired hit-man, British police also believed that there was another individual—believed to be a Seychellois—who knew Hoarau and was able to identify him to the foreign assassin. Neither Hoarau's assassin nor his accomplice has been caught. British police did arrest a number for tapping Hoarau's telephone line, who were recommended to the Seychelles government by Ian Withers, who worked as a security adviser and was himself arrested in 2018. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Nov Alabama defeats Auburn 25-23 in 1985 Iron Bowl: In the 1985 Iron Bowl, Alabama secured a 25-23 victory over Auburn with a 52-yard field goal by Van Tiffin as time expired. The game featured a dramatic fourth quarter with four lead changes, including a crucial drive by Alabama's quarterback Mike Shula in the final minute. Tiffin's field goal, known as "The Kick," remains a memorable moment in college football history. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Dec Formation of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU): On December 1, 1985, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was officially established in Durban, uniting 33 trade unions with approximately 450,000 members. This formation aimed to strengthen the labor movement's opposition to apartheid and promote workers' rights in South Africa. source: kids.britannica.com
02 Dec Philippine court acquits military officials in Aquino assassination case: On December 2, 1985, the Sandiganbayan court acquitted General Fabian C. Ver and 25 other military personnel of all charges related to the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. The court's decision was met with widespread criticism, with many believing it was influenced by President Ferdinand Marcos. The U.S. Ambassador to Manila, Stephen W. Bosworth, noted that the court ignored evidence suggesting a high-level conspiracy behind the assassination. source: washingtonpost.com
03 Dec NASA Space Shuttle Atlantis Mission 61-B Lands: On December 3, 1985, Space Shuttle Atlantis successfully completed its second mission, STS-61-B, by landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The mission, which lasted 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, and 49 seconds, involved deploying three communications satellites: MORELOS-B for Mexico, AUSSAT-2 for Australia, and SATCOM KU-2 for RCA Americom. Additionally, two spacewalks were conducted to test the assembly of structures in space. source: nasa.gov
04 Dec Reagan appoints John Poindexter as National Security Adviser: On December 4, 1985, President Ronald Reagan announced the appointment of Vice Admiral John M. Poindexter as the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, succeeding Robert C. McFarlane. Poindexter had previously served as Deputy National Security Adviser since October 1983 and was promoted to Vice Admiral in May 1985. He joined the National Security Council staff in June 1981 as military assistant to the National Security Adviser. source: reaganlibrary.gov
05 Dec UK conducts nuclear test at Christmas Island: On December 5, 1985, the United Kingdom conducted a nuclear test at Christmas Island, part of a series of tests known as the 'Operation Grapple' series. This test was part of the UK's efforts to develop and maintain its nuclear deterrent capabilities during the Cold War. The test raised significant international concern regarding nuclear proliferation and environmental impacts. source: britannica.com
06 Dec Publication of 'The Polar Express' by Chris Van Allsburg: 'The Polar Express,' a children's book written and illustrated by Chris Van Allsburg, was published on December 6, 1985. The story follows a young boy's magical train ride to the North Pole on Christmas Eve. The book has since become a holiday classic, winning the Caldecott Medal in 1986 and inspiring an animated film adaptation. source: loc.gov
07 Dec Robert Graves dies at 90 in Deyá, Majorca: Robert Graves, the British classical scholar and poet renowned for works like 'I, Claudius' and 'Good-Bye to All That,' died on December 7, 1985, at his home in Deyá, Majorca, Spain, at the age of 90. He had been in declining health for several years and passed away from heart failure. source: britannica.com
08 Dec South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) established: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established on December 8, 1985, in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It aims to promote regional integration and cooperation among its member states, which include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC focuses on economic and regional development, cultural exchange, and social progress in South Asia. source: britannica.com
09 Dec Argentine junta leaders sentenced for human rights violations: On December 9, 1985, during the Trial of the Juntas, nine leading members of Argentina's military dictatorship were convicted for crimes committed during the 'Dirty War' (1976–1983). General Jorge Rafael Videla and Admiral Emilio Massera received life imprisonment sentences, while three others received lighter sentences. Four defendants were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. This trial marked a significant step in Argentina's efforts to address past human rights abuses. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Dec Argentine junta leaders sentenced for human rights abuses: On December 10, 1985, a court in Argentina sentenced several leaders of the military junta that ruled from 1976 to 1983 for human rights violations, including torture and murder. This landmark trial marked a significant moment in Argentina's transition to democracy, holding former officials accountable for the atrocities committed during the 'Dirty War.' The sentences were part of a broader effort to address the legacy of state terrorism in the country. source: bbc.com
11 Dec First Unabomber murder in Sacramento: On December 11, 1985, the Unabomber's first fatal bombing occurred in Sacramento, California. Hugh Scrutton, the owner of RenTech Computer Rentals, was killed when a bomb disguised as a piece of scrap lumber exploded in the parking lot behind his store. This marked the first death attributed to the Unabomber, who had previously targeted universities and airlines. source: law.cornell.edu
12 Dec Arrow Air Flight 1285R crashes in Gander, Newfoundland: On December 12, 1985, Arrow Air Flight 1285R, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63CF, crashed shortly after takeoff from Gander International Airport in Newfoundland, Canada. The flight was carrying 248 U.S. Army personnel from the 101st Airborne Division and 8 crew members, all of whom perished. The crash remains the deadliest aviation accident in Canada, with all 256 occupants killed. source: dncr.nc.gov
13 Dec Merv Hughes, Geoff Marsh, and Bruce Reid make Test debuts against India: On December 13, 1985, Australian cricketers Merv Hughes, Geoff Marsh, and Bruce Reid made their Test debuts against India in Adelaide. Hughes, a fast bowler, Marsh, an opening batsman, and Reid, a left-arm fast bowler, were part of the Australian team in this match. source: skysports.com
14 Dec Wilma Mankiller becomes Cherokee Nation's first female Principal Chief: On December 14, 1985, Wilma Mankiller was sworn in as the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She had previously served as Deputy Principal Chief since 1983 and succeeded Ross Swimmer, who resigned to join the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs. Mankiller's leadership focused on improving healthcare, education, and economic development within the Cherokee Nation. source: britannica.com
15 Dec Disneyland Paris officially opens as part of Disney's European expansion: Disneyland Paris, originally known as Euro Disney Resort, officially opened on December 15, 1985. This marked Disney's first theme park in Europe, aimed at expanding its global presence and attracting international visitors. The park has since become a major tourist destination, contributing significantly to the local economy and the broader European tourism industry. source: britannica.com
16 Dec John Gotti becomes boss of the Gambino crime family after Castellano's assassination: On December 16, 1985, Paul Castellano, boss of the Gambino crime family, and his underboss Thomas Bilotti were assassinated outside Sparks Steak House in Manhattan. The hit was orchestrated by John Gotti, who subsequently assumed leadership of the family. Frank DeCicco was appointed as the new underboss. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Dec US Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985 enacted: The US Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985 was signed into law on December 17, 1985. This legislation authorized the production of gold bullion coins by the United States Mint, allowing for the creation of the American Gold Eagle coin. The act aimed to promote the use of gold as an investment and to enhance the United States' position in the global gold market. source: congress.gov
18 Dec First woman receives Jarvik VII artificial heart: On December 18, 1985, Dr. Barney Clark became the first person to receive the Jarvik VII artificial heart, marking a significant milestone in medical technology. This procedure was groundbreaking as it was the first time an artificial heart was implanted in a human patient, paving the way for future advancements in cardiac care. The surgery was performed at the University of Utah and garnered widespread media attention. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19 Dec STS-61-C launch scrubbed due to SRB issue: On December 19, 1985, the launch of Space Shuttle Columbia for mission STS-61-C was scrubbed at T-14 seconds due to an out-of-tolerance turbine reading on the right Solid Rocket Booster's hydraulic system. This was later determined to be a false reading. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Dec Howard Cosell retires from television sports: Howard Cosell, a prominent sports broadcaster known for his distinctive style and outspoken personality, announced his retirement from television sports on December 20, 1985. His career spanned several decades, during which he became a significant figure in American sports journalism, particularly through his work on ABC's 'Monday Night Football.' Cosell's retirement marked the end of an era in sports broadcasting. source: nytimes.com
21 Dec ARCO Anchorage runs aground in Port Angeles Harbor, Washington: On December 21, 1985, the tanker ARCO Anchorage ran aground in Port Angeles Harbor, Washington, while anchoring. The vessel, carrying 814,000 barrels of Alaska North Slope crude oil, sustained two hull breaches, releasing approximately 5,690 barrels (239,000 gallons) of oil into the harbor. The spill led to significant environmental impacts, including the contamination of beaches and the death of over 4,000 birds. Cleanup efforts were initiated promptly, and the spill was considered the eighth largest in Washington state history at that time. source: incidentnews.noaa.gov
22 Dec Space Shuttle Challenger rolls out to Launch Pad 39B: On December 22, 1985, the Space Shuttle Challenger was transported to Launch Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the STS-51L mission, scheduled for January 22, 1986. This marked the first time two shuttles occupied separate launch pads simultaneously, with Columbia on Pad 39A awaiting the STS-61C mission. source: sma.nasa.gov
23 Dec Death of Ferhat Abbas, Algerian nationalist leader: Ferhat Abbas, a prominent Algerian nationalist and politician, passed away on December 23, 1985. He was a key figure in the struggle for Algerian independence from French colonial rule and served as the first president of the provisional government of Algeria. His contributions to the independence movement and his advocacy for Algerian nationalism are well-remembered in the country's history. source: britannica.com
24 Dec First use of DNA in criminal investigation: On December 24, 1985, DNA profiling was first used in a criminal investigation in the UK. This groundbreaking technique was employed to solve the case of the murder of two teenagers, helping to identify the perpetrator through genetic evidence. The use of DNA in forensic science has since revolutionized criminal investigations worldwide. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26 Dec Murder of Dian Fossey, renowned primatologist: Dian Fossey, an American primatologist and conservationist, was found murdered in her cabin at the Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda's Virunga Mountains on December 26, 1985. She had been bludgeoned to death with a machete, and her cabin was ransacked, though valuables were left untouched. The motive remains unclear, with theories ranging from poacher retaliation to personal disputes. source: history.com
27 Dec Terrorist attack on El Al airports in Rome and Vienna: On December 27, 1985, coordinated terrorist attacks occurred at El Al airports in Rome and Vienna. The attacks were carried out by members of the Abu Nidal Organization, resulting in multiple casualties and injuries. The incidents highlighted the ongoing threat of international terrorism during that period. source: britannica.com
28 Dec Lebanese militia leaders sign Syrian-brokered peace accord: On December 28, 1985, leaders of Lebanon's three major militias—the Shiite Amal movement, the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, and the Christian Lebanese Forces—signed a Syrian-mediated peace agreement in Damascus. The accord aimed to end a decade-long civil war by establishing a ceasefire and initiating political reforms to balance power between Lebanon's Christian and Muslim communities. Despite the agreement, skepticism remained among many Lebanese regarding its implementation and the influence of Syria in Lebanese affairs. source: washingtonpost.com
29 Dec Ronald Reagan's presidency and key events in 1985: Ronald Reagan served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. In 1985, significant events included the signing of the Plaza Accord aimed at stabilizing currency exchange rates and the continued escalation of the Cold War. Reagan's policies during this period focused on economic recovery and military buildup, which shaped U.S. domestic and foreign policy. source: archives.gov
30 Dec Pakistan ends martial law and restores constitution: On December 30, 1985, President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq lifted eight years of martial law in Pakistan, transitioning the country to civilian rule. He announced the disbanding of all martial law offices and military courts, signaling the end of Pakistan's third and longest period of martial law. Despite this shift, Zia retained significant power, continuing as president until 1990 and maintaining substantial control over the government. source: washingtonpost.com
31 Dec Ricky Nelson dies in plane crash: On December 31, 1985, American singer and actor Ricky Nelson died in a plane crash near De Kalb, Texas. The Douglas DC-3 aircraft, en route from Guntersville, Alabama, to Dallas, Texas, experienced a fire in the passenger cabin, leading to an emergency landing attempt. Nelson, his fiancée Helen Blair, and five band members perished; the two crew members survived with injuries. source: washingtonpost.com

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