Major Events of 1990: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1990, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1990 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan German reunification completed on October 3, 1990: On October 3, 1990, Germany was officially reunified after 45 years of division following World War II. This historic event marked the end of the Cold War era in Germany and the formation of a single, democratic state. The reunification was celebrated nationwide, with ceremonies including the raising of the German flag at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. source: archives.gov
02 Jan First McDonald's opens in Moscow: On January 31, 1990, McDonald's opened its first restaurant in Moscow's Pushkin Square, marking the company's entry into the Soviet Union. The event attracted approximately 38,000 customers, setting a company record for the most customers served in a single day at that time. source: themoscowtimes.com
03 Jan Manuel Noriega surrenders to U.S. authorities: On January 3, 1990, Panamanian General Manuel Noriega surrendered to U.S. military forces after seeking refuge in the Vatican embassy in Panama City. Following his surrender, Noriega was flown to Miami, Florida, where he faced charges of drug trafficking, money laundering, and racketeering. He was subsequently convicted and sentenced to 40 years in prison. source: bbc.com
04 Jan Sukkur rail disaster: Pakistan's deadliest train accident: On January 4, 1990, the Bahauddin Zakaria Express collided with a stationary freight train in Sangi, near Sukkur, Sindh Province, Pakistan. The collision resulted in 307 fatalities and approximately 700 injuries, making it the deadliest rail accident in Pakistan's history. The train, which was significantly overcrowded, was diverted onto a siding due to incorrectly set rail points, leading to the tragic incident. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Jan Phil Collins' 'Another Day in Paradise' reaches number one on Billboard Hot 100: Phil Collins' single 'Another Day in Paradise' topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States, marking his second number-one hit as a solo artist. The song, addressing homelessness, was released in 1989 and became a significant hit in 1990. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jan Pavel Cherenkov, Nobel Prize-Winning Physicist, Dies at 85: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, the Soviet physicist renowned for discovering Cherenkov radiation, passed away on January 6, 1990, in Moscow at the age of 85. In 1958, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics alongside Ilya M. Frank and Igor Y. Tamm for their work on the Cherenkov effect. Cherenkov's discovery has had a profound impact on nuclear and particle physics, leading to the development of Cherenkov detectors used in experimental research. source: britannica.com
07 Jan Leaning Tower of Pisa closed for safety: On January 7, 1990, the Leaning Tower of Pisa was closed to the public for the first time in 800 years due to safety concerns. The Italian Ministry of Public Works determined that the tower posed a danger to public safety, leading to its closure for a three-month period to allow for necessary repairs. source: news.bbc.co.uk
08 Jan Valery Polyakov's record-breaking space mission: On January 8, 1994, Soviet cosmonaut Valery Polyakov embarked on a mission to the Mir space station, setting a record for the longest single stay in space. He spent 437 days aboard Mir, conducting scientific research and completing over 7,000 orbits of Earth, before returning on March 22, 1995. source: britannica.com
09 Jan STS-32 mission launches from Kennedy Space Center: On January 9, 1990, NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia launched on the STS-32 mission from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A. The mission's primary objectives were to deploy the SYNCOM IV-F5 defense communications satellite and retrieve NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). The crew included Commander Daniel Brandenstein, Pilot James Wetherbee, and Mission Specialists Bonnie Dunbar, Marsha Ivins, and G. David Low. source: nasa.gov
10 Jan China lifts martial law in Beijing after Tiananmen Square protests: On January 10, 1990, Chinese Premier Li Peng announced the lifting of martial law in Beijing, seven months after it was imposed to suppress pro-democracy protests. The move was seen as a symbolic gesture aimed at improving foreign relations and resuming economic aid. Despite the lifting, strict laws banning dissent remained in force, and security measures continued to be enforced. source: upi.com
11 Jan Yugoslav Communist Party renounces 45-year monopoly on power: On January 22, 1990, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) officially renounced its 45-year constitutionally guaranteed monopoly on power, allowing for the establishment of a multi-party system. This decision marked a significant shift in Yugoslavia's political landscape, aligning with broader democratic movements in Eastern Europe at the time. The move was part of a series of reforms aimed at transitioning from a one-party system to a more pluralistic political environment. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Jan Romania outlaws Communist Party amid public outcry: On January 12, 1990, interim President Ion Iliescu declared the Romanian Communist Party outlawed, citing its opposition to the national spirit and ancestral laws. This decision followed intense public pressure from thousands of demonstrators demanding the party's dissolution. The announcement was made from the balcony of the National Salvation Front's headquarters in Bucharest, with Iliescu addressing an estimated 10,000 protesters. The crowd responded with chants of "Victory! Victory!" and "Down with communism!" source: washingtonpost.com
13 Jan L. Douglas Wilder becomes first elected African American governor in U.S.: On January 13, 1990, L. Douglas Wilder was inaugurated as the 66th governor of Virginia, becoming the first African American elected as governor of a U.S. state. His victory marked a significant milestone in American politics, reflecting progress in racial equality and representation. Wilder's tenure focused on economic development and gun control legislation. source: britannica.com
14 Jan The Simpsons premieres on Fox: The animated series 'The Simpsons' premiered on Fox on January 14, 1990, with the episode 'Bart the Genius'. This followed a Christmas special that aired on December 17, 1989. The show quickly became a cultural phenomenon, anchoring the fledgling Fox network and becoming its first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season. source: about.ebsco.com
15 Jan Thousands storm East German secret police building: On January 15, 1990, thousands of demonstrators stormed the East Berlin headquarters of the Stasi, East Germany's secret police. Protesters threw furniture from windows, hung a skeleton outside with the slogan 'Against a revival of the Stasi,' and ransacked offices, seizing files and papers. The demonstration was organized by the opposition group New Forum, demanding a quicker dismantling of the state security police. East German Prime Minister Hans Modrow addressed the crowd, urging calm and warning that violence could harm the country's democratic revival. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Jan BCCI subsidiaries plead guilty to money laundering charges: On January 16, 1990, two subsidiaries of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) pleaded guilty to charges of laundering drug money. The Bank of Credit and Commerce International Overseas Ltd. and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International S.A. agreed to forfeit over $14 million in certificates of deposit and were placed on five years' probation. This case was part of a broader investigation into BCCI's involvement in illicit financial activities. source: upi.com
17 Jan 5th Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony: The 5th annual Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony took place on January 17, 1990, at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. Inductees included Bobby Darin, the Four Seasons, the Four Tops, the Kinks, the Platters, Simon & Garfunkel, and the Who. The ceremony featured performances by various artists, including Bruce Springsteen and John Fogerty, who collaborated on "Long Tall Sally." source: setlist.fm
18 Jan P.W. Botha suffers mild stroke, leading to political shift in South Africa: On January 18, 1989, South African State President P.W. Botha, aged 73, suffered a mild stroke, which led to his temporary incapacitation. This event marked a significant turning point in South African politics, as it paved the way for F.W. de Klerk to assume the role of Acting State President. De Klerk's leadership initiated a series of reforms, including the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC) and the release of Nelson Mandela in February 1990, signaling a move towards ending apartheid. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jan Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir Valley: On January 19, 1990, escalating violence and threats from insurgent groups led to the mass exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the Kashmir Valley. Amidst curfews and inflammatory slogans, an estimated 90,000 to 100,000 Pandits fled, leaving behind their homes and properties. This event marked a significant demographic and cultural shift in the region. source: india.com
20 Jan STS-32 mission concludes with successful landing at Edwards Air Force Base: On January 20, 1990, the Space Shuttle Columbia, on mission STS-32, landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California at 1:35:37 a.m. PST. The mission, which began on January 9, 1990, lasted 10 days, 21 hours, and 0 minutes, and included the deployment of the SYNCOM IV-F5 communications satellite and the retrieval of NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). source: nasa.gov
21 Jan Human chain for Ukrainian independence: On January 21, 1990, over 300,000 Ukrainians formed a human chain stretching from Kyiv to Lviv, commemorating the 1919 Unification Act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic. This demonstration, organized by the People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh), was one of the largest public demonstrations in late-Soviet Ukraine, symbolizing the nation's commitment to independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Jan Robert Tappan Morris convicted for creating the Morris Worm: On January 22, 1990, a federal jury convicted Robert Tappan Morris, a 24-year-old Cornell University graduate student, for unleashing the Morris Worm in 1988. The worm infected approximately 6,000 computers, including systems at NASA and military facilities, causing significant disruptions. Morris was the first person prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, facing up to five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. source: washingtonpost.com
23 Jan Mariano Rumor, former Italian Prime Minister, dies at 74: Mariano Rumor, a prominent Italian politician and five-time Prime Minister, passed away on January 22, 1990, in Vicenza, Italy, at the age of 74. He served as Prime Minister from 1968 to 1970 and again from 1973 to 1974, leading five different governments during his tenure. Rumor was also a key figure in the Christian Democracy party, holding various ministerial positions, including Minister of Agriculture, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. source: washingtonpost.com
24 Jan Japan launches Hiten, its first lunar probe: On January 24, 1990, Japan launched Hiten, its first lunar probe, marking the first robotic lunar mission since the Soviet Union's Luna 24 in 1976 and the first lunar probe launched by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States. Hiten was designed to test technologies for future lunar and planetary missions. During its mission, Hiten released a small orbiter named Hagoromo into lunar orbit, though communication with Hagoromo was lost shortly after release. source: science.nasa.gov
25 Jan Avianca Flight 052 crashes in Cove Neck, New York, after fuel exhaustion: On January 25, 1990, Avianca Flight 052, a Boeing 707-321B, crashed in Cove Neck, New York, after running out of fuel while attempting to land at John F. Kennedy International Airport. The crash resulted in 73 fatalities and 85 survivors. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the accident was caused by the flight crew's failure to adequately manage the aircraft's fuel load and to communicate an emergency fuel situation to air traffic control before fuel exhaustion occurred. Contributing factors included inadequate traffic flow management by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the lack of standardized terminology for pilots and controllers regarding minimum and emergency fuel states. The NTSB also noted that windshear, crew fatigue, and stress were factors that led to the unsuccessful completion of the first approach and thus contributed to the accident. source: ntsb.gov
26 Jan Death of Lewis Mumford, renowned historian and urban theorist: Lewis Mumford, an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic, died on January 26, 1990, at his home in Amenia, New York, at the age of 94. He was celebrated for his analysis of the effects of technology and urbanization on human societies throughout history. source: britannica.com
27 Jan Steffi Graf defeats Mary Joe Fernández in 1990 Australian Open Women's Singles Final: On January 27, 1990, Steffi Graf won her third Australian Open title by defeating Mary Joe Fernández 6–3, 6–4 in the women's singles final. This victory marked Graf's ninth Grand Slam title and extended her record to twelve consecutive major finals, surpassing Martina Navratilova's previous record of eleven consecutive major finals. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Jan Bush announces major troop reduction in State of the Union Address: In his first State of the Union Address on January 31, 1990, President George H.W. Bush proposed reducing U.S. and Soviet troop levels in Europe to 195,000 each, aiming to align military forces with the diminishing Soviet threat and sustain NATO's defense strategy. source: upi.com
30 Jan Exxon Valdez captain's trial begins: On January 30, 1990, the trial of former Exxon Valdez captain Joseph Hazelwood commenced in Anchorage, Alaska. Hazelwood faced charges including operating a vessel while intoxicated, reckless endangerment, and negligent discharge of oil, following the 1989 oil spill in Prince William Sound. The trial lasted seven weeks, with Hazelwood ultimately acquitted of the most serious charges and convicted of a minor charge of negligent discharge of oil. source: washingtonpost.com
31 Jan Bush delivers 1990 State of the Union Address: On January 31, 1990, President George H.W. Bush delivered his State of the Union Address to Congress. In this address, he focused on various issues including the economy, foreign policy, and domestic challenges, emphasizing a vision of a 'new world order' following the end of the Cold War. The speech highlighted his administration's priorities and set the tone for the upcoming legislative session. source: archives.gov
01 Feb Super Mario Bros. 3 released in North America: Super Mario Bros. 3, a platform game developed by Nintendo, was released in North America on February 12, 1990. The game introduced new power-ups and features, becoming one of the best-selling NES games of all time. source: giantbomb.com
02 Feb De Klerk announces dismantling of apartheid in South Africa: On February 2, 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk delivered a landmark speech at the opening of Parliament, announcing the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan Africanist Congress, and the South African Communist Party. He also committed to releasing Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners, signaling the beginning of the end of apartheid. This pivotal moment set the stage for negotiations leading to a democratic South Africa. source: news.bbc.co.uk
03 Feb Bill Shoemaker's final race at Santa Anita Park: On February 3, 1990, legendary jockey Bill Shoemaker rode his last race at Santa Anita Park, finishing fourth aboard Patchy Groundfog in a race dubbed "The Legend's Last Ride." A crowd of 64,573 attended the event, marking the end of Shoemaker's illustrious 41-year career, during which he achieved 8,833 victories. source: theguardian.com
04 Feb 1990 Cairo bus attack: On February 4, 1990, a bus carrying Israeli tourists was attacked in Cairo, Egypt, resulting in nine Israeli civilians killed and 17 others wounded. The assault was claimed by two groups: the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and an unknown group calling itself the 'Organisation for the Defense of the Oppressed of Egypt's Prisons'. The attack was the worst on Israelis in Egypt since the two countries signed a peace agreement in 1979. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Feb 250,000 Urge Reform in Protest at Kremlin: On February 5, 1990, approximately 250,000 people gathered outside the Kremlin in Moscow, demanding an end to the Soviet Union's one-party rule. This demonstration, one of the largest since the Bolshevik Revolution, highlighted the growing momentum for political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union. The protesters waved pre-revolutionary Russian flags and held placards urging party officials to 'Remember Romania,' referencing the recent overthrow of President Nicolae Ceaușescu. source: latimes.com
06 Feb Brett Hull scores 50th goal, joining father as 50-goal scorer: On February 6, 1990, Brett Hull of the St. Louis Blues scored his 50th goal of the season in a 6-4 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs. This achievement made him and his father, Bobby Hull, the first father-son duo in NHL history to each score 50 goals in a season. Bobby Hull, a five-time 50-goal scorer, was present at the game to witness his son's milestone. source: nhl.com
07 Feb American Trader oil spill near Huntington Beach, California: On February 7, 1990, the oil tanker American Trader ran over its own anchor while approaching an offshore mooring near Huntington Beach, California, causing two punctures in its cargo tank and releasing approximately 9,500 barrels (400,000 gallons) of Alaskan North Slope crude oil into the Pacific Ocean. The spill affected 15 miles of Orange County beaches, leading to the death of about 3,400 birds, including over 100 brown pelicans, an endangered species. Cleanup operations were completed by April 3, 1990. In 1995, British Petroleum agreed to pay nearly $3.9 million for restoration and settlement costs related to the spill. source: incidentnews.noaa.gov
08 Feb Andy Rooney suspended from '60 Minutes' for alleged racist remarks: In February 1990, CBS News suspended '60 Minutes' commentator Andy Rooney for three months after he was quoted in The Advocate magazine as saying that black people 'watered down' their genes because the less intelligent have the most children. Rooney vehemently denied making these remarks, stating, 'I did not say, nor would I ever have thought, that 'blacks have watered down their genes.'' He accepted the suspension in hopes it would not end his career. The suspension was later reduced to one month after public outcry and internal pressure from '60 Minutes' staff. Rooney returned to the program on March 1, 1990. source: washingtonpost.com
09 Feb Galileo spacecraft conducts Venus flyby for gravity assist: On February 9, 1990, NASA's Galileo spacecraft performed a gravity-assist flyby of Venus, passing approximately 10,000 miles above the planet's cloud tops. This maneuver increased Galileo's speed by about 4,990 mph (2.2 km/s), setting the trajectory for its journey to Jupiter. During the flyby, Galileo also conducted scientific observations of Venus's atmosphere and environment, with data stored for later transmission to Earth. source: solarsystem.nasa.gov
10 Feb Buster Douglas defeats Mike Tyson in Tokyo Dome: On February 11, 1990, James "Buster" Douglas achieved a stunning upset by knocking out Mike Tyson in the 10th round at the Tokyo Dome, ending Tyson's undefeated streak and capturing the undisputed heavyweight championship. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Feb Nelson Mandela released from prison after 27 years: Nelson Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison on February 11, 1990, after spending 27 years in captivity. His release marked a significant turning point in South Africa's history, leading to the end of apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial democracy. Mandela's leadership and commitment to reconciliation were pivotal in the country's transition. source: britannica.com
12 Feb NATO and Warsaw Pact foreign ministers meet in Ottawa for Open Skies Conference: On February 12, 1990, foreign ministers from NATO and Warsaw Pact countries convened in Ottawa to initiate the Open Skies Conference. This meeting aimed to discuss mutual aerial surveillance overflights to promote transparency and confidence-building between the two blocs. The conference also addressed broader security issues, including German reunification and conventional arms reductions in Europe. source: nato.int
13 Feb Agreement reached on two-stage plan for German reunification: On February 13, 1990, foreign ministers from East and West Germany, along with the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union), met in Ottawa to discuss the reunification of Germany. They agreed to initiate negotiations on the external security aspects of unification, leading to the 'Two Plus Four' talks, which ultimately paved the way for Germany's reunification on October 3, 1990. source: thenation.com
14 Feb Voyager 1 captures 'Pale Blue Dot' photograph of Earth: On February 14, 1990, NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft took a photograph of Earth from a distance of 3.7 billion miles (6 billion kilometers), capturing our planet as a tiny speck of light. This image, known as the 'Pale Blue Dot,' was part of a series of images intended to create the first 'family portrait' of the solar system. The photograph was taken just minutes before Voyager 1 powered off its cameras to conserve energy for its journey into interstellar space. source: science.nasa.gov
15 Feb IBM introduces RS/6000 RISC System/6000: On February 15, 1990, IBM announced the RISC System/6000 (RS/6000), a family of RISC-based servers, workstations, and supercomputers. This line replaced the IBM RT PC and was the first to utilize IBM's POWER and PowerPC microprocessors. The RS/6000 series was discontinued in October 2000 for servers and in 2002 for workstations. source: computinghistory.org.uk
16 Feb Keith Haring, iconic pop artist, dies at 31: Keith Haring, renowned for his vibrant pop art and street art, died on February 16, 1990, in New York City at the age of 31. He passed away due to complications from AIDS, a disease he had been diagnosed with in 1988. Haring's art, characterized by bold lines and energetic figures, continues to influence contemporary art and culture. source: britannica.com
17 Feb Sinéad O'Connor's 'Nothing Compares 2 U' leads UK charts: Sinéad O'Connor's rendition of 'Nothing Compares 2 U' reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on February 3, 1990, and held the top position for four consecutive weeks, including February 17, 1990. source: hotpress.com
18 Feb 1990 Japanese general election results: On February 18, 1990, Japan held a general election for all 512 seats in the House of Representatives. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), led by Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu, secured 275 seats, maintaining a majority but losing 25 seats compared to the previous election. The Japan Socialist Party (JSP), under Takako Doi, made significant gains, winning 136 seats, an increase of 51 seats. Other parties, including Kōmeitō, the Japanese Communist Party, and the Democratic Socialist Party, experienced seat losses. Voter turnout was 73.31%. source: washingtonpost.com
19 Feb Nepalese police clash with pro-democracy protesters, resulting in fatalities: On February 18, 1990, thousands of students and activists in Kathmandu, Nepal, initiated pro-democracy demonstrations, marking the first such protests in 11 years. The following day, police used tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse crowds, leading to violent confrontations. Reports indicate that at least four people were killed in these clashes, with some sources suggesting the death toll was higher. The protests were part of a broader movement demanding the restoration of multi-party democracy in Nepal, which had been under a partyless system since 1960. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Feb President George H.W. Bush meets with President Václav Havel of Czechoslovakia: On February 20, 1990, President George H.W. Bush met with President Václav Havel of Czechoslovakia at the White House. This meeting marked the first visit by a Czechoslovak president to the United States since the Velvet Revolution, which led to the peaceful overthrow of the communist government in Czechoslovakia. The leaders discussed Europe's future and agreed to stay in touch amid the eventful period. source: georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
21 Feb 32nd Annual Grammy Awards held in Los Angeles: The 32nd Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 21, 1990, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. Hosted by Garry Shandling, the ceremony recognized musical achievements from the previous year. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Feb India and New Zealand draw third Test match in Auckland: The third Test between India and New Zealand took place at Eden Park, Auckland, from February 22 to 26, 1990. The match ended in a draw, with New Zealand scoring 391 and 483/5 declared, and India replying with 482 and 149/0. Notably, New Zealand's wicketkeeper Ian Smith was named Player of the Match for his outstanding performance. source: espncricinfo.com
23 Feb Voyager 1 captures 'Pale Blue Dot' image of Earth: On February 14, 1990, NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft captured the 'Pale Blue Dot' image, showing Earth as a tiny speck from a distance of 3.7 billion miles. This photograph became iconic, symbolizing humanity's place in the vast cosmos. The image was part of a series taken to create the first 'family portrait' of the solar system. source: nasa.gov
24 Feb First multi-party elections in Lithuania since 1918: On February 24, 1990, Lithuania held its first multi-party elections since 1918, marking a significant step toward democracy. Voters elected members to the Supreme Soviet, with the pro-independence Sąjūdis movement endorsing candidates who won 91 seats, securing a majority. This election was part of a broader trend of democratization across Soviet republics during that period. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Feb Australia defeats Pakistan to win the 1989–90 Benson & Hedges World Series Cup: On February 25, 1990, Australia secured a 69-run victory over Pakistan in the second final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Australia set a target of 256 runs, scoring 255/6 in 50 overs, with Mark Taylor contributing 76 runs off 116 balls. Pakistan was all out for 186 in 45 overs, with Saleem Yousuf top-scoring at 59 runs off 75 balls. This win clinched the series for Australia with a 2-0 final score. source: espncricinfo.com
26 Feb Soviet Union begins withdrawal of troops from Czechoslovakia: On February 26, 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and Czechoslovak President Václav Havel signed an agreement in Moscow for the withdrawal of 73,500 Soviet troops from Czechoslovakia. The withdrawal commenced the same day, with the first Soviet tanks leaving the town of Frenštát pod Radhoštěm. The process was to be completed by July 1, 1991, marking the end of a 21-year Soviet military presence in the country. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Feb Exxon and Exxon Shipping Co. indicted on multiple criminal charges related to Exxon Valdez oil spill: On February 27, 1990, a federal grand jury in Anchorage, Alaska, indicted Exxon Corporation and its subsidiary, Exxon Shipping Co., on five criminal charges stemming from the Exxon Valdez oil spill that occurred on March 24, 1989. The charges included violations of the Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Ports and Waterways Safety Act, and the Dangerous Cargo Act. If convicted on all counts, Exxon faced fines exceeding $700 million. Exxon denied the charges and vowed to mount a vigorous defense. source: washingtonpost.com
28 Feb STS-36 mission: Space Shuttle Atlantis launches classified Department of Defense payload: On February 28, 1990, Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on mission STS-36, the sixth dedicated Department of Defense mission. The crew, led by Commander John Creighton, deployed a classified satellite, believed to be the Misty reconnaissance satellite, into a 62-degree inclination orbit. The mission lasted four days, 10 hours, and 18 minutes, concluding with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California on March 4, 1990. source: nasa.gov
01 Mar Luis Alberto Lacalle becomes President of Uruguay: On March 1, 1990, Luis Alberto Lacalle was inaugurated as the 36th President of Uruguay, succeeding Julio María Sanguinetti. Lacalle, a member of the National Party, served a five-year term from 1990 to 1995. His presidency was marked by liberal economic policies and the establishment of MERCOSUR, a regional trade bloc. He was succeeded by Julio María Sanguinetti in 1995. source: upi.com
02 Mar Nelson Mandela appointed deputy president of the ANC: On March 2, 1990, the African National Congress (ANC) appointed Nelson Mandela as its deputy president, effectively making him the organization's leader in the absence of President Oliver Tambo, who was recovering from a stroke. This decision was announced after a two-day meeting of the ANC's National Executive Committee in Lusaka, Zambia. source: washingtonpost.com
03 Mar First dog-sled crossing of Antarctica completed: On March 3, 1990, the six-member International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, led by Will Steger and Jean-Louis Étienne, completed the first non-motorized crossing of Antarctica. The team traversed 3,741 miles over seven months, enduring temperatures as low as -54°F and winds up to 100 mph. The journey began on July 27, 1989, from Seal Nunataks and concluded at the Soviet base of Mirnyy. The expedition aimed to draw international attention to environmental concerns and advocate for the protection of Antarctica. Notably, the team faced challenges such as a 14-hour search for team member Keizo Funatsu, who became disoriented in a blizzard but was found unharmed. The sled dogs played a crucial role, with all but one surviving the arduous journey. source: guinnessworldrecords.com
04 Mar Bloodless military coup in Ciskei Bantustan: On March 4, 1990, Brigadier Oupa Gqozo led a bloodless military coup in Ciskei, an unrecognized South African homeland, overthrowing President Lennox Sebe's government. Sebe was on a state visit to Hong Kong at the time. Following the coup, widespread rioting and looting occurred, prompting Gqozo to request assistance from the South African government to restore order. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Mar Secret Service raids Steve Jackson Games over alleged computer crime: On March 1, 1990, the U.S. Secret Service raided the Austin, Texas, offices of Steve Jackson Games, seizing computers, printers, and the manuscript for 'GURPS Cyberpunk.' The raid was part of a nationwide investigation into data piracy, with the Secret Service alleging that the company was involved in illegal computer activities. The company filed a lawsuit against the Secret Service, leading to a 1993 court decision that awarded damages and attorneys' fees to Steve Jackson Games, ruling the raid was illegal and unjustified. source: sjgames.com
06 Mar Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells announces intention to rescind support for Meech Lake Accord: On March 6, 1990, Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells confirmed his decision to withdraw the province's approval of the Meech Lake Accord, a constitutional amendment package aimed at gaining Quebec's formal acceptance of the Constitution Act, 1982. Wells cited concerns that the Accord would grant Quebec special status and limit federal spending, potentially disadvantaging poorer provinces like Newfoundland. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Mar Philadelphia subway train derailment kills four and injures 158: On March 7, 1990, a six-car SEPTA subway train derailed near 30th Street Station in Philadelphia during the morning rush hour, resulting in four fatalities and 158 injuries. The derailment was caused by a dislodged traction motor that struck a rail switch, leading to the last three cars crashing into steel support beams. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) identified improper maintenance as a contributing factor. The driver tested positive for cocaine use, though the NTSB did not link this to the accident. SEPTA initiated a comprehensive inspection of its subway fleet following the incident. source: washingtonpost.com
08 Mar German Parliament adopts resolution recognizing Poland's western border: On March 8, 1990, the West German Parliament passed a resolution affirming that a unified Germany would honor Poland's existing western border, the Oder-Neisse line. This move aimed to reassure Poland and the international community of Germany's commitment to the post-World War II territorial arrangement. The resolution stated that the Polish people are assured that their right to live in secure borders will not be questioned by Germans through territorial claims, either now or in the future. source: washingtonpost.com
09 Mar Dr. Antonia Novello appointed U.S. Surgeon General: On March 9, 1990, Dr. Antonia Novello was appointed as the 14th Surgeon General of the United States by President George H. W. Bush. She became the first woman and the first Hispanic to hold this position. During her tenure, Dr. Novello focused on public health issues affecting women, children, and minorities, including underage drinking, smoking, and AIDS. source: nlm.nih.gov
10 Mar Haitian President Prosper Avril resigns amid popular revolt: On March 10, 1990, Haitian President Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril resigned following widespread protests against his 18-month military government. He transferred power to Army Chief of Staff Maj. Gen. Hérard Abraham, who pledged to restore order and establish a provisional civilian government within three days. Avril was expected to leave the country shortly thereafter. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Mar Lithuania declares independence from Soviet Union: On March 11, 1990, Lithuania's Supreme Council adopted the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, declaring the restoration of its pre-war independence and renaming itself the Republic of Lithuania. This move made Lithuania the first Soviet republic to declare independence, initiating a wave of secessions that eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. source: theguardian.com
12 Mar Patricio Aylwin inaugurated as Chile's first civilian president in 16 years: On March 11, 1990, Patricio Aylwin was sworn in as Chile's first civilian president since 1973, marking the end of 16 years of military rule under General Augusto Pinochet. Aylwin's inauguration followed a December 1989 election, the first democratic elections since 1970, and was part of a broader transition to democracy initiated by the 1988 plebiscite rejecting Pinochet's extended rule. The event was celebrated by thousands in Santiago, who cheered as Aylwin addressed the crowd, emphasizing the peaceful return to democracy. source: upi.com
13 Mar Iraq executes British journalist Farzad Bazoft: Farzad Bazoft, an Iranian-born journalist working for The Observer, was executed in Baghdad on March 15, 1990, after being convicted of espionage. He had been arrested in September 1989 for investigating an explosion at a military complex near Baghdad. Despite international appeals for clemency, including from British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Bazoft was hanged at dawn. His execution led to Britain recalling its ambassador from Iraq and suspending all visits to the country. source: theguardian.com
14 Mar Gorbachev elected president of the Soviet Union: On March 14, 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union by the Congress of People's Deputies. He secured 1,329 votes in favor and 495 against, marking a significant step in his reform agenda. This election granted him broad new powers, including the ability to nominate the prime minister and dissolve the Supreme Soviet. Gorbachev's presidency aimed to consolidate authority and advance his perestroika reforms. source: washingtonpost.com
15 Mar Farzad Bazoft executed in Iraq: Farzad Bazoft, a British-based Iranian journalist for The Observer, was executed in Iraq on March 15, 1990, after being convicted of espionage. He had been arrested in September 1989 for investigating an explosion at a military complex near Baghdad, which he believed was linked to chemical weapons. Despite international appeals for clemency, including from British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Bazoft was hanged at dawn. His execution led to the recall of the British ambassador and suspension of visits to Iraq. source: theguardian.com
16 Mar Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union: On March 11, 1990, Lithuania's Supreme Soviet declared the restoration of its independence from the Soviet Union, renaming itself the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania. This marked the first Soviet republic to assert independence, initiating a wave of secessions that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. source: theguardian.com
17 Mar Murder of María Mejía, Guatemalan Feminist Activist: On March 17, 1990, María Mejía, a 47-year-old Maya woman and member of the Committee for the Peasant Unity (Comité de Unidad Campesina, CUC), was assassinated in her home in Parraxtut, Quiché province, Guatemala. Two armed men, identified as military commissioners, entered her residence, shot her in the chest, and, after a brief departure, returned to shoot her in the face. Her husband, Pedro Castro Tojín, survived the attack and identified the perpetrators. Prior to the murder, the family had reported threats and intimidation by military commissioners and Civil Patrols (PACs) due to their refusal to participate in the PACs. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) later concluded that the Guatemalan government was responsible for the violation of María Mejía's right to life and personal integrity. source: cidh.oas.org
18 Mar First free elections in East Germany held on March 18, 1990: On March 18, 1990, East Germany conducted its first free and fair parliamentary elections, marking a significant shift from its previous one-party rule. The conservative Alliance for Germany, advocating for rapid reunification with West Germany, secured 48.15% of the vote, just shy of an absolute majority in the 400-seat Volkskammer. The Social Democratic Party (SDP) followed with 21.84%, while the rebranded Socialist Unity Party, now the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), garnered 16.4%. This election set the stage for German reunification, which was realized later that year. source: washingtonpost.com
19 Mar Ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș: On March 19, 1990, ethnic tensions escalated in Târgu Mureș, Romania, when a large group of ethnic Romanians attacked the headquarters of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR). The police and army delayed their response, resulting in numerous injuries among ethnic Hungarians inside. The following day, approximately 15,000 ethnic Hungarians gathered in the town square to protest, leading to further confrontations as ethnic Romanians, some transported from neighboring villages, joined the scene. The violence continued into the night, with the army intervening late on March 20 to disperse the crowds. The clashes resulted in at least five deaths and hundreds of injuries. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Mar Namibia gains independence from South Africa: On March 21, 1990, Namibia officially became an independent nation after over a century of German and South African rule. The independence ceremony in Windhoek was attended by international dignitaries, including UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar and South African President F.W. de Klerk. Sam Nujoma, leader of the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO), was sworn in as the first President of Namibia. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Mar Namibia gains independence from South Africa: Namibia officially gained independence from South Africa on March 21, 1990, following a long struggle for liberation. The transition was marked by the establishment of a democratic government and the adoption of a new constitution. This event is celebrated annually as Independence Day in Namibia. source: britannica.com
22 Mar Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union: On March 11, 1990, Lithuania's Supreme Soviet declared the restoration of its pre-war independence, renaming the state the Republic of Lithuania. This marked the first Soviet republic to assert independence, initiating a wave of secessions that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. source: theguardian.com
23 Mar Birth of Princess Eugenie of York: Princess Eugenie of York was born on March 23, 1990, at the Portland Hospital in London, England. She is the younger daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and Sarah, Duchess of York. Eugenie is known for her charitable work and is a prominent member of the British royal family. source: britannica.com
24 Mar Happy Land Social Club fire in the Bronx kills 87 people: On March 25, 1990, a devastating arson fire erupted at the Happy Land Social Club in the Bronx, New York, resulting in the deaths of 87 individuals. The fire was set by Julio González, who had been ejected from the club after an argument with his ex-girlfriend, Lydia Feliciano, a coat-check worker at the club. González returned to the club with gasoline, ignited it near the only staircase, and locked the front gate, trapping patrons inside. Most victims died from smoke inhalation, with some found still holding drinks. González was arrested and later convicted on multiple counts of murder and arson. The incident highlighted severe fire safety violations at the club, including the absence of fire exits, alarms, and a sprinkler system. The tragedy led to significant changes in fire safety regulations and enforcement in New York City. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Mar Happy Land Social Club fire in the Bronx kills 87 people: On March 25, 1990, a devastating arson fire erupted at the Happy Land Social Club in the Bronx, New York City, resulting in the deaths of 87 individuals. The fire was set by Julio González, who had been ejected from the club after an argument with his ex-girlfriend, Lydia Feliciano, a coat-check worker. González returned with gasoline, ignited the club's only exit, and pulled down the metal gate, trapping patrons inside. Most victims were young Hondurans celebrating Carnival, many from the Garifuna American community. The tragedy led to significant scrutiny of fire safety regulations in New York City. González was arrested, convicted on multiple counts of murder and arson, and sentenced to 25 years to life in prison for each count. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Mar 62nd Academy Awards Ceremony: The 62nd Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26, 1990, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, honoring films released in 1989. Hosted by Billy Crystal, the event recognized 'Driving Miss Daisy' with four awards, including Best Picture. Jessica Tandy, at 80, became the oldest winner of a competitive acting Oscar at that time. The ceremony was televised on ABC and drew over 40 million viewers. source: oscars.org
27 Mar Jesse Owens posthumously awarded Congressional Gold Medal: On March 28, 1990, President George H. W. Bush posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to Jesse Owens, honoring his athletic achievements and humanitarian contributions. Owens, who passed away in 1980, gained international fame by winning four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, challenging Nazi ideologies of racial superiority. The medal was presented to his widow, Ruth Owens, in a ceremony at the White House. source: congress.gov
28 Mar Michael Jordan scores 69 points against the Cleveland Cavaliers: On March 28, 1990, Michael Jordan achieved a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 overtime victory over the Cleveland Cavaliers. He also recorded 18 rebounds, 6 assists, and 4 steals, playing 50 minutes. Jordan's performance included 23-of-37 shooting from the field, 2-of-6 from three-point range, and 21-of-23 from the free-throw line. source: nba.com
29 Mar Czechoslovak parliament resolves naming dispute: On March 29, 1990, the Czechoslovak parliament addressed the contentious 'Hyphen War' by adopting the 'Czechoslovak Federative Republic' as the country's official name. This compromise allowed the Slovak version to include a hyphen ('Česko-slovenská federatívna republika'), while the Czech version remained without it ('Československá federativní republika'). This decision aimed to balance the national identities of both republics within the federation. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Mar Estonian Supreme Soviet declares Soviet occupation illegal, initiates transition to independence: On March 30, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR declared the Soviet occupation of Estonia since 1940 to be illegal and began a transitional period toward full independence. This resolution marked a significant step in Estonia's path to restoring its sovereignty, following the 1988 declaration of sovereignty and preceding the full restoration of independence in August 1991. source: britannica.com
31 Mar Strangeways Prison riot begins on March 31, 1990: On March 31, 1990, tensions at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, England, escalated when inmates initiated a 30-minute sit-down protest in the chapel. This demonstration was a precursor to the larger riot that erupted the following day, leading to a 25-day standoff. The unrest resulted in significant damage to the prison and prompted widespread discussions on prison conditions and reform. source: theguardian.com
01 Apr Strangeways Prison riot begins in Manchester, England: On April 1, 1990, a riot erupted at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, England, when prisoners took control of the prison chapel during a service. The unrest quickly spread throughout the facility, leading to a 25-day siege—the longest in British penal history. The riot resulted in significant damage to the prison, injuries to numerous staff and inmates, and prompted a major public inquiry into prison conditions. source: news.bbc.co.uk
02 Apr John Poindexter convicted in Iran-Contra affair: On April 7, 1990, former National Security Advisor John Poindexter was convicted on five felony counts, including conspiracy, obstruction of Congress, and making false statements, related to the Iran-Contra affair. He was sentenced to six months in prison on each count, to be served concurrently. However, in 1991, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed his convictions, citing that his immunized testimony before Congress may have influenced the trial testimony of witnesses. source: washingtonpost.com
03 Apr Strangeways Prison riot begins in Manchester, England: On April 1, 1990, prisoners at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, England, initiated a riot by taking control of the prison chapel during a morning service. The unrest rapidly spread throughout the facility, leading to widespread damage and a 25-day standoff. The incident resulted in one prisoner death, numerous injuries, and significant property damage, making it the longest prison riot in British history. source: bbc.com
04 Apr Hong Kong flag adopted by National People's Congress: On April 4, 1990, the National People's Congress approved the design of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region's flag, featuring a stylized white five-petal Bauhinia blakeana flower with red stars on a red background. This design symbolizes Hong Kong's integration into China under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle. The flag was first officially hoisted on July 1, 1997, during the handover ceremony marking Hong Kong's return to Chinese sovereignty. source: britannica.com
05 Apr Pegasus air-launched space booster first flight: On April 5, 1990, the Pegasus air-launched space booster successfully completed its maiden flight. Released from a NASA B-52 aircraft at 43,198 feet, the three-stage solid-propellant rocket injected its 423-pound payload into a 273 x 370 nautical mile orbit with a 94-degree inclination. This mission validated the unique air-launched concept and the vehicle's design, marking a significant milestone in commercial spaceflight. source: nasa.gov
06 Apr Slovenia holds first multiparty elections in 45 years: On April 8, 1990, Slovenia conducted its first multiparty elections since World War II, marking a significant shift from its previous one-party system. The Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (DEMOS), a coalition of newly established democratic parties, secured over 55% of the vote, leading to the formation of the first multiparty government. Milan Kučan was elected President in the subsequent presidential election. source: gov.si
07 Apr Scandinavian Star ferry fire kills 159 people: On April 7, 1990, the MS Scandinavian Star ferry caught fire during its voyage from Oslo, Norway, to Frederikshavn, Denmark, resulting in the deaths of 159 people. The fire began around 2 a.m. and rapidly spread through the ship, leading to one of Scandinavia's worst maritime disasters. Investigations into the cause of the fire have been conducted over the years, with some speculating arson as a possible cause. source: apnews.com
08 Apr Scandinavian Star ferry fire kills 159 people: On April 7, 1990, the Scandinavian Star ferry caught fire during its voyage from Oslo, Norway, to Frederikshavn, Denmark, resulting in the deaths of 159 people, primarily Norwegian citizens. The fire, which began around 2 a.m., spread rapidly due to inadequate fire safety measures and crew training. The vessel was towed to Lysekil, Sweden, where the blaze was eventually extinguished. Investigations into the cause of the fire have been conducted over the years, with Danish lawmakers agreeing in 2021 to establish a task force to further examine the incident. source: apnews.com
09 Apr Sahtu Dene and Métis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement signed: On April 9, 1990, the Sahtu Dene and Métis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement was finalized, granting the Sahtu Dene and Métis ownership of 41,437 square kilometers of land in the Northwest Territories, including subsurface rights to 1,813 square kilometers. The agreement also provided financial compensation totaling $75 million over 15 years and established rights to hunt, fish, and trap throughout the Sahtu Settlement Area. source: rcaanc.gc.ca
10 Apr Curtly Ambrose's 8 for 45 against England at Kensington Oval: On April 10, 1990, West Indian fast bowler Curtly Ambrose delivered a match-winning performance against England at the Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, Barbados. Ambrose took 8 wickets for 45 runs, dismantling England's batting lineup and securing a 164-run victory for the West Indies. This performance remains his best bowling figures in Test cricket. source: espncricinfo.com
11 Apr Slovenia holds first multiparty elections since 1938: On April 8, 1990, Slovenia conducted its first multiparty elections since 1938, marking a significant shift from its previous one-party system. The Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (DEMOS), a coalition of newly established democratic parties, secured 54.8% of the vote, leading to the formation of the first multiparty government. Milan Kučan was elected President in a subsequent runoff on April 22, 1990. source: gov.si
12 Apr East German Parliament acknowledges Holocaust responsibility: On April 12, 1990, East Germany's first freely elected parliament, the Volkskammer, formally acknowledged the nation's responsibility for Nazi atrocities. In a televised session, Speaker Sabine Bergmann-Pohl read a statement admitting joint responsibility for the persecution and murder of Jewish individuals during the Holocaust. The parliament also apologized to Israel and expressed a desire to establish diplomatic relations. This marked a significant departure from previous East German policies that had denied such responsibility. source: washingtonpost.com
13 Apr Soviet Union admits responsibility for Katyn Massacre: On April 13, 1990, the Soviet Union officially acknowledged its role in the 1940 Katyn Massacre, where approximately 15,000 Polish officers were executed by Soviet secret police. The Soviet government expressed profound regret, describing the massacre as one of the gravest crimes of Stalinism. This admission marked a significant shift in Soviet-Polish relations, as Moscow had previously blamed the Nazis for the killings. The Soviet Union handed over documents to Polish President Wojciech Jaruzelski, detailing the involvement of NKVD head Lavrenti Beria and his subordinates in the atrocity. The event was widely covered by international media, including the Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post. source: washingtonpost.com
14 Apr Michael Milken pleads guilty to securities fraud: On April 24, 1990, financier Michael Milken pleaded guilty to six felony counts, including securities fraud and conspiracy, admitting to manipulating financial markets between 1984 and 1986. He agreed to pay $600 million in fines and restitution, marking one of the largest individual settlements in Wall Street history. source: washingtonpost.com
15 Apr Hubble Space Telescope launched into orbit: The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on April 15, 1990. This significant event marked the beginning of a new era in astronomy, allowing for unprecedented observations of the universe. Hubble has since provided invaluable data and stunning images, contributing to numerous scientific discoveries. source: nasa.gov
16 Apr Soviet Union admits responsibility for Katyn Massacre: On April 13, 1990, the Soviet Union officially acknowledged its role in the 1940 Katyn Massacre, where approximately 15,000 Polish officers were executed by the NKVD. Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev handed over documents to Polish President Wojciech Jaruzelski, revealing that the massacre was orchestrated by NKVD head Lavrenti Beria and his subordinates. This admission marked a significant shift in Soviet policy, ending decades of denial and expressing profound regret over the tragedy. source: washingtonpost.com
17 Apr Death of civil rights leader Ralph David Abernathy: Ralph David Abernathy, a prominent civil rights leader and close associate of Martin Luther King Jr., died on April 17, 1990, in Atlanta, Georgia, at the age of 64. He passed away from cardiac arrest at Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital. Abernathy was instrumental in the civil rights movement, co-founding the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and leading the Poor People's Campaign after King's assassination. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Apr Osborne v. Ohio: Supreme Court upholds state laws against private possession of child pornography: On April 18, 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Osborne v. Ohio that the First Amendment does not prohibit states from criminalizing the private possession of child pornography. The Court held that such laws serve the state's compelling interest in protecting children from exploitation and do not infringe upon free speech rights. The case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with this decision. source: firstamendment.mtsu.edu
19 Apr Nicaragua and Contras sign cease-fire agreement: On April 19, 1990, the Nicaraguan government and U.S.-backed Contra rebels signed a cease-fire agreement, ending nearly nine years of civil war. The accord stipulated that the Contras would begin disarming on April 25, the day President-elect Violeta Chamorro assumed office, with complete demobilization by June 10. The agreement was witnessed by Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo and representatives from the United Nations and the Organization of American States. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Apr Hubble Space Telescope launched into orbit: The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on April 20, 1990. This significant event marked the beginning of a new era in astronomy, allowing for unprecedented observations of the universe. Hubble has since provided invaluable data and stunning images, contributing greatly to our understanding of space. source: nasa.gov
21 Apr Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue broadcast: On April 21, 1990, 'Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue,' an animated anti-drug special featuring popular cartoon characters, was simulcast across all four major U.S. television networks—ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox—as well as various independent and cable channels. The special was financed by McDonald's and Ronald McDonald Children's Charities, and was produced by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation and Southern Star Productions. It was also released on VHS with an introduction from President George H. W. Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Apr 1990 Nigerian military coup attempt: On April 22, 1990, Major Gideon Orkar led a failed coup against General Ibrahim Babangida's government in Nigeria. Rebel troops seized the FRCN radio station and various military posts around Lagos, including the military headquarters and presidential residence, the Dodan Barracks. Babangida was present when the barracks were attacked but managed to escape by a back route. The coup was crushed after ten hours of fighting, resulting in the execution of 42 men convicted of involvement in the attempt. source: washingtonpost.com
23 Apr Namibia joins United Nations as 160th member state: On April 23, 1990, Namibia was admitted to the United Nations as its 160th member state, following its independence from South Africa on March 21, 1990. This milestone was preceded by the unanimous adoption of Security Council Resolution 652 on April 17, 1990, recommending Namibia's membership. The flag-raising ceremony at UN Headquarters in New York marked this historic occasion. source: namibia.un.org
24 Apr Hubble Space Telescope launched into orbit: The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990. This significant event marked the beginning of a new era in astronomy, allowing for unprecedented observations of the universe. Hubble has since provided invaluable data and stunning images, contributing to numerous scientific discoveries. source: nasa.gov
25 Apr Violeta Chamorro becomes Nicaragua's first female president: On April 25, 1990, Violeta Chamorro was inaugurated as the first female president of Nicaragua, following her victory in the February 25, 1990, elections. She led the National Opposition Union (UNO) coalition, defeating incumbent Daniel Ortega of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). Her presidency marked a significant shift towards peace and democratic governance after years of civil conflict. source: britannica.com
26 Apr 1990 Gonghe earthquake in Qinghai Province, China: On April 26, 1990, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck the Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province, China, at 5:37 PM CST. The earthquake resulted in at least 115 fatalities, over 160 injuries, and left nearly 5,000 people homeless. It caused significant structural damage, with more than 1,000 homes destroyed or severely damaged. The epicenter was located between Gonghe and Xinghai counties, approximately 70 miles southwest of Xining, the provincial capital. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Apr Orel Hershiser undergoes reconstructive shoulder surgery: On April 27, 1990, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Orel Hershiser underwent a groundbreaking 3.5-hour reconstructive surgery on his right shoulder, performed by Dr. Frank Jobe. The procedure addressed extensive damage to his rotator cuff and anterior labrum, injuries that had sidelined him for the remainder of the 1990 season. This surgery was the first of its kind on a major league pitcher, marking a significant advancement in sports medicine. source: upi.com
28 Apr A Chorus Line closes on Broadway after 6,137 performances: On April 28, 1990, 'A Chorus Line' concluded its historic 15-year run at the Shubert Theatre in New York City, marking the end of the longest-running Broadway show at that time with 6,137 performances. The final performance was a benefit event attended by the original 1975 cast and producer Joseph Papp, celebrating the musical's significant impact on theater history. source: deseret.com
29 Apr Space Shuttle Discovery completes Hubble Space Telescope deployment mission: On April 24, 1990, Space Shuttle Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, carrying the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as its primary payload. The mission, designated STS-31, successfully deployed the HST into low Earth orbit on April 25, 1990. Discovery returned to Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 29, 1990, after a five-day mission. The crew included Commander Loren J. Shriver, Pilot Charles F. Bolden Jr., and Mission Specialists Steven A. Hawley, Bruce McCandless II, and Kathryn D. Sullivan. source: nasa.gov
30 Apr STS-31 mission concludes with successful landing: The Space Shuttle Discovery, on mission STS-31, landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 29, 1990, at 6:49:57 a.m. PDT, after a five-day mission that included deploying the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. source: nasa.gov
01 May Bicesse Accords signed in Portugal to end Angolan Civil War: On May 31, 1991, the Angolan government and UNITA signed the Bicesse Accords in Estoril, Portugal, aiming to end the civil war and establish a multi-party democracy. The agreement included a ceasefire, integration of forces into a unified national army, and plans for elections under UN supervision. Despite initial optimism, the accords faced challenges in implementation, leading to renewed conflict in subsequent years. source: africa-press.net
02 May South African government and ANC begin negotiations to end apartheid: On May 2, 1990, the South African government and the African National Congress (ANC) initiated formal negotiations aimed at ending apartheid. The meeting took place at the Groote Schuur presidential residence in Cape Town, marking the first direct talks between the two parties in 78 years. The discussions focused on establishing a framework for future negotiations toward a new constitution and the dismantling of apartheid policies. source: washingtonpost.com
03 May No significant global events recorded on May 3, 1990: On May 3, 1990, no major political, social, or technological developments of widespread historical importance were recorded, marking a moment of relative calm during the late Cold War period.
04 May Latvia declares independence from the Soviet Union: On May 4, 1990, Latvia's Supreme Soviet adopted the 'Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia,' marking the country's move towards independence from the Soviet Union. The declaration passed with 138 votes in favor, 1 abstention, and 57 deputies absent. This event is now celebrated annually as the Day of the Restoration of Latvian Independence. source: latvia.eu
05 May Unbridled wins 116th Kentucky Derby: On May 5, 1990, Unbridled, trained by Carl Nafzger and ridden by jockey Craig Perret, won the 116th Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs. The 92-year-old owner, Frances A. Genter, celebrated her first Derby victory as Unbridled surged past the field to win by 3½ lengths in a time of 2:02. source: upi.com
06 May P.W. Botha resigns from the National Party: On May 6, 1990, former South African President P.W. Botha resigned from the National Party, citing dissatisfaction with President F.W. de Klerk's reform proposals, including negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC). Botha had previously resigned as state president on August 14, 1989, amid political instability and economic challenges. His departure marked a significant shift in South African politics during the transition away from apartheid. source: washingtonpost.com
07 May Hubble Space Telescope launched into orbit: The Hubble Space Telescope was launched on April 24, 1990, aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31). It has since provided invaluable data and stunning images of the universe, significantly advancing our understanding of astronomy. The launch marked a pivotal moment in space exploration and scientific research. source: nasa.gov
08 May Estonia reestablishes independence by restoring 1938 Constitution: On May 8, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR abolished the Soviet-era name, reinstated the Republic of Estonia, and restored the 1938 Constitution, marking a significant step toward full independence from the Soviet Union. source: upi.com
09 May South Korean anti-government protests escalate: On May 9, 1990, tens of thousands of students, dissidents, and radicals engaged in violent anti-government protests across South Korea, demanding the ouster of President Roh Tae Woo. The demonstrations led to clashes with riot police in over a dozen cities, resulting in numerous injuries and the arrest of more than 900 individuals. In Seoul, protesters set fire to a U.S. diplomatic building and engaged in intense confrontations with police forces. source: washingtonpost.com
10 May French TGV train reaches 510.6 km/h on May 10, 1990: On May 10, 1990, during high-speed testing on the TGV Atlantique line, a French TGV train achieved a speed of 510.6 km/h (317.3 mph). This was part of a series of tests conducted by SNCF to push the limits of high-speed rail technology. The official world speed record of 515.3 km/h (320.3 mph) was set on May 18, 1990, during the same testing campaign. source: liquisearch.com
11 May Yankees trade Dave Winfield to Angels for Mike Witt: On May 11, 1990, the New York Yankees traded outfielder Dave Winfield to the California Angels in exchange for pitcher Mike Witt. Winfield, a 12-time All-Star, had been with the Yankees since 1981 but had a contentious relationship with owner George Steinbrenner. After missing the 1989 season due to a back injury, Winfield returned in 1990 but struggled, leading to the trade. The deal was finalized after Winfield agreed to a new contract with the Angels on May 16, 1990. source: upi.com
12 May WHO removes homosexuality from mental disorders list: On May 17, 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), acknowledging that it is not a mental disorder. This decision marked a significant shift in global health perspectives, aligning with earlier actions by other medical organizations. The change was officially adopted by the Forty-third World Health Assembly on May 17, 1990. source: dw.com
13 May Two U.S. Airmen killed near Clark Air Base in the Philippines: On May 13, 1990, U.S. Air Force Airmen John Raven, 21, and James Green, 22, were shot and killed by suspected communist guerrillas outside the Holiday Lodge hotel in Angeles City, near Clark Air Base. The attack occurred just hours before critical talks on the future of U.S. military facilities in the Philippines were set to begin. The New People's Army (NPA) claimed responsibility for the killings, warning of continued attacks unless the U.S. dismantled its bases in the country. source: washingtonpost.com
14 May Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches record high on May 14, 1990: On May 14, 1990, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at a record high of 2,821.53, surpassing its previous record of 2,810.15 set on January 2, 1990. The day's trading saw the index rise by 19.95 points, with an intraday high of 2,822.95. This milestone was achieved amid strong investor enthusiasm and favorable economic indicators, including a decline in April producer prices, which bolstered confidence in the market. source: latimes.com
15 May Torreón massacre: Between May 13 and 15, 1911, during the Mexican Revolution, revolutionary forces led by Francisco I. Madero's brother, Emilio Madero, captured the city of Torreón, Coahuila. The Maderistas, along with local residents, initiated a massacre against the Chinese community, resulting in the deaths of approximately 303 individuals, including 5 Japanese nationals. The victims were accused of collusion with the government of Porfirio Díaz. This event led to a diplomatic crisis between Mexico and Qing China, which demanded reparations. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 May Deaths of Jim Henson and Sammy Davis Jr.: On May 16, 1990, two prominent figures in the entertainment industry passed away. Jim Henson, the American puppeteer and creator of The Muppets, died at age 53 due to toxic shock syndrome caused by pneumonia. Sammy Davis Jr., the American singer, dancer, and actor, died at age 64 from throat cancer. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 May WHO removes homosexuality from mental illness classification: On May 17, 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) removed homosexuality from its International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), no longer classifying it as a mental disorder. This decision marked a significant shift in the global understanding and acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals, aligning with earlier actions by the American Psychiatric Association, which had declassified homosexuality as a mental illness in 1973. The WHO's move was based on the consensus that same-sex attractions and behaviors are normal variations of human sexuality and not indicative of mental health issues. source: firstpost.com
18 May Treaty establishing monetary, economic, and social union between East and West Germany: On May 18, 1990, East and West Germany signed a treaty to create a monetary, economic, and social union, effective July 1, 1990. This agreement replaced the East German mark with the Deutsche Mark as East Germany's official currency, marking a significant step toward reunification. The treaty was signed by finance ministers Theodor Waigel of West Germany and Walter Romberg of East Germany, with Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière present at the ceremony. source: washingtonpost.com
19 May Romania holds first post-communist elections: On May 20, 1990, Romania conducted its first free elections since the fall of the communist regime in December 1989. The National Salvation Front (FSN), led by Ion Iliescu, secured a decisive victory, with Iliescu winning the presidency with 85% of the vote. The FSN also dominated parliamentary seats, obtaining 67% in the Assembly of Deputies and 77% in the Senate. Voter turnout was approximately 86%. source: washingtonpost.com
20 May Hubble Space Telescope captures first image of star cluster NGC 3532: On May 20, 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope took its first photograph of the binary star HD96755 in the open cluster NGC 3532, located about 1,300 light years away. This initial image was unremarkable and smudgy, but significant as it marked Hubble's first successful light test. Later, engineers discovered Hubble's famously flawed mirror, which was confirmed nearly a month after the first photo. Despite the initial disappointment due to out-of-focus images, it wasn't until the December 1993 mission that corrective optics were installed to rectify the issue. This pivotal moment led to 25 years of awe-inspiring, clear images of the cosmos, capturing the universe's history in unparalleled detail. source: nasa.gov
21 May Burma's 1990 democratic election results annulled by military junta: In May 1990, Burma held its first multi-party elections since 1960, resulting in a landslide victory for Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD), which secured 392 of the 492 seats. However, the military junta, known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), refused to honor the election results, maintaining control and suppressing opposition figures. This led to international condemnation and the imprisonment of many NLD members. source: britannica.com
22 May Microsoft Windows 3.0 launch: Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 on May 22, 1990, introducing a new graphical user interface with clickable icons and improved memory management. The event was held at the New York City Center Theater, attended by 6,000 people, and broadcast live to multiple cities. Windows 3.0 sold over 100,000 copies in its first two weeks, marking a significant milestone for Microsoft. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 May U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady estimates S&L bailout cost at $90–130 billion: On May 23, 1990, Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady informed Congress that the government would need to borrow between $90 billion and $130 billion to resolve the savings and loan crisis, a significant increase from the previous estimate of $50 billion. This revision was attributed to a weaker economy and declining real estate prices, which were expected to lead to the failure of between 722 and 1,030 institutions. source: latimes.com
24 May Pipe bomb injures environmental activists Judi Bari and Darryl Cherney in Oakland, California: On May 24, 1990, environmental activists Judi Bari and Darryl Cherney were injured when a pipe bomb exploded under the driver's seat of Bari's car in Oakland, California. Both were en route to promote the Redwood Summer campaign, aiming to halt logging of old-growth redwood forests. The FBI and Oakland Police initially arrested them, suspecting they were transporting the bomb, but charges were later dropped due to lack of evidence. In 2002, a jury awarded $4.4 million in damages to Bari's estate and Cherney for civil rights violations by the FBI and Oakland Police Department. source: washingtonpost.com
25 May Unification of Yemen: On May 22, 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) unified to form the Republic of Yemen. Ali Abdullah Saleh, president of North Yemen, became the new country's president, and Ali Salem al-Beidh, leader of the South Yemeni Socialist Party, became vice president. This unification ended 150 years of division between the two regions. source: britannica.com
26 May China conducts underground nuclear test at Lop Nor: On May 26, 1990, China conducted an underground nuclear test at the Lop Nor test site in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The test was part of a series of nuclear explosions conducted by China at this site between 1964 and 1996. The specific yield and details of this particular test are not publicly disclosed. source: globalsecurity.org
27 May 1990 Myanmar general election: On May 27, 1990, Myanmar held its first multi-party elections since 1960, resulting in a landslide victory for the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung San Suu Kyi, which secured 392 of the 492 seats. Despite this, the military junta refused to recognize the results and continued its rule until 2011. Voter turnout was 73%. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 May Eugenia Charles leads Dominica Freedom Party to victory in 1990 general election: On May 28, 1990, Dominica held general elections in which the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), led by Prime Minister Eugenia Charles, secured 11 of the 21 seats in the House of Assembly, retaining a majority. The United Workers' Party (UWP) won 6 seats, and the Dominica Labour Party (DLP) obtained 4 seats. This outcome marked Charles's third consecutive term as Prime Minister. source: electoraloffice.gov.dm
29 May Boris Yeltsin elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR: On May 29, 1990, Boris Yeltsin was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) by the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia, defeating Alexander Vlasov with 535 votes to 467. This position made him the de facto leader of the RSFSR, marking a significant step in his political career. source: washingtonpost.com
30 May Gorbachev arrives in Washington for summit with Bush: On May 30, 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev arrived in Washington, D.C., for a three-day summit with U.S. President George H.W. Bush. The summit focused on issues such as German reunification and European security. Gorbachev's visit was part of ongoing efforts to improve U.S.-Soviet relations during a pivotal period in the Cold War. source: history.com
31 May Seinfeld TV series premiere: The American television sitcom 'Seinfeld' premiered on NBC on July 5, 1989, as 'The Seinfeld Chronicles'. After initial low ratings, NBC ordered four more episodes, which began airing on May 31, 1990, marking the start of the show's first season. The episode 'The Stake Out' attracted a Nielsen rating of 16.2/24, indicating a strong viewership. The series concluded on May 14, 1998, after nine successful seasons. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Jun US–Soviet Chemical Weapons Accord signed: On June 1, 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev signed the U.S.–Soviet Chemical Weapons Accord, officially known as the "Agreement on Destruction and Non-production of Chemical Weapons and on Measures to Facilitate the Multilateral Convention on Banning Chemical Weapons." This agreement mandated the destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles, cessation of production, and authorized on-site inspections to confirm compliance. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
02 Jun June 1990 Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak: On June 2–3, 1990, a significant tornado outbreak occurred across the Lower Ohio Valley, affecting southern Illinois, central and southern Indiana, southwestern Ohio, and northern Kentucky. The outbreak produced 65 tornadoes, including seven rated F4 on the Fujita scale, resulting in nine fatalities and 253 injuries. The most severe tornado struck Petersburg, Indiana, causing six deaths and extensive damage. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Jun Robert Noyce, co-inventor of the integrated circuit, dies at 62: Robert Noyce, co-inventor of the integrated circuit and co-founder of Intel Corporation, died of a heart attack on June 3, 1990, in Austin, Texas, at the age of 62. source: britannica.com
04 Jun Ethnic tensions in Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic: On June 4, 1990, ethnic violence erupted in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, particularly in the city of Osh, following disputes over land allocation between Kyrgyz and Uzbek communities. The clashes resulted in at least 11 deaths and over 210 injuries, leading authorities to impose a state of emergency and curfew in Osh. The unrest was sparked by a land dispute over a collective farm, escalating into broader ethnic violence. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Jun Federal judge declares 2 Live Crew's 'As Nasty as They Wanna Be' album obscene: On June 6, 1990, U.S. District Judge Jose Gonzalez ruled that the Miami-based rap group's album 'As Nasty as They Wanna Be' violated community obscenity standards in Broward, Dade, and Palm Beach counties, Florida. This marked the first time a musical recording was deemed obscene by a federal court. The ruling led to arrests of band members and a local record store owner for selling the album, sparking debates over free speech and censorship. source: washingtonpost.com
07 Jun South African President F.W. de Klerk announces end of national state of emergency: On June 7, 1990, President F.W. de Klerk announced the end of South Africa's four-year national state of emergency, effective at midnight on June 8, 1990. However, the state of emergency remained in effect in the Natal province due to ongoing political violence. The lifting of the national emergency was seen as a significant step toward creating a climate conducive to negotiations for a democratic, non-racial South Africa. source: washingtonpost.com
08 Jun 1990 FIFA World Cup begins in Italy: The 1990 FIFA World Cup, the 14th edition of the tournament, commenced on June 8, 1990, in Italy. The event featured 24 teams from five confederations and was held across 12 venues in 12 cities. The tournament concluded on July 8, 1990, with West Germany defeating Argentina 1–0 in the final at Rome's Stadio Olimpico. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Jun Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic declares state sovereignty: On June 12, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, proclaiming the RSFSR's sovereignty and asserting the priority of its constitution and laws over those of the Soviet Union. This declaration marked a significant step toward Russian independence and is celebrated annually as Russia Day. source: prlib.ru
10 Jun British Airways Flight 5390 cockpit blowout incident: On June 10, 1990, British Airways Flight 5390, a BAC One-Eleven aircraft, experienced an explosive decompression when a cockpit windscreen panel detached mid-flight over Didcot, England. The captain was partially ejected from the aircraft but was held in place by cabin crew members. The first officer successfully landed the plane at Southampton Airport, and the captain survived with injuries. The incident was caused by improperly installed bolts during maintenance. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Jun Supreme Court strikes down Flag Protection Act in United States v. Eichman: On June 11, 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Eichman that the Flag Protection Act of 1989, which criminalized flag desecration, violated the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech. The Court held that the government's interest in preserving the flag as a symbol did not outweigh the individual's right to engage in expressive conduct, such as flag burning, as a form of political protest. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Jun Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic declares state sovereignty: On June 12, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, proclaiming the RSFSR's sovereignty and asserting the priority of its laws over those of the Soviet Union. This declaration marked a significant step toward Russia's independence and is commemorated annually as Russia Day. source: prlib.ru
13 Jun June 1990 Mineriad in Romania: Between June 13 and 15, 1990, violent clashes occurred in Bucharest's University Square between anti-government protesters and miners from the Jiu Valley, who were brought to the capital by the government to suppress the demonstrations. The unrest resulted in at least four fatalities and over 1,300 injuries. The Romanian government, led by President Ion Iliescu, called upon the miners to restore order, leading to a violent confrontation with the protesters. source: romania-insider.com
14 Jun Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of sobriety checkpoints: On June 14, 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz that police sobriety checkpoints do not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Court emphasized the significant public interest in combating drunk driving and determined that the minimal intrusion on motorists was outweighed by the benefits of such checkpoints. source: washingtonpost.com
15 Jun 1990 Australian federal election: The 1990 Australian federal election was held on March 24, 1990, resulting in the Australian Labor Party (ALP), led by Bob Hawke, securing a fourth consecutive term. Despite the Liberal-National Coalition, led by Andrew Peacock, winning a slim majority of the two-party-preferred vote, the ALP retained 78 seats to the Coalition's 69, maintaining a majority in the House of Representatives. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Jun Nelson and Winnie Mandela visit Leidseplein, Amsterdam: On June 16, 1990, Nelson and Winnie Mandela visited Leidseplein in Amsterdam, where they were greeted by a crowd of 20,000 supporters. During this visit, Mandela addressed a Labour Party meeting and met with representatives of the Dutch solidarity movement. Photographs from this event are part of the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa's collection. source: archief.socialhistory.org
17 Jun Christa Johnson wins 1990 Atlantic City Classic: Christa Johnson secured victory at the 1990 Atlantic City Classic, held from June 14 to 17 at Sands Country Club in Somers Point, New Jersey. She finished with a total score of 275 (−5), two strokes ahead of runner-up Pamela Wright. source: espn.com
18 Jun Soviet Union defeats Cameroon 4-0 in 1990 FIFA World Cup group stage: On June 18, 1990, the Soviet Union secured a decisive 4-0 victory over Cameroon in their final Group B match at the FIFA World Cup. Goals were scored by Oleg Protasov (20'), Andrei Zygmantovich (29'), Aleksandr Zavarov (54'), and Igor Dobrovolski (63'). Despite the win, the Soviet Union was eliminated from the tournament, while Cameroon advanced to the Round of 16. source: espn.com
19 Jun Communist Party of the Russian SFSR established: On June 19, 1990, the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CP RSFSR) was founded in Moscow, marking a significant development in the political landscape of the Russian SFSR. The founding congress, attended by 2,768 delegates, concluded on June 23, 1990. Ivan Polozkov, a leader of the hardline faction from Krasnodar, was elected as the First Secretary of the Central Committee. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Jun Nelson Mandela's U.S. tour begins with New York City visit: On June 20, 1990, Nelson Mandela commenced his 12-day U.S. tour in New York City. He was welcomed with a ticker-tape parade along Broadway, a motorcade through Harlem, and a rally at Yankee Stadium. Mandela's itinerary included visits to Boston, Washington, Atlanta, Miami, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Oakland before departing for Europe on July 1. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Jun Nelson Mandela's historic visit to Yankee Stadium: On June 21, 1990, Nelson Mandela, recently released from 27 years in prison, addressed a crowd of approximately 55,000 at Yankee Stadium. The event featured musical performances and concluded with Mandela donning a Yankees cap and jacket, declaring, "You know who I am. I am a Yankee." This visit was part of his 11-day U.S. tour following his release. source: mlb.com
22 Jun Checkpoint Charlie dismantled: A Cold War symbol falls: On June 22, 1990, Checkpoint Charlie, the iconic border crossing between East and West Berlin, was ceremoniously dismantled. This marked the end of its 29-year role as a symbol of Cold War division. The ceremony was attended by foreign ministers from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, East Germany, and West Germany, signifying a new era of cooperation and the impending reunification of Germany. source: bbc.com
23 Jun Nelson Mandela's visit to Boston in 1990: On June 23, 1990, Nelson Mandela, recently released from 27 years of imprisonment, visited Boston as part of a U.S. tour. He addressed a crowd of approximately 325,000 at the Charles River Esplanade, praising Massachusetts for its leadership in the anti-apartheid movement and urging continued support for sanctions against South Africa. Mandela also visited Madison Park High School in Roxbury, emphasizing the importance of education for young people. source: washingtonpost.com
24 Jun Church of Ireland ordains first female priests: On June 24, 1990, the Church of Ireland ordained its first female priests, marking a significant milestone in the Anglican Communion's history. This event occurred four years before the Church of England began ordaining women as priests in 1994. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Jun Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health: On June 25, 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health that states may require "clear and convincing" evidence of a patient's wishes before allowing the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. This landmark decision addressed the constitutional right to refuse medical treatment for individuals in a persistent vegetative state. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Jun President Bush acknowledges need for tax revenue increases to address budget deficit: On June 26, 1990, President George H.W. Bush stated that 'tax revenue increases' are necessary to control the growing federal budget deficit, effectively breaking his 1988 campaign pledge of 'no new taxes.' This decision marked a significant policy shift and faced criticism from conservative factions within his party. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Jun Merrill Lynch initiates $2.25 billion Disney bond issue: On June 27, 1990, Merrill Lynch began selling up to $2.25 billion in convertible bonds for the Walt Disney Company, marking the largest such issue in U.S. history at that time. The funds were intended to finance the construction of Euro Disneyland in France. source: kpolsson.com
28 Jun Lotus Development Corporation v. Paperback Software International ruling: On June 28, 1990, Judge Keeton ruled in the case of Lotus Development Corporation v. Paperback Software International, addressing the copyrightability of a computer program's user interface. The court's decision was pivotal in determining the extent to which the 'look and feel' of software could be protected under copyright law. source: ocw.mit.edu
29 Jun London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol accelerates CFC phaseout: On June 29, 1990, during the Fourth Meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in London, nations agreed to accelerate the phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances. This amendment aimed to strengthen global efforts in protecting the ozone layer by setting more stringent reduction targets for CFCs and introducing phaseout requirements for additional harmful chemicals. source: ozone.unep.org
30 Jun East and West Germany merge economies: On June 30, 1990, East and West Germany merged their economies, marking a significant step toward reunification. This integration involved replacing the East German mark with the Deutsche Mark as East Germany's official currency, effective July 1, 1990. The process was initiated by the Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union, signed on May 18, 1990, and was a precursor to the full political reunification of Germany on October 3, 1990. source: britannica.com
01 Jul Imelda Marcos acquitted of fraud and racketeering charges in U.S. court: On July 2, 1990, a U.S. District Court jury acquitted former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos of all federal fraud and racketeering charges. The prosecution alleged she misappropriated over $200 million from the Philippine government to purchase New York real estate, jewelry, and art. The jury deliberated for five days before delivering the verdict. Saudi financier Adnan Khashoggi, a co-defendant, was also acquitted. Marcos expressed gratitude for the jury system and stated, "I thank the almighty God for the vindication, and I am in great awe and respect for the jury system that symbolizes the soul of the American people." source: theguardian.com
02 Jul Imelda Marcos acquitted of fraud and racketeering charges in U.S. court: On July 2, 1990, former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos was acquitted by a U.S. District Court jury in New York of charges alleging she embezzled over $200 million from the Philippine government to purchase New York real estate, jewelry, and art. The jury deliberated for five days before returning the not-guilty verdict. Saudi financier Adnan Khashoggi, co-defendant in the case, was also acquitted. The trial lasted three months and was closely watched due to its international implications. Despite the acquittal, Philippine President Corazon Aquino stated that Marcos would remain barred from returning to the Philippines, citing national security concerns. source: washingtonpost.com
03 Jul 1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy: On July 2, 1990, a stampede occurred in the Al-Ma'aisim tunnel near Mecca, resulting in the deaths of 1,426 pilgrims. The incident took place during the Hajj pilgrimage, a significant event for Muslims worldwide. The stampede was triggered when a pedestrian bridge railing was bent, causing seven people to fall onto those exiting the tunnel. This led to overcrowding, with the tunnel's capacity of 1,000 people being exceeded by as many as 5,000. The lack of ventilation and high temperatures contributed to the fatalities. Many victims were of Malaysian, Indonesian, and Pakistani origin. Saudi officials attributed the disaster to crowd hysteria resulting from the initial fall. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Jul 2 Live Crew releases 'Banned in the U.S.A.' album: On July 24, 1990, 2 Live Crew released their fourth studio album, 'Banned in the U.S.A.', which addressed the obscenity charges against their previous album, 'As Nasty as They Wanna Be'. The album featured the title track, 'Banned in the U.S.A.', and was the first to bear the RIAA's Parental Advisory warning sticker. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Jul Somali security forces open fire on soccer match crowd, killing at least 65: On July 6, 1990, during a regional soccer tournament in Mogadishu, Somalia, President Siad Barre's bodyguards fired into the crowd after spectators booed and shouted anti-government slogans following his speech. Reports indicate that at least 65 people were killed, with some sources citing higher numbers. The government acknowledged the incident but downplayed the severity, attributing the deaths to overcrowding and claiming that only three people were killed. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Jul 5.2 magnitude earthquake strikes West Java, injuring 11: On July 6, 1990, a 5.2 magnitude earthquake struck West Java, Indonesia, injuring at least 11 people and damaging over 150 buildings. The epicenter was located in Purwakarta, approximately 55 miles east of Jakarta. The tremor was felt in several cities within the province, causing significant concern among residents. source: upi.com
07 Jul First 'Three Tenors' Concert in Rome: On July 7, 1990, José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, and Luciano Pavarotti performed together for the first time at Rome's Baths of Caracalla, conducted by Zubin Mehta. This concert, held on the eve of the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final, was broadcast to a global audience of approximately 800 million and became the best-selling classical album of all time.
08 Jul West Germany wins 1990 FIFA World Cup final against Argentina: On July 8, 1990, West Germany secured their third FIFA World Cup title by defeating Argentina 1-0 in the final held at Rome's Stadio Olimpico. The decisive goal came in the 85th minute when Andreas Brehme converted a penalty kick awarded after Rudi Völler was fouled by Roberto Sensini. The match was marked by disciplinary issues, with Argentina's Pedro Monzón and Gustavo Dezotti receiving red cards. This victory avenged West Germany's 3-2 loss to Argentina in the 1986 final. source: espn.com
09 Jul Stefan Edberg defeats Boris Becker in 1990 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final: In the 1990 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final, Stefan Edberg defeated defending champion Boris Becker with a score of 6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4. This victory marked Edberg's second Wimbledon singles title and his fourth major singles title overall. source: tennis.com
10 Jul Richard Hadlee's final Test match on July 10, 1990: Richard Hadlee, the renowned New Zealand cricketer, played his final Test match against England at Edgbaston, Birmingham, on July 10, 1990. In his last Test innings, he took 5 wickets for 53 runs, including the final wicket of his career, dismissing Devon Malcolm. This match marked the conclusion of Hadlee's illustrious Test career, during which he became the first bowler to take 400 Test wickets. source: cricket.com.au
11 Jul Jerome Wright arrested as 'Dart Man' in New York City: On July 13, 1990, Jerome Wright, a 33-year-old Bronx resident, was arrested and identified as the 'Dart Man' after allegedly attacking over 50 women with darts in New York City. Wright was recognized by three witnesses in a police lineup. During his arraignment, it was revealed that he had prior convictions for selling cocaine in 1988 and petty larceny in 1989. source: nytimes.com
12 Jul Boris Yeltsin resigns from Soviet Communist Party: On July 12, 1990, Boris Yeltsin, then president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, resigned from the Soviet Communist Party during the 28th Congress. He stated that, as the highest elected figure in the republic, he could not fulfill only the instructions of the CPSU, emphasizing his responsibility toward the people of Russia and the move toward a multiparty state. This decision led to a significant split within the party, with several other delegates, including Leningrad Mayor Anatoly Sobchak, also announcing their departure to form a new political organization. source: washingtonpost.com
13 Jul 1990 Lenin Peak avalanche disaster: On July 13, 1990, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the Hindu Kush region, triggering an avalanche on Lenin Peak in the Pamir Mountains. The avalanche engulfed Camp II at 5,300 meters, resulting in the deaths of 43 climbers from five nations. Only two climbers survived, both sustaining injuries. This remains one of the deadliest mountaineering disasters in history. source: washingtonpost.com
14 Jul The Howard Stern Show premieres on WWOR-TV: On July 14, 1990, 'The Howard Stern Show' debuted on WWOR-TV in New York City. Initially intended as a four-episode summer special, the show's popularity led to its extension and national syndication in 1991. It aired weekly on Saturday nights from July 14, 1990, to August 1, 1992, featuring Howard Stern and his radio show staff. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Jul Five-alarm fire breaks out midway up Empire State Building: On July 16, 1990, a five-alarm fire erupted on the 51st floor of the Empire State Building in New York City. The blaze injured at least 38 people, including 31 firefighters, and forced the evacuation of tourists from the observation deck. The fire was extinguished after approximately two hours, with the cause remaining undetermined. The building's sturdy construction prevented more severe damage and casualties. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Jul Ukraine's Declaration of State Sovereignty: On July 16, 1990, the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, asserting the republic's independence and supremacy over Soviet laws. This pivotal document laid the groundwork for Ukraine's future independence, which was officially declared on August 24, 1991, and confirmed by a nationwide referendum on December 1, 1991. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Jul Saddam Hussein accuses Kuwait of oil overproduction and theft from Rumaila field: On July 17, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC oil production quotas and illicitly extracting oil from the Rumaila field, which straddles the Iraq-Kuwait border. Hussein claimed that Kuwait's actions led to a significant drop in global oil prices, costing Iraq approximately $14 billion in revenue. These accusations intensified tensions between the two nations, contributing to the lead-up to the Gulf War. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Jul Death of Yun Bo-seon, Former South Korean President: Yun Bo-seon, who served as the second President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962, passed away on July 18, 1990, at the age of 92. He died in Seoul, South Korea, due to complications from diabetes and high blood pressure. Yun was a prominent political figure and independence activist, known for his opposition to authoritarian regimes and his efforts to promote democracy in South Korea. source: upi.com
19 Jul Pete Rose sentenced to five months in prison for tax evasion: On July 19, 1990, former baseball star Pete Rose was sentenced to five months in federal prison for filing false income tax returns. He was also fined $50,000 and ordered to perform 1,000 hours of community service. Rose had pleaded guilty to underreporting income from memorabilia sales and gambling winnings between 1984 and 1987. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Jul IRA bombs London Stock Exchange, no injuries reported: On July 20, 1990, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a bomb inside the London Stock Exchange building. The explosion caused significant structural damage but resulted in no injuries, as the area had been evacuated following a 40-minute warning from the IRA. The bomb, containing 5 to 10 pounds of high explosives, created a 10-foot hole in the building's facade and destroyed the visitors' gallery. This attack marked the first time the IRA had given a warning before an attack in England since the 1983 Harrods bombing. source: news.bbc.co.uk
21 Jul Roger Waters stages 'The Wall – Live in Berlin' concert: On July 21, 1990, Roger Waters, former member of Pink Floyd, organized a monumental performance of 'The Wall' in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz, eight months after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The event featured guest artists like Bryan Adams, Van Morrison, and The Scorpions, and was broadcast live to 52 countries, symbolizing unity and marking a significant moment in music history. source: dw.com
22 Jul Nick Faldo wins the British Open in 1990: Nick Faldo won the British Open on July 22, 1990, at St. Andrews, Scotland. This victory marked his second Open Championship title, solidifying his status as one of the top golfers of his era. Faldo's performance included a final round of 67, which helped him secure a five-stroke victory over his nearest competitor. source: bbc.com
23 Jul Rosie Jones crowned Miss Black America: On July 23, 1990, Rosie Jones, a 26-year-old computer programmer from St. Louis, was crowned Miss Black America in Indianapolis. She was selected from among 39 contestants in the 22nd annual pageant. Jacklynne Ann Fletcher of Dayton, Ohio, was second; Elaine Joyner of Columbia, S.C., was third; and Cynthia Richardson of Cincinnati was fourth. source: scholar.lib.vt.edu
24 Jul U.S. warships placed on alert in Persian Gulf amid Iraq-Kuwait tensions: On July 24, 1990, the U.S. Middle East Force, comprising seven Navy ships patrolling the Persian Gulf, was placed on alert after Iraq amassed nearly 30,000 elite army troops near its border with Kuwait. This heightened readiness was in response to escalating tensions between Iraq and Kuwait over oil production quotas. U.S. military officials anticipated the crisis would subside but took precautionary measures, including canceling shore leaves and preparing ships for potential deployment. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Jul US Ambassador April Glaspie signals neutrality in Iraq-Kuwait dispute: On July 25, 1990, U.S. Ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie met with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to discuss the escalating tensions between Iraq and Kuwait. During the meeting, Glaspie conveyed that the United States had no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflict, including the border dispute between Iraq and Kuwait, stating, "We have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait." This message was consistent with the U.S. policy at the time, which refrained from intervening in such disputes. However, this stance has been subject to debate, with some critics suggesting that it may have been interpreted by Saddam Hussein as a tacit approval for military action. The exact details of the conversation have been a point of contention, with differing accounts from the U.S. and Iraqi perspectives. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Jul Americans with Disabilities Act signed into law: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. This landmark legislation aimed to prohibit discrimination against individuals with disabilities in various areas, including employment, public accommodations, and transportation. The ADA has significantly improved accessibility and rights for people with disabilities across the United States. source: ada.gov
27 Jul Belarus declares state sovereignty: On July 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, asserting the republic's independence from the Soviet Union. This declaration marked a significant step toward Belarus's eventual independence, which was formally recognized on August 25, 1991, when the declaration was granted constitutional status. source: mfa.gov.by
28 Jul Alberto Fujimori becomes President of Peru: On July 28, 1990, Alberto Fujimori was sworn in as the 54th President of Peru, succeeding Alan García. Fujimori, a former agricultural engineer and university professor, emerged from political obscurity to win the presidency, defeating novelist Mario Vargas Llosa in a runoff election. His tenure was marked by significant economic reforms and efforts to combat insurgent groups, though it was also controversial due to human rights abuses and corruption allegations. source: britannica.com
29 Jul Bruno Kreisky, former Austrian chancellor, dies at 79: Bruno Kreisky, who served as Austria's chancellor from 1970 to 1983, passed away on July 29, 1990, in Vienna at the age of 79. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he was known for his policies of neutrality and his role in international diplomacy. His tenure was marked by significant political stability and prosperity for Austria. source: britannica.com
30 Jul IRA assassinates British MP Ian Gow in East Sussex: On July 30, 1990, Ian Gow, a Conservative Member of Parliament and vocal critic of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), was killed by a car bomb planted by the IRA outside his home in Hankham, East Sussex. The bomb detonated as Gow reversed his car out of the driveway, resulting in his death shortly after the explosion. The IRA claimed responsibility, stating that Gow was targeted due to his role in British policy decisions concerning Northern Ireland. source: washingtonpost.com
31 Jul Nolan Ryan achieves 300th career victory: On July 31, 1990, at age 43, Nolan Ryan became the 20th pitcher in Major League Baseball history to win 300 games. Pitching for the Texas Rangers against the Milwaukee Brewers at County Stadium, Ryan pitched 7⅔ innings, allowing three runs (one earned) on six hits, and struck out eight batters. The Rangers won 11-3, with Ryan receiving a standing ovation as he left the game in the eighth inning. This milestone added to his record of six no-hitters and 5,714 strikeouts. source: mlb.com
01 Aug Iraq invades Kuwait, triggering the Persian Gulf War: On August 1, 1990, Iraq, led by President Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait, claiming it as a province of Iraq. This aggressive act prompted widespread international condemnation and led to the formation of a coalition to expel Iraqi forces, marking the beginning of the Persian Gulf War. The invasion was a significant event in Middle Eastern history, leading to military intervention by a U.S.-led coalition in January 1991. source: britannica.com
02 Aug Peru's economic crisis and hyperinflation in 1990: In 1990, Peru faced a severe economic crisis marked by hyperinflation, with inflation rates reaching 7,649% by the end of the year. The crisis was characterized by a significant contraction in GDP, rising unemployment, and widespread poverty. In response, President Alberto Fujimori implemented the "Fujishock" economic stabilization plan in August 1990, which included measures such as currency devaluation, subsidy cuts, and market liberalization to address the crisis. source: sjsu.edu
03 Aug Iraqi forces invade Kuwait, Radio Kuwait ceases broadcast: On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, leading to the rapid occupation of the country. In response, Radio Kuwait suspended its regular programming, broadcasting a call to arms urging citizens to defend their nation. Within hours, the capital fell, and the Emir of Kuwait fled to Saudi Arabia. The invasion prompted widespread international condemnation and set the stage for the Gulf War. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Aug European Community imposes sanctions on Iraq, including oil and arms embargoes: On August 4, 1990, the European Community (EC) imposed broad sanctions against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait. The measures included embargoes on oil imports from Iraq and Kuwait, freezing Iraqi assets, halting arms sales to Iraq, and suspending technical and scientific cooperation. The EC also called for the immediate withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and expressed readiness to consider further actions under United Nations auspices if Iraq refused to comply. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Aug U.S. Marines evacuate Americans from Liberia during civil war: On August 5, 1990, U.S. Marines conducted a non-combatant evacuation operation in Liberia, rescuing 61 Americans from the capital city of Monrovia amid escalating civil war. The operation, known as Operation Sharp Edge, involved 15 helicopters from U.S. warships off the Liberian coast, transporting evacuees to the USS Saipan. The U.S. government maintained a skeletal embassy staff in Monrovia following the evacuation. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
06 Aug UN Security Council imposes economic sanctions on Iraq: On August 6, 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 661, imposing comprehensive economic sanctions on Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait. The sanctions included a full trade embargo, freezing of Iraqi government financial assets abroad, and suspension of international flights to and from Iraq. The resolution was passed with 13 votes in favor and 2 abstentions (Cuba and Yemen). source: undocs.org
07 Aug US troops deployed to Saudi Arabia as Operation Desert Shield begins: In response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, President George H.W. Bush ordered U.S. military forces to Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1990, initiating Operation Desert Shield. The first American combat units arrived in Saudi Arabia on that date, including two F-15 Eagle squadrons from Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, and airlift control elements from Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. This marked the beginning of a significant U.S. military buildup in the region to defend Saudi Arabia and deter further Iraqi aggression. source: defense.gov
08 Aug Iraq annexes Kuwait, leading to Gulf War: On August 8, 1990, Iraq officially annexed Kuwait, declaring it as its 19th province. This act of aggression prompted widespread international condemnation and led to the formation of a coalition to oppose Iraq, culminating in the Gulf War in early 1991. source: britannica.com
09 Aug Arab leaders agree to send troops to defend Saudi Arabia: On August 10, 1990, during an emergency Arab League summit in Cairo, 12 Arab nations agreed to deploy a military force to protect Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states from potential Iraqi aggression. This decision was a direct response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, and Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's call for a 'holy war' against U.S. troops in the region. The Arab League's resolution aimed to counter Iraq's actions and support Saudi Arabia's sovereignty. source: washingtonpost.com
10 Aug Magellan spacecraft enters Venus orbit: On August 10, 1990, NASA's Magellan spacecraft successfully entered orbit around Venus, initiating its mission to map the planet's surface using synthetic aperture radar. The spacecraft had been launched on May 4, 1989, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis, and after a 15-month journey, it began its primary mission to map Venus's surface in unprecedented detail. source: jpl.nasa.gov
11 Aug Arab League agrees to send troops to defend Saudi Arabia from Iraqi invasion: On August 10, 1990, during an emergency summit in Cairo, 12 of the 20 Arab League member states voted to deploy military forces to protect Saudi Arabia from potential Iraqi aggression. This decision was a significant rebuke to Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, who had previously called for a 'holy war' against U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The Arab League's resolution condemned Iraq's annexation of Kuwait and its military buildup along the Saudi border. The initial deployment included Egyptian troops, with contingents from Morocco and Syria also scheduled to arrive. This move marked a pivotal moment in the Gulf crisis, as Arab nations took a collective stand against Iraq's actions. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Aug Saddam Hussein's Gulf Crisis Initiative: On August 12, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein proposed a comprehensive plan to resolve regional conflicts, including the Israeli-Palestinian issue, the war in Lebanon, the Iran-Iraq border dispute, and the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. The proposal called for mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran, Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories, and the establishment of an Arab force to replace foreign troops in the Gulf region. Notably, the initiative did not explicitly include the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. source: palestine-studies.org
13 Aug Curtis Mayfield paralyzed after stage accident in Brooklyn: On August 13, 1990, during a concert at Wingate Field in Brooklyn, New York, a lighting scaffold was toppled by a strong gust of wind, striking Curtis Mayfield from behind and breaking his neck. The 48-year-old soul singer was paralyzed from the neck down and remained in serious condition at Kings County Hospital. Despite the injury, Mayfield continued his music career, releasing his final album, 'New World Order,' in 1996. source: washingtonpost.com
14 Aug Luis Polonia hits inside-the-park grand slam against Yankees: On August 14, 1990, Luis Polonia of the California Angels hit an inside-the-park grand slam in a 9-5 victory over the New York Yankees at Anaheim Stadium. The play occurred in the second inning when Polonia's hit bounced past right fielder Jesse Barfield, allowing him to circle the bases. Polonia also contributed a three-run homer in the fifth inning, and pitcher Jim Abbott earned the win. source: latimes.com
15 Aug Iraq detains foreign nationals during Gulf Crisis: In August 1990, following its invasion of Kuwait, Iraq detained hundreds of foreign nationals, primarily Americans and citizens of other countries, holding them in Kuwait and Iraq for several months. These hostages were used as leverage to deter potential military action against Iraq. The United Nations Security Council addressed the matter through Resolution 664, adopted on 18 August 1990, demanding that Iraq permit and facilitate the departure of third-state nationals from both Kuwait and Iraq. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Aug Mandela and de Klerk hold emergency talks in Pretoria over Soweto violence: On August 16, 1990, President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela held emergency talks in Pretoria to address escalating violence in Soweto. The unrest began when Zulu migrant workers armed with axes and spears attacked passengers at a train station, reflecting a longstanding political feud between the African National Congress (ANC) and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). Mandela sought to engage de Klerk in discussions to find a solution and prevent a full-scale war between ANC and IFP supporters. source: sahistory.org.za
17 Aug Log Revolution begins in Croatia: On August 17, 1990, ethnic Serbs in Croatia initiated the 'Log Revolution' by erecting roadblocks made of logs and rocks in areas with significant Serbian populations, including the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin. This insurrection aimed to challenge the newly elected Croatian government, leading to heightened ethnic tensions and setting the stage for the Croatian War of Independence. The blockades disrupted transportation and tourism, causing economic damage to Croatia. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Aug Death of B.F. Skinner, pioneering behavioral psychologist: B.F. Skinner, an influential American psychologist and exponent of behaviorism, died on August 18, 1990, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the age of 86. He passed away from complications of leukemia, just eight days after receiving a lifetime achievement award from the American Psychological Association. Skinner was renowned for his work on operant conditioning and the development of the Skinner box, significantly impacting the field of psychology. source: britannica.com
19 Aug Leonard Bernstein's final concert at Tanglewood: On August 19, 1990, Leonard Bernstein conducted his final performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Tanglewood. The program featured Benjamin Britten's "Four Sea Interludes" from "Peter Grimes" and Beethoven's Symphony No. 7. During the third movement of the Beethoven symphony, Bernstein experienced a coughing fit but continued conducting until the conclusion. The concert was later released on CD as "Leonard Bernstein – The Final Concert" by Deutsche Grammophon. source: leonardbernstein.com
20 Aug Iraq moves Western hostages to military sites as human shields: On August 20, 1990, Iraq announced it had relocated Western detainees to vital military targets, fulfilling its threat to use them as human shields against potential American attacks. This action was part of Iraq's broader strategy to deter military intervention by leveraging hostages. The United Nations Security Council condemned Iraq's actions, emphasizing the use of civilians as human shields as a grave violation of international law. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Aug ECOMOG peacekeeping mission in Liberia: On August 21, 1990, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) deployed the Economic Community Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to Liberia to intervene in the civil war. ECOMOG, comprising troops from Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia, aimed to enforce a ceasefire and stabilize the situation. The mission faced immediate resistance from Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), leading ECOMOG to shift from peacekeeping to peace enforcement. By August 24, 1990, ECOMOG forces landed in Monrovia, the capital, to secure the city and protect civilians. source: hrw.org
22 Aug President Bush orders first mobilization of U.S. military reserves since 1968: On August 22, 1990, President George H.W. Bush authorized the activation of U.S. military reservists to support operations in the Persian Gulf following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. This marked the first mobilization of reserves for potential combat duty since the Vietnam War's Tet Offensive in 1968. The initial call-up involved approximately 40,000 reservists, with the possibility of increasing numbers as needed. The mobilization aimed to augment active-duty forces and provide essential support functions such as airlift, medical services, and intelligence gathering. source: upi.com
23 Aug Saddam Hussein's televised hostage appearance: On August 23, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein appeared on state television with a group of Western hostages, including a young British boy named Stuart Lockwood. Hussein claimed their detention was to prevent war and stated they were not being held as "human shields," despite their presence at strategic sites. The broadcast aimed to deter international military intervention by highlighting the hostages' safety under Iraqi custody. source: news.bbc.co.uk
24 Aug East German parliament votes for reunification with West Germany: On August 23, 1990, the Volkskammer, East Germany's parliament, voted to accede to the Federal Republic of Germany, setting October 3, 1990, as the date for reunification. This decision marked a significant step toward ending Germany's division after World War II. source: theguardian.com
25 Aug UN Security Council authorizes naval blockade against Iraq: On August 25, 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 665, authorizing a naval blockade to enforce the embargo against Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait. This resolution aimed to prevent Iraq from exporting oil and to ensure compliance with previous resolutions demanding Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. The blockade was intended to pressure Iraq into adhering to international demands and to restore Kuwait's sovereignty. source: undocs.org
26 Aug Bulgarian Socialist Party Headquarters Attacked: On August 26, 1990, thousands of protesters stormed and set fire to the headquarters of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) in Sofia. The unrest was sparked by the BSP's delay in removing a prominent red star from the building, a symbol of the former Communist regime. The fire caused extensive damage, leading to widespread condemnation and raising concerns about the country's stability during its transition from communism. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Aug Stevie Ray Vaughan dies in helicopter crash: On August 27, 1990, blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, along with four others, died in a helicopter crash near East Troy, Wisconsin, shortly after performing at Alpine Valley Music Theatre. The Bell 206B helicopter, piloted by Jeff Brown, crashed into a ski hill in dense fog, resulting in all five passengers' deaths. The National Transportation Safety Board attributed the accident to controlled flight into terrain due to the pilot's failure to gain sufficient altitude in poor visibility. source: washingtonpost.com
28 Aug 1990 Plainfield tornado: On August 28, 1990, an F5 tornado struck Plainfield, Illinois, causing 29 fatalities and 353 injuries. The tornado's path spanned 16 miles, with a width up to half a mile, resulting in approximately $165 million in damages. It remains the only F5 tornado recorded in August in the United States and the only F5 tornado to impact the Chicago area. source: weather.gov
29 Aug C-5A Galaxy crashes at Ramstein Air Base, killing 13: On August 29, 1990, a U.S. Air Force C-5A Galaxy transport plane crashed shortly after takeoff from Ramstein Air Base in West Germany, resulting in the deaths of 13 servicemen. The aircraft, carrying medical supplies and equipment for U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, experienced an un-commanded deployment of the number 1 engine thrust reverser during takeoff, leading to the crash. Four crew members survived the incident. source: washingtonpost.com
30 Aug Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union: On August 30, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Azerbaijan adopted the "Declaration on the Restoration of State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan," proclaiming the country's independence from the Soviet Union. This declaration was followed by the adoption of the "Constitutional Act on State Independence" on October 18, 1991, and a nationwide referendum on December 29, 1991, in which the Azerbaijani people unanimously supported the restoration of independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Aug East and West Germany sign unification treaty: On August 31, 1990, representatives from East and West Germany signed the "Treaty Between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the Establishment of German Unity," commonly known as the Unification Treaty. This treaty outlined the legal, financial, and technical aspects of reunification, effective from October 3, 1990. It stipulated that East Germany would join the Federal Republic as five new states, and Berlin would become the capital of the unified Germany. The treaty also addressed various issues, including the adoption of the West German constitution by East Germany and the rehabilitation of victims of the former East German regime. source: upi.com
01 Sep Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Journey to Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ivory Coast: Pope John Paul II embarked on a ten-day Apostolic Journey to Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and the Ivory Coast from September 1 to 10, 1990. During this visit, he addressed various issues, including the AIDS epidemic and the plight of refugees, urging international cooperation to address these challenges. The journey included meetings with diplomatic personnel and local communities, emphasizing peace, unity, and development across the African continent. source: vatican.va
02 Sep Transnistria declares independence from Moldova: On September 2, 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR) unilaterally declared its independence from Moldova, becoming the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR). This move was in response to Moldova's declaration of sovereignty and fears of potential unification with Romania. The declaration was immediately annulled by Moldova's Supreme Soviet, leading to heightened tensions and eventually the Transnistrian War in 1992. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Sep Bobby Thigpen sets MLB single-season save record: On September 3, 1990, Chicago White Sox reliever Bobby Thigpen set a major league record by earning his 47th save of the season in a 4–2 victory over the Kansas City Royals. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 46 saves set by Dave Righetti in 1986. Thigpen would go on to finish the season with 57 saves, a record that stood until 2008. source: si.com
04 Sep First inter-Korean prime ministerial talks held in Seoul: On September 4, 1990, the prime ministers of North and South Korea, Kang Young-hoon and Yon Hyong-muk, respectively, met in Seoul for the first time since the peninsula's division. The discussions aimed to reduce tensions and explore avenues for reunification. The talks addressed issues such as disarmament, the withdrawal of U.S. troops, the release of political prisoners, visitation rights, and reunification plans. The initial meeting concluded with an agreement to continue dialogue, marking a significant step toward inter-Korean reconciliation. source: csmonitor.com
05 Sep Eastern University massacre in Sri Lanka: On September 5, 1990, the Sri Lankan Army arrested 158 Tamil refugees seeking shelter at Eastern University near Batticaloa. These individuals were subsequently killed, with their bodies disposed of in mass graves. A government commission later confirmed the mass abduction and murder, but no judicial actions were taken against the perpetrators. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Sep Execution of Samuel K. Doe during Liberian Civil War: Samuel K. Doe, the 40-year-old president of Liberia, was captured and executed on September 9, 1990, during the First Liberian Civil War. After being captured by Prince Johnson's forces, Doe was tortured and killed; the execution was videotaped and widely circulated. His body was later exhumed and reburied. source: britannica.com
07 Sep Marjorie Vincent crowned Miss America 1991: On September 7, 1990, Marjorie Judith Vincent, representing Illinois, was crowned Miss America 1991. She succeeded Debbye Turner, Miss Missouri 1989, who became Miss America 1990. Vincent's victory marked the first time African American women held the Miss America title consecutively. source: en.wikipedia.org
08 Sep Ellis Island Immigration Museum reopens after extensive restoration: On September 10, 1990, the Ellis Island Immigration Museum reopened to the public after an eight-year, $160 million restoration project. The main building, which had been abandoned since 1954, was transformed into a museum dedicated to America's immigrant history. The restoration was funded by private donations and overseen by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation. source: upi.com
09 Sep Bush and Gorbachev meet in Helsinki to discuss Gulf Crisis: On September 9, 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev held a one-day summit in Helsinki, Finland, focusing on the Gulf Crisis following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Both leaders emphasized the need for Iraq to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions, aiming for a peaceful resolution. They also discussed the broader Middle East situation, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, though they differed on whether to link it to the Gulf Crisis. source: washingtonpost.com
10 Sep Bush and Gorbachev hold Helsinki Summit to address Gulf Crisis: On September 9, 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev met in Helsinki, Finland, to discuss the Gulf Crisis following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The summit aimed to strengthen U.S.-Soviet cooperation in addressing the crisis and to explore diplomatic solutions. Both leaders emphasized the importance of a unified approach to the situation. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Sep Bush responds to Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, September 11, 1990: On September 11, 1990, President George H.W. Bush addressed a joint session of Congress, outlining the U.S. response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. He stated, "Iraq will not be permitted to annex Kuwait," emphasizing that this was "not a threat, not a boast," but "just the way it's going to be." Bush outlined goals including the unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces, restoration of the Kuwaiti government, regional security, and the safety of U.S. citizens in the region. source: politico.com
12 Sep Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany signed: On September 12, 1990, the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed in Moscow by the two German states and the four Allied powers, paving the way for German reunification. The treaty confirmed Germany's borders, renounced future territorial claims, and established the framework for the withdrawal of Allied forces. It entered into force on March 15, 1991, granting Germany full sovereignty. source: congress.gov
13 Sep Iraqi troops storm French ambassador's residence in Kuwait: On September 14, 1990, Iraqi soldiers forcibly entered the French ambassador's residence in Kuwait City, detaining the French military attaché, Colonel Edouard Crespin, and three French civilians who had sought refuge there since Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2. The French Foreign Ministry urgently summoned the Iraqi Ambassador to Paris, demanding the immediate release of the four individuals. The military attaché was later released, but the fate of the civilians remained unclear. This incident was part of a series of similar raids by Iraqi forces on Western diplomatic compounds in Kuwait during that period. source: washingtonpost.com
14 Sep First successful somatic gene therapy performed on 4-year-old girl with ADA-SCID: On September 14, 1990, researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conducted the first approved gene therapy procedure on a four-year-old girl named Ashanti DeSilva. Born with severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID), she lacked a healthy immune system and was extremely vulnerable to infection. The procedure involved removing her white blood cells, inserting a functional adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene using a retroviral vector, and reinfusing the modified cells into her body. This treatment led to a partial restoration of her immune system, allowing her to lead a more normal life. The success of this procedure marked a significant milestone in gene therapy research. source: cc.nih.gov
15 Sep France deploys 4,000 troops to Persian Gulf in response to Iraqi aggression: On September 15, 1990, French President François Mitterrand ordered the deployment of 4,000 additional troops to the Persian Gulf and the expulsion of Iraqi diplomats. This decision was a direct response to Iraqi forces entering the French ambassador's residence in Kuwait, an act Mitterrand termed 'a new aggression.' The French military presence aimed to bolster regional security and support the U.S.-led multinational force in the Gulf. source: upi.com
16 Sep Iraq broadcasts President Bush's speech unedited: On September 16, 1990, Iraqi state television aired an unedited eight-minute videotaped message from U.S. President George H.W. Bush. In this address, Bush condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and warned of the risk of war due to Saddam Hussein's actions. The broadcast was a rare instance of direct communication from the U.S. president to the Iraqi people during the Gulf Crisis. source: washingtonpost.com
17 Sep Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia restore diplomatic relations: On September 17, 1990, Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union officially resumed diplomatic relations after a 52-year hiatus. This decision was influenced by the Soviet Union's firm stance against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which encouraged Saudi Arabia to reestablish ties. The resumption was marked by a joint statement emphasizing cooperation between the two nations. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Sep Liechtenstein becomes 160th member of United Nations: On September 18, 1990, the Principality of Liechtenstein was admitted as the 160th member state of the United Nations. This followed the adoption of Security Council Resolution 663 on August 14, 1990, which recommended Liechtenstein's membership to the General Assembly. The country's flag was raised at the UN headquarters in New York on the same day, marking its official entry into the international organization. source: un.org
19 Sep Premiere of 'Goodfellas' in New York City: The film 'Goodfellas,' directed by Martin Scorsese, premiered on September 19, 1990, at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City. Based on the true story of mob associate Henry Hill, the film received critical acclaim and is considered one of the greatest films in the gangster genre. It was later nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actor. source: britannica.com
20 Sep German reunification treaty ratified by Bundestag and Volkskammer: On September 20, 1990, both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer approved the Unification Treaty, facilitating the reunification of Germany. The Bundestag voted 442–47 in favor, while the Volkskammer voted 299–80. This treaty, signed on August 31, 1990, outlined the legal and financial framework for merging the two German states, leading to reunification on October 3, 1990. source: germanhistorydocs.org
21 Sep Oil prices surge amid geopolitical tensions: On September 21, 1990, crude oil prices reached new highs due to escalating geopolitical tensions. Reports indicated that U.S. refinery issues would lead to a 200,000-barrel-per-day loss in capacity, and aggressive remarks by Iraqi President Saddam Hussein further intensified market concerns. These factors combined to drive oil prices upward. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Sep Saudi Arabia expels Jordanian and Yemeni diplomats amid Gulf crisis: On September 22, 1990, Saudi Arabia ordered the expulsion of numerous Jordanian and Yemeni diplomats, reducing their embassy staffs to three members each. This action was in response to Jordan and Yemen's failure to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, despite both nations calling for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops. The expulsions were part of Saudi Arabia's broader strategy to pressure neighboring countries to take a firmer stance against Iraq's aggression. source: upi.com
23 Sep PBS airs 'The Civil War' documentary series: On September 23, 1990, PBS premiered 'The Civil War,' a nine-episode documentary series directed by Ken Burns. The series, which aired over five consecutive nights, attracted nearly 39 million viewers, making it the most-watched program in PBS history at that time. It received numerous accolades, including two Emmys and two Grammys. source: pbs.org
24 Sep De Klerk meets Bush in Washington: On September 24, 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk met with U.S. President George H.W. Bush at the White House. This marked the first visit by a South African leader to the U.S. since the imposition of apartheid 42 years prior. Both leaders discussed South Africa's ongoing reforms and the process of ending apartheid, with Bush expressing support for the 'irreversible' changes underway in South Africa. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Sep UN Security Council imposes air embargo on Iraq: On September 25, 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 670, expanding the existing economic sanctions on Iraq to include an air embargo. This resolution mandated that all member states deny permission to any aircraft to take off from or land in Iraq or Kuwait, except for flights carrying humanitarian aid authorized by the UN. The resolution was adopted with 14 votes in favor and 1 against. source: media.un.org
26 Sep President George H.W. Bush's Activities on September 26, 1990: On September 26, 1990, President George H.W. Bush announced the nomination of Edwin G. Foulke, Jr. for membership on the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. Additionally, he transmitted the Comprehensive Campaign Finance Reform Act of 1989 to Congress, aiming to reduce the influence of special economic interests in political campaigns. In an afternoon Oval Office appearance, President Bush addressed questions on capital gains taxes, chemical weapons, and the Education Summit. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Sep Senate Judiciary Committee approves David Souter's Supreme Court nomination: On September 27, 1990, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13-1 to recommend David H. Souter for the Supreme Court. The sole dissenting vote was cast by Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.). Souter's nomination was subsequently confirmed by the full Senate on October 2, 1990, with a 90-9 vote. source: washingtonpost.com
28 Sep Exiled Kuwaiti Emir meets with US President: On September 28, 1990, the exiled Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, met with U.S. President George H.W. Bush at the White House. During the meeting, the Emir detailed the destruction caused by Iraqi forces in Kuwait and emphasized the urgency of international intervention. President Bush reaffirmed U.S. support for Kuwait's sovereignty and the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions to resolve the crisis. source: reuters.screenocean.com
29 Sep UN World Summit for Children begins in New York City: On September 29, 1990, the United Nations hosted the World Summit for Children at its New York Headquarters. This landmark event gathered 71 heads of state and 88 senior government officials to adopt a Declaration on the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children, along with a Plan of Action for the 1990s. The summit addressed critical issues such as child health, education, nutrition, and protection, aiming to improve the well-being of children worldwide. source: un.org
30 Sep Dalai Lama unveils Canadian Tribute to Human Rights in Ottawa: On September 30, 1990, the Dalai Lama unveiled the Canadian Tribute to Human Rights, a monumental sculpture in Ottawa, Canada. Designed by artist Melvin Charney, the monument features the first sentence of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in both English and French, symbolizing Canada's commitment to human rights. The Dalai Lama's participation underscored the global importance of human rights and Canada's dedication to these principles. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Oct Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) initiates invasion of Rwanda from Uganda: On October 1, 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), composed mainly of Tutsi refugees from Uganda, launched an invasion into northern Rwanda. The RPF advanced 60 kilometers south to Gabiro, facing resistance from the Rwandan Armed Forces, which were supported by French and Zairean troops. The RPF's initial offensive was repelled, leading to a tactical retreat and the establishment of bases in the Virunga Mountains. source: theguardian.com
02 Oct Senate confirms David Souter to Supreme Court: On October 2, 1990, the U.S. Senate confirmed David Souter as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by a 90-9 vote. Nominated by President George H.W. Bush to succeed Justice William Brennan, Souter was sworn in on October 9, 1990. source: congress.gov
03 Oct German reunification officially completed on October 3, 1990: German reunification was officially completed on October 3, 1990, marking the end of the division between East and West Germany. This historic event followed the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and led to the establishment of a single German state. October 3 is now celebrated as the Day of German Unity. source: britannica.com
04 Oct Philippine rebel forces seize military posts in Mindanao: On October 4, 1990, Philippine Army Colonel Alexander Noble and his supporters seized two military garrisons in Mindanao, proclaiming the independence of the Federal Republic of Mindanao. The revolt lasted until October 6, when Noble surrendered to government forces. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Oct Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center acquitted in Mapplethorpe obscenity trial: On October 5, 1990, a jury acquitted the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, of obscenity charges related to the exhibition of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs. The trial, which began on September 24, 1990, was the first in which an art gallery was prosecuted on obscenity charges in the United States. The jury deliberated for less than two hours before returning the not guilty verdicts. source: washingtonpost.com
06 Oct Ulysses spacecraft launched towards Sun's poles: On October 6, 1990, the Ulysses spacecraft was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-41) to study the Sun's polar regions. The mission aimed to explore the Sun's environment, including solar wind and magnetic fields, by utilizing a gravity assist from Jupiter to achieve a high-inclination orbit. Ulysses operated successfully for nearly four times its expected five-year mission duration, providing valuable data on solar activity cycles. source: jpl.nasa.gov
07 Oct Israel begins distributing gas masks to general population in October 1990: On October 1, 1990, Israel announced plans to distribute chemical warfare kits, including gas masks, to its 4.6 million citizens and visitors. This decision was prompted by Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's threats to attack Israel with chemical weapons. The distribution aimed to prepare the public for potential chemical attacks, with mass distribution expected to begin around October 15. The kits included gas masks, atropine injections, and powder to counteract chemical agents. source: washingtonpost.com
08 Oct 1990 Temple Mount killings during First Intifada: On October 8, 1990, Israeli Border Police clashed with Palestinian protesters near the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, resulting in the deaths of 17 Palestinians and injuries to over 150 others. The unrest was triggered by the Temple Mount Faithful's announcement to lay the cornerstone for a Third Temple, leading to mass riots. The United Nations Security Council condemned the violence, passing resolutions 672 and 673, which criticized the actions of Israeli security forces and called for an investigation. source: aljazeera.com
09 Oct David Souter sworn in as Supreme Court Justice: David H. Souter was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by President George H.W. Bush in 1990. He was confirmed by the Senate on October 2, 1990, and sworn in as an Associate Justice on October 9, 1990. source: supremecourt.gov
10 Oct Space Shuttle Discovery lands after STS-41 mission: On October 10, 1990, Space Shuttle Discovery successfully landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, concluding the STS-41 mission. The mission, which lasted 4 days, 2 hours, 10 minutes, and 4 seconds, involved deploying the European Space Agency's Ulysses spacecraft to explore the Sun's polar regions. The crew included Commander Richard N. Richards, Pilot Robert D. Cabana, and Mission Specialists Bruce E. Melnick, Thomas D. Akers, and William M. Shepherd. source: nasa.gov
11 Oct Octavio Paz awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature: On October 11, 1990, Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Nobel Committee recognized him for his extensive body of work that reflects the human condition and explores themes of solitude and love. Paz is celebrated as one of the most significant literary figures in the Spanish language. source: britannica.com
12 Oct Economic impact of the Persian Gulf crisis: The Persian Gulf crisis, initiated by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, led to a significant surge in global oil prices, rising from $15 per barrel in July to $33 in October. This sharp increase adversely affected the world economy, reducing global output growth by 0.3% in 1990. The crisis also resulted in substantial economic hardships for many countries, with millions of people being driven into poverty due to the rise in oil prices and other related consequences. source: upi.com
13 Oct Syrian forces attack Baabda Palace, ending Lebanese Civil War: On October 13, 1990, Syrian troops launched a major operation against General Michel Aoun's stronghold around the presidential palace in Baabda, leading to Aoun's exile and marking the conclusion of Lebanon's 15-year civil war. source: britannica.com
14 Oct Mikhail Gorbachev awarded Nobel Peace Prize for ending Cold War tensions: On October 15, 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his pivotal role in ending the Cold War. The Norwegian Nobel Committee recognized his significant contributions to the peace process, including arms control and fostering international trust. Gorbachev's policies of 'glasnost' (openness) and 'perestroika' (restructuring) led to greater openness in Soviet society and supported the peaceful resolution of conflicts in Eastern Europe. source: nobelprize.org
15 Oct End of Public Facility Segregation in South Africa: On October 15, 1990, South Africa's Parliament repealed the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, effectively ending the legal basis for racial segregation in public facilities. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Oct Eric Davis hits historic World Series home run: On October 16, 1990, Cincinnati Reds outfielder Eric Davis hit a pivotal home run in Game 4 of the World Series against the Oakland Athletics, contributing to the Reds' 2-1 victory and their eventual four-game sweep to clinch the championship. source: mlb.com
19 Oct Cincinnati Reds win Baseball World Series: The Cincinnati Reds clinched the World Series title by defeating the Oakland Athletics in a four-game sweep. This victory marked the Reds' first championship since 1976, showcasing a dominant performance throughout the series. source: nytimes.com
20 Oct Antiwar protests against US-Iraq conflict: On October 20, 1990, large-scale antiwar protests took place across the United States, opposing the impending military action in Iraq. Activists gathered in major cities to voice their dissent against U.S. involvement in the Gulf region. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Oct Ayrton Senna wins second Formula 1 World Championship: Ayrton Senna secured his second Formula 1 World Championship at the Japanese Grand Prix, solidifying his status as one of the sport's greatest drivers. This victory was a pivotal moment in his racing career. source: bbc.com
22 Oct Nizhny Novgorod Reclaims Historic Name: On October 22, 1990, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR issued a decree renaming the Gorky Oblast back to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, restoring the city's original name. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Oct Iraq Releases French Hostages During Gulf Crisis: On October 23, 1990, Iraq released French hostages during the Gulf Crisis.
24 Oct Revelation of Gladio NATO Stay-Behind Network: On October 24, 1990, the existence of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO stay-behind network in Europe, was publicly acknowledged. This network was established during the Cold War to counter potential Soviet invasions by maintaining secret armies in various European countries. source: britannica.com
25 Oct Kazakhstan declares sovereignty from Soviet Union: On October 25, 1990, Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty from the Soviet Union, asserting its independence and marking a significant step towards eventual full independence, which was achieved in December 1991. source: britannica.com
27 Oct Kyrgyzstan elects first president: On October 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz SSR elected Askar Akayev as the republic's first president. Akayev, a former academic and loyalist to Mikhail Gorbachev, was chosen after the initial candidates failed to secure a majority, leading to their disqualification. His election marked a significant political shift in the region. source: departments.bucknell.edu
30 Oct Ayodhya Firing Incident: On October 30, 1990, a violent incident occurred in Ayodhya, India, where police opened fire on a crowd of Hindu activists. The event was part of a larger conflict surrounding the Babri Masjid and the Ram Janmabhoomi site, leading to significant casualties and heightened communal tensions. source: bbc.com
31 Oct Pakistan Cricket Team Dominates New Zealand in Series: On October 31, 1990, the Pakistan cricket team achieved a significant victory over New Zealand in a series match. This win was part of a successful tour for Pakistan, showcasing their strong performance in international cricket during that period. source: espncricinfo.com
01 Nov Bush Compares Saddam Hussein to Hitler: On November 1, 1990, U.S. President George H.W. Bush made a controversial statement comparing Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to Adolf Hitler. This remark was part of his administration's efforts to rally support for military action against Iraq during the Gulf War. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Nov US Secretary of State visits troops in Saudi Arabia: On November 4, 1990, U.S. Secretary of State James Baker visited American troops stationed in Saudi Arabia. This visit was part of the U.S. response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, emphasizing the commitment to protect Saudi Arabia and deter further aggression. source: nytimes.com
05 Nov Death of Meir Kahane: Meir Kahane, an Israeli-American rabbi and politician, was assassinated on November 5, 1990, in New York City. He was known for his controversial views and founding the Jewish Defense League, advocating for Jewish self-defense. source: nytimes.com
06 Nov Nawaz Sharif becomes Pakistan's Prime Minister: On November 6, 1990, Nawaz Sharif was sworn in as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan, succeeding Benazir Bhutto. His election followed the dismissal of Bhutto's government by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who utilized a constitutional clause to remove the elected government, citing corruption and inefficiency. Sharif's rise to power was facilitated by the support of the military and the formation of the conservative coalition, Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI). source: britannica.com
07 Nov Mary Robinson elected as Ireland's first female president: Mary Robinson was elected as Ireland's first female president on November 7, 1990, defeating Brian Lenihan and Austin Currie. She was inaugurated on December 3, 1990. source: irishtimes.com
08 Nov Saddam Hussein threatens Arabian Peninsula: On November 8, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein issued a warning to the Arabian Peninsula, suggesting that any military intervention would lead to severe consequences. This statement heightened tensions in the region as the Gulf War loomed. source: reuters.com
09 Nov US forces increase in Persian Gulf: On November 9, 1990, the United States announced an increase in its military presence in the Persian Gulf as tensions escalated with Iraq. This decision was part of the ongoing preparations for potential military action to liberate Kuwait. source: defense.gov
10 Nov World Wide Web proposal submitted by Tim Berners-Lee: On November 10, 1990, Tim Berners-Lee submitted a proposal for the World Wide Web, outlining a system for information sharing over the internet. This proposal laid the groundwork for the development of the web as we know it today. source: britannica.com
11 Nov Shadowlands Broadway premiere: The play 'Shadowlands,' written by William Nicholson, premiered on Broadway on November 11, 1990. The play explores the relationship between C.S. Lewis and Joy Davidman, highlighting themes of love and loss. source: theguardian.com
12 Nov Lesotho military coup: On November 12, 1990, a military coup took place in Lesotho, leading to the overthrow of the elected government. The coup was led by Major General Justin Lekhanya, who subsequently established a military government. This event marked a significant turning point in Lesotho's political landscape. source: bbc.com
13 Nov Creation of the first web page: On November 13, 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web page, marking a pivotal moment in the development of the World Wide Web. This page served as a demonstration of the capabilities of the web and laid the foundation for the internet as we know it today. It was hosted on a NeXT computer at CERN. source: bbc.com
14 Nov Germany-Poland border agreement: On November 14, 1990, Germany and Poland signed a border agreement, officially recognizing the Oder-Neisse line as the border between the two countries. This agreement was a significant step in post-Cold War relations and contributed to the stabilization of Central Europe. source: bbc.com
15 Nov End of Communist Bulgaria: On November 15, 1990, Bulgaria officially transitioned from a communist regime to a democratic government. This marked a significant shift in the country's political landscape following years of Soviet influence and control. source: britannica.com
16 Nov Noriega Claims Unfair Trial: On November 16, 1990, Manuel Noriega, the former Panamanian leader, claimed that he was not receiving a fair trial in the United States. His trial was a significant event following the U.S. invasion of Panama. source: nytimes.com
17 Nov Super Famicom launches in Japan: The Super Famicom, known as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan, was released on November 17, 1990, revolutionizing the gaming industry with its advanced graphics and gameplay. source: nintendo.com
18 Nov Saddam Hussein Offers to Release Kuwaiti Prisoners: On November 18, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein offered to release Kuwaiti prisoners held during the Gulf War. This gesture was part of Iraq's efforts to negotiate with the international community and ease tensions following the invasion of Kuwait.
19 Nov International Summit Marking End of Cold War: The Paris Summit, held from November 19 to 21, 1990, was a pivotal event marking the end of the Cold War. Leaders from 34 nations, including the United States and the Soviet Union, participated in the summit, culminating in the signing of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. This summit symbolized a new era of East-West cooperation and the commitment to a unified and peaceful Europe. source: csce.gov
20 Nov Space Shuttle Atlantis mission completion: The Space Shuttle Atlantis completed its mission on November 20, 1990, landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility after a classified Department of Defense mission. source: nasa.gov
21 Nov End of Cold War Declaration signed in Paris: On November 21, 1990, during the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe summit in Paris, 34 nations signed the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, declaring the end of the Cold War and committing to a new era of cooperation and security in Europe. source: csce.gov
22 Nov Margaret Thatcher resigns as UK Prime Minister: On November 22, 1990, Margaret Thatcher announced her resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after 11 years in office. Her decision followed internal party challenges and declining public support. source: bbc.com
23 Nov Death of Roald Dahl, renowned children's author: Roald Dahl, the British author of popular children's books such as "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" and "James and the Giant Peach," died on November 23, 1990, at the age of 74 in Oxford, England. He had been admitted to the hospital earlier in the month for treatment of an unspecified infection. source: washingtonpost.com
26 Nov US proposes UN resolution on Kuwait: The United States proposed a resolution to the United Nations aimed at addressing the situation in Kuwait following Iraq's invasion. This resolution sought to strengthen international support for the coalition against Iraq. source: un.org
27 Nov John Major succeeds Margaret Thatcher: John Major was elected as the leader of the Conservative Party and subsequently became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding Margaret Thatcher. His leadership began a new chapter in British politics. source: bbc.com
28 Nov Margaret Thatcher resigns as UK Prime Minister: Margaret Thatcher announced her resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on November 28, 1990, after facing internal party dissent and declining popularity. Her departure marked the end of a significant era in British politics, having served as Prime Minister since 1979. source: bbc.com
29 Nov UN Security Council authorizes military intervention in Iraq: On November 29, 1990, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 678, authorizing member states to use force against Iraq if it did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991. This resolution paved the way for the Gulf War. source: un.org
30 Nov Bush offers to open dialogue with Baghdad: On November 30, 1990, President George H.W. Bush invited Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to engage in direct talks to resolve the Persian Gulf crisis. He proposed that Secretary of State James Baker meet with Hussein in Baghdad between December 15 and January 15, and invited Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz to Washington the week of December 10. Bush emphasized that these discussions would aim for Iraq's complete withdrawal from Kuwait and the restoration of Kuwait's legitimate government. source: upi.com
02 Dec First all-German parliamentary election post-reunification: On December 2, 1990, the first all-German parliamentary election since reunification was held. This election was a significant step in the reunification process, allowing citizens from both East and West Germany to vote together for the first time in decades. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Dec Deadly Northwest Airlines runway collision: On December 3, 1990, a tragic collision occurred on a runway involving Northwest Airlines, resulting in multiple fatalities. The incident raised significant concerns regarding airport safety protocols and procedures. source: nytimes.com
04 Dec Milošević becomes president of Serbia: Slobodan Milošević was elected president of Serbia on December 4, 1990. His presidency was marked by significant political and social upheaval in the region, leading to a tumultuous period in Yugoslav history. source: bbc.com
06 Dec Resignation of President Ershad in Bangladesh: Facing mounting protests and political unrest, President Hussain Muhammad Ershad resigned on December 6, 1990, transferring power to Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed, who assumed the role of acting president. This marked a significant shift in Bangladesh's political landscape, leading to the formation of a caretaker government and the scheduling of new elections. source: washingtonpost.com
09 Dec Lech Wałęsa elected President of Poland: On December 9, 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected as the first directly elected President of Poland. He was a prominent leader of the Solidarity movement and played a key role in the peaceful transition from communism to democracy in Poland. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Dec Soyuz TM-10 mission lands: On December 10, 1990, the Soviet space mission Soyuz TM-10 successfully landed, returning cosmonauts from the Mir space station. The mission was part of the ongoing Soviet space program during that period. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Dec Albanian Student and Worker Demonstrations Against Communism: On December 9, 1990, student demonstrators from Enver Hoxha University in Tirana marched through the streets of the capital, demanding an end to dictatorship. By December 11, the number of protesters had reached nearly 3,000. In response to the unrest, the Central Committee of the Albanian Party of Labor announced the Thirteenth Plenary Session for February 1991, signaling a move towards political pluralism. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Dec US Ambassador Leaves Kuwait: In December 1990, amid escalating tensions in the Gulf region, the U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait, April Glaspie, departed Kuwait City. This move was part of the U.S. diplomatic response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which had occurred earlier that year. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Dec Devastating Sicily Earthquake: On December 13, 1990, a powerful earthquake struck the island of Sicily, Italy, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. The earthquake's epicenter was near the city of Catania, leading to significant damage to infrastructure and homes, and prompting a large-scale humanitarian response. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Dec Death of Friedrich Dürrenmatt: Swiss author and dramatist Friedrich Dürrenmatt died on December 14, 1990, in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, at the age of 69. He was known for his avant-garde dramas, philosophical crime novels, and macabre satire. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Dec Baltic States hold first joint parliamentary session: On December 15, 1990, the Supreme Councils of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania held their first-ever joint session in Vilnius, Lithuania. This historic meeting marked a significant step in the Baltic republics' coordinated efforts to regain independence from the Soviet Union. The session focused on establishing an inter-parliamentary working group and adopting a unified stance on the presence of Soviet troops in the Baltics, advocating for their negotiated withdrawal. source: csmonitor.com
16 Dec Haiti's democratic transition: Aristide's presidential election: On December 16, 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected as the first democratically chosen president of Haiti. His election marked a significant milestone in Haiti's transition to democracy after years of dictatorship and political turmoil. Aristide's presidency was seen as a beacon of hope for many Haitians seeking democratic governance. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Dec Major winter storm impacts Minnesota and South Dakota: On December 19, 1990, a significant winter storm affected Minnesota and South Dakota, bringing heavy snowfall and severe weather conditions to the region. The storm led to hazardous travel conditions, power outages, and disruptions to daily life. Historical weather data indicates that Minneapolis, MN, experienced temperatures around -4.2°C, while Sioux Falls, SD, had temperatures near -11.4°C during the storm. source: weather.gov
20 Dec Croatia establishes constitutional framework: On December 20, 1990, Croatia established a constitutional framework that laid the groundwork for its future independence from Yugoslavia. This was a pivotal step in Croatia's path towards sovereignty, which was formally declared in 1991. source: britannica.com
21 Dec Saddam Hussein defies UN withdrawal deadline: On December 21, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein publicly defied the United Nations' deadline for withdrawal from Kuwait. This act escalated tensions and set the stage for military action by coalition forces in the Gulf War. source: reuters.com
22 Dec Croatia adopts new constitution: On December 22, 1990, Croatia adopted a new constitution that affirmed its sovereignty and independence from Yugoslavia. This constitution was a critical step in Croatia's journey towards becoming a fully independent nation. source: bbc.com
23 Dec Slovenia votes for independence from Yugoslavia: On December 23, 1990, Slovenia held a referendum in which the majority voted in favor of independence from Yugoslavia. This marked a significant step towards Slovenia's eventual declaration of independence in 1991. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Dec St. Basil's Cathedral bells ring after decades: On December 24, 1990, the bells of St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow rang for the first time in decades after being silenced during the Soviet era. This event marked a significant cultural revival in post-Soviet Russia. source: bbc.com
25 Dec Birth of the first web browser: On December 25, 1990, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, which laid the foundation for the modern internet. This innovation revolutionized how information is shared and accessed globally. source: bbc.com
26 Dec Kasparov retains chess world championship: On December 26, 1990, Garry Kasparov successfully defended his title as World Chess Champion against Anatoly Karpov in a match held in Lyon, France. This match was part of a long-standing rivalry between the two chess grandmasters. source: bbc.com
27 Dec President Bush's working holiday at Camp David: On December 27, 1990, President George H.W. Bush spent a working holiday at Camp David, focusing on various national issues. This retreat is a traditional venue for presidents to conduct business away from the White House. source: nytimes.com
28 Dec New York City subway electrical fire: An electrical fire occurred in the New York City subway system on December 28, 1990, causing significant disruptions. Emergency services responded quickly to manage the situation and ensure passenger safety. source: nytimes.com
29 Dec Olympic gymnast Mary Lou Retton's wedding: Mary Lou Retton, the Olympic gymnast, got married on December 29, 1990. The wedding was a significant event, given her fame from the 1984 Olympics, where she won a gold medal. source: nytimes.com
31 Dec Iraq Implements Military Draft: On December 31, 1990, Iraq began a military draft of 17-year-olds. source: brainyhistory.com

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