Events on October 23 - Key Moments Throughout History

Historical Events on October 23: Significant Moments in History

Throughout history, certain dates stand out for the remarkable events that unfolded on them. From turning points in politics to cultural breakthroughs, these days often carry significance that echoes through time. Explore the most important events that occurred on October 23, revealing the lasting impact they've had on the world.

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Events on October 23 - Key Moments Throughout History

  • 1900 Wright Brothers' First Untethered Glider Flights: On October 23, 1900, the Wright brothers conducted their first untethered glider flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, marking a significant milestone in the history of aviation. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1902 End of the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: On October 23, 1902, the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 ended after a settlement was reached between the United Mine Workers and mine operators, leading to improved wages and working conditions for miners. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1904 Emilia Dilke, English author and historian, passes away: Emilia Dilke, an English author and historian known for her works on art and history, died on October 23, 1904. She was recognized for her contributions to the study of art history and her writings on the subject. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth ratification: The Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War, was ratified on October 23, 1905. This treaty marked a significant shift in power dynamics in East Asia and was mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. source: britannica.com
  • 1911 First aerial reconnaissance in warfare: On October 23, 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War, Italian pilot Captain Carlo Maria Piazza conducted the first military aerial reconnaissance mission over Turkish lines in Libya, marking the inaugural use of an airplane for military observation. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1912 Felix Díaz's Revolt Against Madero: On October 12, 1912, General Félix Díaz initiated a rebellion against President Francisco I. Madero in Veracruz, Mexico. The revolt was suppressed by government forces on October 23, 1912, leading to Díaz's imprisonment in Mexico City. source: loc.gov
  • 1914 First Battle of Ypres: Critical World War I Defensive Action: The First Battle of Ypres, fought from October 19 to November 22, 1914, was a significant engagement on the Western Front. Allied forces, including the BEF, French, and Belgian troops, defended the city of Ypres against German attacks. The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides suffering heavy casualties and the front lines remaining largely unchanged. source: britannica.com
  • 1922 Andrew Bonar Law forms UK government: On October 23, 1922, Conservative leader Andrew Bonar Law formed a new government in the United Kingdom. His leadership marked a significant moment in British politics during the interwar period. source: bbc.com
  • 1923 Hamburg Communist Uprising of 1923: The Hamburg Communist Uprising occurred in October 1923 as part of a series of uprisings in Germany. It was a failed attempt by the Communist Party to seize control of the city, leading to violent clashes with government forces. source: britannica.com
  • 1926 Trotsky and Kamenev removed from Soviet Politburo: On October 23, 1926, Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev were expelled from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This action was part of a broader effort by Joseph Stalin to consolidate power and eliminate political rivals within the party. source: britannica.com
  • 1929 Stock Market Panic Signals Great Depression's Onset: On October 23, 1929, the U.S. stock market experienced a significant panic, with stock prices falling sharply. This event signaled the onset of the Great Depression, a period of prolonged economic downturn. source: history.com
  • 1931 Japan rejects League of Nations ultimatum: On October 23, 1931, Japan rejected an ultimatum from the League of Nations regarding its invasion of Manchuria. This decision marked a significant moment in international relations, as it demonstrated Japan's growing militarism and disregard for global diplomatic efforts. source: britannica.com
  • 1932 South African Ministerial Appointment: Pieter G Marais is appointed as the Minister of Education and Development Aid in South Africa, signaling potential policy shifts in education and international assistance.
  • 1934 Record-breaking high-altitude balloon flight: On October 23, 1934, a record-breaking high-altitude balloon flight was achieved, showcasing advancements in aeronautics. This event contributed to the understanding of atmospheric conditions at high altitudes. source: nasa.gov
  • 1935 Gabby Hartnett named National League MVP: On October 23, 1935, Gabby Hartnett of the Chicago Cubs was named the National League Most Valuable Player (MVP). Hartnett's leadership and performance were instrumental in the Cubs' success that season. source: baseball-reference.com
  • 1938 British ambassador's report on French war sentiment: On this date, the British ambassador reported on the growing war sentiment in France, highlighting concerns over the rising threat from Nazi Germany. This report underscored the anxiety in Europe as nations prepared for potential conflict. source: theguardian.com
  • 1940 Italian Ultimatum to Greece: Italy presents an ultimatum to Greece during the night, effectively serving as a declaration of war. This diplomatic move precedes the imminent Italian invasion from Albania, marking a critical moment in the expansion of World War II.
  • 1941 Holocaust: Nazi Emigration Ban: On October 23, 1941, the German government imposed a ban on the emigration of Jews, effectively trapping them within occupied territories and facilitating the implementation of the Final Solution. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1942 Second Battle of El Alamein Begins: The Second Battle of El Alamein began on October 23, 1942, marking a turning point in the North African campaign during World War II. Allied forces aimed to halt the advance of Axis troops in Egypt. source: britannica.com
  • 1943 First Jewish transport deported from Rome to Auschwitz: On October 23, 1943, the first transport of Jews from Rome was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. This marked a tragic escalation in the Nazi regime's systematic extermination of Jews during the Holocaust. The deportation was part of a broader campaign against Jewish communities in occupied territories. source: ushmm.org
  • 1944 Anne Frank deported to Bergen-Belsen: On October 23, 1944, Anne Frank and her sister Margot were deported from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. This marked a tragic turn in their lives, as conditions in Bergen-Belsen were dire. Anne's diary, which documented her experiences, later became a symbol of the Holocaust. source: britannica.com
  • 1945 United Nations Founded: The United Nations was founded on October 23, 1945, following the ratification of its charter. This organization was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts after the devastation of World War II. source: un.org
  • 1946 First United Nations General Assembly convenes in New York: The first United Nations General Assembly convened in New York City on October 23, 1946, at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. U.S. President Harry Truman opened the Assembly, marking a significant step in the UN's establishment. This session continued the inaugural meeting that began in London in January 1946. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
  • 1947 NAACP presents landmark racial discrimination petition to UN: On October 23, 1947, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) presented a petition to the United Nations, highlighting racial discrimination and lynching in the United States, marking a significant moment in the civil rights movement. source: nytimes.com
  • 1949 Death of Almanzo Wilder, husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder: Almanzo Wilder, known for his marriage to author Laura Ingalls Wilder, passed away on October 23, 1949. He was a significant figure in the Little House series, which chronicled their life on the American frontier. source: biography.com
  • 1952 Eisenhower campaign rally in New York: On October 23, 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower held a significant campaign rally in New York City as part of his presidential campaign. The rally was attended by thousands and marked a pivotal moment in his bid for the presidency. source: nytimes.com
  • 1954 West Germany joins NATO: On October 23, 1954, West Germany officially joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This marked a significant step in the Cold War dynamics, as West Germany became a key ally in Western Europe against the Soviet Union. source: nato.int
  • 1955 Establishment of the Republic of Vietnam: The Republic of Vietnam was officially established on this date, marking a significant moment in the history of Vietnam. This event followed the end of French colonial rule and the division of Vietnam into North and South. source: britannica.com
  • 1956 Hungarian Revolution Begins in Budapest: On October 23, 1956, the Hungarian Revolution began in Budapest, with protesters demanding political reforms and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1957 First Vanguard Satellite Launch Vehicle Test: On October 23, 1957, the United States conducted the Vanguard TV-2 test flight, a suborbital launch of the Vanguard rocket. This successful test reached an altitude of 109 miles and demonstrated the performance of the first stage of the Vanguard launch vehicle. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1958 Springhill Mining Disaster: On October 23, 1958, the Springhill mining disaster occurred in Nova Scotia, Canada, resulting in the deaths of 75 miners due to a gas explosion. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1961 Norwegian Parliamentary Leadership Changes: Leadership transitions occurred in Norway's Lagting and Odelsting, with Nils Hønsvald becoming President of the Lagting and Per Borten becoming President of the Odelsting.
  • 1962 Adlai Stevenson's UN Address on Cuban Missile Crisis: On October 23, 1962, U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson addressed the United Nations Security Council, presenting photographic evidence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba and demanding their removal. This pivotal moment intensified the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the world closer to nuclear conflict. source: pacificaradioarchives.org
  • 1964 Larisa Latynina wins Olympic floor exercise gold: On October 23, 1964, Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina secured her third consecutive Olympic gold medal in the floor exercise at the Tokyo Games. She had previously won gold in this event at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics. In Tokyo, she achieved a score of 19.599, leading to her victory. source: olympedia.org
  • 1965 Muhammad Ali defeats Floyd Patterson: On October 23, 1965, Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) defeated Floyd Patterson by technical knockout in the 12th round, becoming the youngest heavyweight champion at that time. source: ringtv.com
  • 1968 First Indigenous Indian Warship Launched: On October 23, 1968, India launched its first indigenous warship, the INS Ajay, marking a significant milestone in the country's naval capabilities. This event underscored India's efforts to develop its own defense manufacturing capabilities. source: indiannavy.nic.in
  • 1969 Broadway Musical 'Jimmy' Opens in New York City: The musical 'Jimmy' opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 23, 1969, and ran until January 3, 1970. It starred Frank Gorshin as Mayor Jimmy Walker and was based on the 1957 film 'Beau James'. source: ibdb.com
  • 1970 Blue Flame Land Speed Record: On October 23, 1970, Gary Gabelich drove the rocket-powered Blue Flame vehicle to a world land speed record of 622.407 mph (1,001.667 km/h) for the flying mile and 630.388 mph (1,014.511 km/h) for the flying kilometer at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. source: guinnessworldrecords.com
  • 1971 Civilian killings in Newry during The Troubles: On October 23, 1971, three Catholic civilians—Sean Ruddy (28), James McLaughlin (26), and Robert Anderson (26)—were shot and killed by the British Army in Newry, County Down. The soldiers believed the men were attempting to rob a bank, but all three were unarmed. The incident led to riots in Newry as the Catholic community reacted to the killings. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1972 Access credit cards launched in Britain: On October 23, 1972, Access credit cards were officially launched in Britain, marking a significant development in consumer finance. This initiative aimed to provide a new method of payment and credit access for consumers in the UK. source: britannica.com
  • 1973 Watergate Scandal: Nixon agrees to release Oval Office tapes: On October 23, 1973, President Richard Nixon agreed to release the tapes of his Oval Office conversations, a significant development in the Watergate scandal. This decision came amid mounting pressure from Congress and the public for transparency. source: archives.gov
  • 1975 Iceland women's strike: On October 23, 1975, women in Iceland organized a nationwide strike to protest gender inequality and demand equal rights. This event, known as the Women's Day Off, significantly impacted Icelandic society and led to increased awareness and legislative changes regarding women's rights. source: bbc.com
  • 1976 Birth of Ryan Reynolds: Ryan Reynolds, the Canadian actor known for his roles in films such as 'Deadpool' and 'The Proposal', was born on October 23, 1976. He has gained significant fame and recognition in Hollywood over the years. source: biography.com
  • 1977 Discovery of earliest known life fossils: In 1977, scientists discovered fossils in Western Australia that are believed to be the oldest evidence of life on Earth, dating back approximately 3.5 billion years. These stromatolite fossils provide crucial insights into the early development of life and the conditions on Earth at that time. source: sciencedirect.com
  • 1978 China-Japan diplomatic normalization: On October 23, 1978, China and Japan signed a treaty to normalize diplomatic relations, marking a significant step in East Asian politics. This agreement helped to mend ties after years of conflict and set the stage for future cooperation. source: britannica.com
  • 1979 Billy Martin involved in barroom altercation with marshmallow salesman: On October 23, 1979, New York Yankees manager Billy Martin engaged in a physical altercation with Joseph Cooper, a Minnesota marshmallow salesman, at a hotel bar in Minneapolis. The dispute began when Cooper commented that Martin should not have won the American League Manager of the Year award, suggesting it should have gone to Dick Williams or Earl Weaver. Martin mocked Cooper's profession, leading to a challenge and a subsequent fight where Martin delivered a sucker punch, causing Cooper to require 15 stitches to close a gash in his lip. This incident resulted in Martin's dismissal as Yankees manager for the second time. source: si.com
  • 1980 Alexei Kosygin resigns as Soviet Premier due to health issues: On October 23, 1980, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin, 76, resigned from his position citing deteriorating health. His longtime deputy, Nikolai Tikhonov, 75, was appointed as his successor. Kosygin had been absent from public appearances since August 3, 1980, following the Moscow Olympics, and had suffered at least one major heart attack in the preceding year. source: washingtonpost.com
  • 1981 Ayman al-Zawahiri arrested in Egypt: On October 23, 1981, Ayman al-Zawahiri was arrested in Egypt on suspicion of involvement in the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. He was later acquitted of direct involvement in the assassination but was convicted of illegal arms possession and sentenced to three years in prison. During his imprisonment, he was reportedly subjected to torture, which intensified his militancy. source: britannica.com
  • 1982 Miracle Valley shootout in Arizona: On October 23, 1982, a violent confrontation occurred between members of the Christ Miracle Healing Center and Church (CMHCC) and Cochise County law enforcement in Miracle Valley, Arizona. The incident resulted in the deaths of two church members and injuries to several law enforcement officers and church members. The shootout was preceded by escalating tensions and previous confrontations between the church and authorities. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 1983 1983 Beirut barracks bombings: On October 23, 1983, two truck bombs were detonated in Beirut, Lebanon, targeting U.S. and French military barracks. The attacks resulted in 307 fatalities: 241 U.S. service members and 58 French soldiers. The explosions were among the deadliest against Western military forces in the Middle East, leading to the withdrawal of international peacekeeping forces from Lebanon in early 1984. source: britannica.com
  • 1984 Rick Sutcliffe wins NL Cy Young Award: On October 23, 1984, Rick Sutcliffe was unanimously awarded the National League Cy Young Award after a standout season with the Chicago Cubs, finishing with a 16-1 record and a 2.69 ERA. source: washingtonpost.com
  • 1986 Keith Haring's mural on the Berlin Wall: In 1986, artist Keith Haring created a mural on the Berlin Wall, symbolizing hope and freedom during a time of division in Germany. The mural featured Haring's signature vibrant colors and bold lines, reflecting his commitment to social issues. This artwork became an iconic representation of the cultural and political changes leading up to the fall of the Wall in 1989. source: bbc.com
  • 1989 Transition of Hungary to Republic: On October 23, 1989, Hungary officially transitioned from a socialist state to a republic. This significant political change marked the end of communist rule and was a pivotal moment in the history of Eastern Europe. source: bbc.com
  • 1990 Iraq Releases French Hostages During Gulf Crisis: On October 23, 1990, Iraq released French hostages during the Gulf Crisis.
  • 1991 Cambodia Peace Agreement signed: The Cambodia Peace Agreement was signed on October 23, 1991, marking a significant step towards ending decades of conflict in the country. This agreement involved multiple parties and aimed to establish a framework for peace and democratic governance in Cambodia. source: un.org
  • 1992 Rene Lachemann hired as Florida Marlins' first manager: On October 23, 1992, the Florida Marlins announced the hiring of Rene Lachemann as their first manager. Lachemann, a former catcher and experienced manager, was chosen to lead the expansion franchise into its inaugural season in 1993. source: fishstripes.com
  • 1993 Joe Carter's Historic World Series Home Run: In Game 6 of the 1993 World Series, Toronto Blue Jays' Joe Carter hit a three-run walk-off home run in the bottom of the ninth inning, leading the Blue Jays to an 8-6 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies and securing their second consecutive championship. source: history.com
  • 1994 Israeli-Palestinian land for peace agreement: On October 23, 1994, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed a land-for-peace agreement. This agreement was a pivotal moment in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, aiming to resolve long-standing conflicts over territory and governance. source: state.gov
  • 1995 Conviction of Selena's murderer: On October 23, 1995, Yolanda Saldívar was convicted of the murder of singer Selena Quintanilla. The case garnered significant media attention and highlighted issues surrounding celebrity and violence. source: nytimes.com
  • 1997 Southeast Texas Tornado Outbreak: On October 23, 1997, a series of tornadoes struck Southeast Texas, causing significant damage and loss of life. The outbreak was part of a larger weather system that affected the region, leading to widespread destruction and prompting emergency response efforts. source: weather.gov
  • 1998 Wye River Memorandum signed: On October 23, 1998, the Wye River Memorandum was signed, aimed at advancing the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. This agreement was a significant step in the ongoing negotiations between the two parties. source: state.gov
  • 1999 Clinton Impeachment Trial Continues: The impeachment trial of U.S. President Bill Clinton continued on October 23, 1999. The trial focused on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice related to his extramarital affair with Monica Lewinsky. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 2000 US-Jordan Free Trade Agreement signed: On October 23, 2000, the United States and Jordan signed a historic Free Trade Agreement (FTA), eliminating tariffs on nearly all industrial goods and agricultural products within ten years. This agreement marked the first U.S. FTA with an Arab country and included provisions on labor and environmental standards. source: clintonwhitehouse5.archives.gov
  • 2001 Provisional IRA begins disarmament: On October 23, 2001, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) announced the beginning of its disarmament process. This marked a significant step in the peace process in Northern Ireland, aimed at ending decades of conflict. source: bbc.com
  • 2002 Moscow theatre siege: On October 23, 2002, armed Chechen militants seized the Dubrovka Theatre in Moscow during a performance of the musical 'Nord-Ost,' taking approximately 800 hostages. The crisis lasted for three days, ending with a Russian special forces operation that resulted in the deaths of all 40 militants and at least 130 hostages. source: bbc.com
  • 2003 Challenges in Iraq Reconstruction: On October 23, 2003, the Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq was held, where representatives from over 25 nations pledged approximately $33 billion in grants and loans to aid Iraq's reconstruction efforts. Despite these commitments, the reconstruction faced significant challenges, including looting, sabotage, and a deteriorating security situation, which hindered progress in rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure and institutions. source: en.wikipedia.org
  • 2004 Brazil's first space rocket launch: On October 23, 2004, Brazil successfully launched its first space rocket, the VSB-30, from the Alcântara Launch Center. This two-stage prototype rocket conducted a seven-minute flight, reaching an altitude of approximately 100 kilometers. The launch marked a significant milestone for Brazil's space program, especially after a tragic explosion in 2003 that resulted in the loss of 21 technicians. source: voanews.com
  • 2005 Argentine parliamentary elections: On October 23, 2005, Argentina held parliamentary elections to elect members of the National Congress. The elections were significant as they followed a period of economic recovery and political change in the country. Voter turnout was reported to be high, reflecting public engagement in the democratic process. source: reuters.com
  • 2006 Tensions at Hungarian Revolt Anniversary: On October 23, 2006, Hungary commemorated the 50th anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. The event was marked by large-scale protests and clashes between demonstrators and police, reflecting ongoing political tensions in the country. source: bbc.com
  • 2007 Mexican oil platform disaster: An explosion on a Mexican oil platform led to a significant disaster, causing loss of life and environmental damage. The incident prompted investigations into safety protocols and emergency response measures within the oil industry. The disaster underscored the risks associated with offshore oil operations. source: irishtimes.com
  • 2009 African Bishops Call for Leadership Accountability: Over 200 African Roman Catholic bishops released a 12-page document urging corrupt leaders to resign and repent, highlighting ongoing governance challenges in the continent.
  • 2010 UN Compound Attacked in Afghanistan: On October 23, 2010, a United Nations compound in Afghanistan was attacked by insurgents. The assault resulted in casualties and underscored the risks faced by international organizations operating in conflict zones. source: reuters.com
  • 2011 7.2 magnitude earthquake strikes eastern Turkey: On October 23, 2011, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit eastern Turkey, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. The epicenter was near the city of Van, leading to the collapse of numerous buildings and resulting in significant casualties. source: dw.com
  • 2012 BBC Director General faces Jimmy Savile scandal inquiry: On October 23, 2012, the BBC's Director General, George Entwistle, faced scrutiny over the network's handling of allegations against former presenter Jimmy Savile. The inquiry focused on the BBC's failure to investigate claims of sexual abuse made against Savile during his lifetime. source: bbc.com
  • 2013 Tunisia protests against Islamist government: On October 23, 2013, protests erupted in Tunisia against the Islamist-led government. Demonstrators expressed dissatisfaction with the government's handling of economic issues and security concerns. The protests reflected ongoing political tensions in Tunisia following the Arab Spring. source: aljazeera.com
  • 2014 Ebola reaches New York City: On October 23, 2014, the first case of Ebola was confirmed in New York City, raising alarms about the virus's spread in the U.S. The patient had recently returned from West Africa, prompting increased health measures. source: nytimes.com
  • 2015 Suicide bombings in Nigerian mosques: On October 23, 2015, a series of suicide bombings targeted mosques in Nigeria, resulting in numerous fatalities and injuries. The attacks were attributed to Boko Haram, highlighting the ongoing violence in the region. source: bbc.com
  • 2016 Spanish government formation breakthrough: On October 23, 2016, Spain's political parties reached a breakthrough in government formation talks, ending a prolonged period of political deadlock. The agreement paved the way for the formation of a new government, addressing the challenges posed by the previous election results. source: elpais.com
  • 2018 Mail bomb discovered at George Soros' home: On October 23, 2018, a suspicious package containing a bomb was discovered at the home of billionaire philanthropist George Soros in New York. This incident was part of a series of mail bomb threats targeting prominent Democrats and critics of President Trump. source: nytimes.com
  • 2020 Second Libyan Civil War Ceasefire Agreement: The Second Libyan Civil War officially concluded as all parties to the 5+5 Joint Libyan Military Commission reached a comprehensive ceasefire agreement. This landmark diplomatic breakthrough signaled a potential path towards peace and stability in the war-torn North African nation, ending years of complex and destructive conflict. source: Wikipedia (day-month pages)
  • 2021 Nixon Agrees to Release Watergate Tapes: On October 23, 1973, President Richard Nixon agreed to turn over White House tape recordings subpoenaed by the Watergate special prosecutor to Judge John J. Sirica. This pivotal moment in the Watergate scandal represented a significant challenge to presidential power and transparency, ultimately contributing to Nixon's eventual resignation.
  • 2022 Xi Jinping's Third Term Amid Political Tension: Xi Jinping secured his third term as Chinese President during a Communist Party ceremony, filling top government positions with close allies. This unprecedented continuation of leadership suggests Xi is positioning himself as a transformative political figure comparable to Mao Zedong. The process involved marginalizing political rivals, including a controversial moment involving the removal of former President Hu Jintao. The term has been marked by rare public protests and dissent, symbolized by an anti-Xi banner in Beijing that garnered international attention.
  • 2023 Escalating Gaza-Israel Conflict Triggers Cross-Border Strikes and Humanitarian Crisis: Israeli air raids targeted multiple locations in Lebanon, including Ramesh, Markaba, Houla, Shebaa, and Kafr Shuba, expanding the conflict's geographical scope. The strikes resulted in the internal displacement of over 20,000 people in Lebanon. In northern Gaza, the Indonesian Hospital faced a critical situation, losing power after exhausting its fuel supplies, underscoring the severe humanitarian impact of the ongoing conflict.

What Is special about October 23?

October 23 is notable for a variety of important historical, cultural, and significant events, including famous birthdays and deaths, holidays and more. Find out everything about October 23.