1990 Wars & Armed Conflicts Events — Verified Historical Highlights

1990 Wars & Armed Conflicts Events — Verified Historical Highlights | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan German reunification completed on October 3, 1990: On October 3, 1990, Germany was officially reunified after 45 years of division following World War II. This historic event marked the end of the Cold War era in Germany and the formation of a single, democratic state. The reunification was celebrated nationwide, with ceremonies including the raising of the German flag at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. source: archives.gov
14 Jan UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar returns from unsuccessful peace mission to Iraq: On January 14, 1991, UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar returned from Baghdad, reporting that his peace mission had failed and expressing diminished hope for averting war in the Persian Gulf. He stated, "In some ways, yes," when asked if he had lost hope, and described his meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein as "polite but unfortunately unsuccessful." Pérez de Cuéllar emphasized that Iraq had not expressed any desire to withdraw from Kuwait, indicating a lack of progress in diplomatic efforts. source: latimes.com
15 Jan Thousands storm East German secret police building: On January 15, 1990, thousands of demonstrators stormed the East Berlin headquarters of the Stasi, East Germany's secret police. Protesters threw furniture from windows, hung a skeleton outside with the slogan 'Against a revival of the Stasi,' and ransacked offices, seizing files and papers. The demonstration was organized by the opposition group New Forum, demanding a quicker dismantling of the state security police. East German Prime Minister Hans Modrow addressed the crowd, urging calm and warning that violence could harm the country's democratic revival. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Jan P.W. Botha suffers mild stroke, leading to political shift in South Africa: On January 18, 1989, South African State President P.W. Botha, aged 73, suffered a mild stroke, which led to his temporary incapacitation. This event marked a significant turning point in South African politics, as it paved the way for F.W. de Klerk to assume the role of Acting State President. De Klerk's leadership initiated a series of reforms, including the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC) and the release of Nelson Mandela in February 1990, signaling a move towards ending apartheid. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 Jan Bush delivers 1990 State of the Union Address: On January 31, 1990, President George H.W. Bush delivered his State of the Union Address to Congress. In this address, he focused on various issues including the economy, foreign policy, and domestic challenges, emphasizing a vision of a 'new world order' following the end of the Cold War. The speech highlighted his administration's priorities and set the tone for the upcoming legislative session. source: archives.gov
07 Feb Soviet Communist Party relinquishes power monopoly: On February 7, 1990, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) agreed to relinquish its constitutional monopoly on political power, marking a significant shift towards a multiparty system. This decision, supported by President Mikhail Gorbachev, aimed to modernize the party and allow for democratic reforms. The move was a pivotal step in the Soviet Union's transition towards political pluralism. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Feb NATO and Warsaw Pact foreign ministers meet in Ottawa for Open Skies Conference: On February 12, 1990, foreign ministers from NATO and Warsaw Pact countries convened in Ottawa to initiate the Open Skies Conference. This meeting aimed to discuss mutual aerial surveillance overflights to promote transparency and confidence-building between the two blocs. The conference also addressed broader security issues, including German reunification and conventional arms reductions in Europe. source: nato.int
15 Feb UK and Argentina restore diplomatic relations: On February 15, 1990, the United Kingdom and Argentina announced the restoration of full diplomatic ties, nearly eight years after the Falklands War. The agreement included lifting the 150-mile military protection zone around the Falkland Islands by March 31, 1990, and establishing measures to ensure regional security, such as advance notice of military exercises. The issue of sovereignty over the islands was not addressed in this agreement. source: washingtonpost.com
24 Feb First multi-party elections in Lithuania since 1918: On February 24, 1990, Lithuania held its first multi-party elections since 1918, marking a significant step toward democracy. Voters elected members to the Supreme Soviet, with the pro-independence Sąjūdis movement endorsing candidates who won 91 seats, securing a majority. This election was part of a broader trend of democratization across Soviet republics during that period. source: washingtonpost.com
28 Feb STS-36 mission: Space Shuttle Atlantis launches classified Department of Defense payload: On February 28, 1990, Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on mission STS-36, the sixth dedicated Department of Defense mission. The crew, led by Commander John Creighton, deployed a classified satellite, believed to be the Misty reconnaissance satellite, into a 62-degree inclination orbit. The mission lasted four days, 10 hours, and 18 minutes, concluding with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California on March 4, 1990. source: nasa.gov
08 Mar German Parliament adopts resolution recognizing Poland's western border: On March 8, 1990, the West German Parliament passed a resolution affirming that a unified Germany would honor Poland's existing western border, the Oder-Neisse line. This move aimed to reassure Poland and the international community of Germany's commitment to the post-World War II territorial arrangement. The resolution stated that the Polish people are assured that their right to live in secure borders will not be questioned by Germans through territorial claims, either now or in the future. source: washingtonpost.com
10 Mar Michael Stewart, British politician, dies at 83: Michael Stewart, a prominent British Labour Party politician and former Foreign Secretary, passed away on March 10, 1990, at the age of 83. He served as a Member of Parliament for 34 years and was twice appointed Foreign Secretary in Harold Wilson's cabinet. After retiring from the House of Commons in 1979, he was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Stewart of Fulham. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Mar Lithuania declares independence from Soviet Union: On March 11, 1990, Lithuania's Supreme Council adopted the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, declaring the restoration of its pre-war independence and renaming itself the Republic of Lithuania. This move made Lithuania the first Soviet republic to declare independence, initiating a wave of secessions that eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. source: theguardian.com
22 Mar Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union: On March 11, 1990, Lithuania's Supreme Soviet declared the restoration of its pre-war independence, renaming the state the Republic of Lithuania. This marked the first Soviet republic to assert independence, initiating a wave of secessions that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. source: theguardian.com
23 Mar Howard Spira arrested for extortion: On March 23, 1990, Howard Spira, a 30-year-old gambler from the Bronx, was arrested by FBI agents at his home on charges of extortion and threats against New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner and outfielder Dave Winfield. A federal grand jury in Tampa, Florida, returned an eight-count indictment against Spira, who faced up to 25 years in prison and $2 million in fines if convicted. source: deseret.com
24 Mar Last Indian troops depart Sri Lanka, ending IPKF mission: On March 24, 1990, the final contingent of approximately 2,000 Indian soldiers left Sri Lanka, marking the conclusion of the Indian Peace Keeping Force's (IPKF) 32-month deployment. The IPKF was initially sent in 1987 under the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord to assist in resolving the Sri Lankan Civil War. Despite their presence, the IPKF faced significant challenges, including mounting casualties and limited success against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The withdrawal was completed ahead of the March 31 deadline agreed upon by India and Sri Lanka. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Mar India bus crash kills 41: On March 27, 1990, a private bus carrying over 60 passengers from Calcutta to Bhubaneswar plunged off a bridge near Kharagpur, West Bengal. The bus struck high-voltage power lines, igniting a fire that resulted in at least 41 fatalities and 20 injuries. The incident occurred around 11 p.m. local time. source: upi.com
29 Mar Czechoslovak parliament resolves naming dispute: On March 29, 1990, the Czechoslovak parliament addressed the contentious 'Hyphen War' by adopting the 'Czechoslovak Federative Republic' as the country's official name. This compromise allowed the Slovak version to include a hyphen ('Česko-slovenská federatívna republika'), while the Czech version remained without it ('Československá federativní republika'). This decision aimed to balance the national identities of both republics within the federation. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Mar Estonian Supreme Soviet declares Soviet occupation illegal, initiates transition to independence: On March 30, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR declared the Soviet occupation of Estonia since 1940 to be illegal and began a transitional period toward full independence. This resolution marked a significant step in Estonia's path to restoring its sovereignty, following the 1988 declaration of sovereignty and preceding the full restoration of independence in August 1991. source: britannica.com
06 Apr Slovenia holds first multiparty elections in 45 years: On April 8, 1990, Slovenia conducted its first multiparty elections since World War II, marking a significant shift from its previous one-party system. The Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (DEMOS), a coalition of newly established democratic parties, secured over 55% of the vote, leading to the formation of the first multiparty government. Milan Kučan was elected President in the subsequent presidential election. source: gov.si
11 Apr Britain detains huge gun barrel bound for Iraq: On April 11, 1990, British Customs officials intercepted a 40-yard-long gun barrel believed to be capable of firing nuclear or chemical warfare shells hundreds of miles. The barrel was detained at Teesport, England, before it could be shipped to Iraq. This incident marked the second such interception in less than two weeks, following the seizure of nuclear weapon triggers destined for Iraq on March 29, 1990. source: washingtonpost.com
19 Apr Nicaragua and Contras sign cease-fire agreement: On April 19, 1990, the Nicaraguan government and U.S.-backed Contra rebels signed a cease-fire agreement, ending nearly nine years of civil war. The accord stipulated that the Contras would begin disarming on April 25, the day President-elect Violeta Chamorro assumed office, with complete demobilization by June 10. The agreement was witnessed by Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo and representatives from the United Nations and the Organization of American States. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Apr Robert Polhill released after 39 months in captivity: On April 22, 1990, Robert Polhill, an American professor held hostage in Lebanon for 39 months, was released by his captors. The 55-year-old New Yorker was freed near the Summerland Hotel in Beirut and was immediately driven to Damascus, Syria, where he was turned over to U.S. Ambassador Edward Djerejian. Polhill was then flown to Wiesbaden, West Germany, for medical checks and debriefing. His release was seen as a goodwill gesture aimed at improving U.S.-Iran relations. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Apr Violeta Chamorro becomes Nicaragua's first female president: On April 25, 1990, Violeta Chamorro was inaugurated as the first female president of Nicaragua, following her victory in the February 25, 1990, elections. She led the National Opposition Union (UNO) coalition, defeating incumbent Daniel Ortega of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). Her presidency marked a significant shift towards peace and democratic governance after years of civil conflict. source: britannica.com
30 Apr Frank Reed released after 44 months as hostage in Lebanon: On April 30, 1990, Frank H. Reed, a 57-year-old educator from Massachusetts, was released by Shiite Muslim captors in Lebanon after 44 months in captivity. He was handed over to U.S. Ambassador Edward Djerejian in Damascus, Syria. Reed had been abducted on September 9, 1986, while serving as director of the Lebanese International School in Beirut. His release followed that of Robert Polhill, another American educator, who was freed on April 22, 1990. Both releases were part of an apparent Syrian-Iranian initiative aimed at improving relations with the United States. source: washingtonpost.com
01 May Bicesse Accords signed in Portugal to end Angolan Civil War: On May 31, 1991, the Angolan government and UNITA signed the Bicesse Accords in Estoril, Portugal, aiming to end the civil war and establish a multi-party democracy. The agreement included a ceasefire, integration of forces into a unified national army, and plans for elections under UN supervision. Despite initial optimism, the accords faced challenges in implementation, leading to renewed conflict in subsequent years. source: africa-press.net
02 May South African government and ANC begin negotiations to end apartheid: On May 2, 1990, the South African government and the African National Congress (ANC) initiated formal negotiations aimed at ending apartheid. The meeting took place at the Groote Schuur presidential residence in Cape Town, marking the first direct talks between the two parties in 78 years. The discussions focused on establishing a framework for future negotiations toward a new constitution and the dismantling of apartheid policies. source: washingtonpost.com
04 May Latvia declares independence from the Soviet Union: On May 4, 1990, Latvia's Supreme Soviet adopted the 'Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia,' marking the country's move towards independence from the Soviet Union. The declaration passed with 138 votes in favor, 1 abstention, and 57 deputies absent. This event is now celebrated annually as the Day of the Restoration of Latvian Independence. source: latvia.eu
08 May Estonia reestablishes independence by restoring 1938 Constitution: On May 8, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR abolished the Soviet-era name, reinstated the Republic of Estonia, and restored the 1938 Constitution, marking a significant step toward full independence from the Soviet Union. source: upi.com
13 May Two U.S. Airmen killed near Clark Air Base in the Philippines: On May 13, 1990, U.S. Air Force Airmen John Raven, 21, and James Green, 22, were shot and killed by suspected communist guerrillas outside the Holiday Lodge hotel in Angeles City, near Clark Air Base. The attack occurred just hours before critical talks on the future of U.S. military facilities in the Philippines were set to begin. The New People's Army (NPA) claimed responsibility for the killings, warning of continued attacks unless the U.S. dismantled its bases in the country. source: washingtonpost.com
18 May Treaty establishing monetary, economic, and social union between East and West Germany: On May 18, 1990, East and West Germany signed a treaty to create a monetary, economic, and social union, effective July 1, 1990. This agreement replaced the East German mark with the Deutsche Mark as East Germany's official currency, marking a significant step toward reunification. The treaty was signed by finance ministers Theodor Waigel of West Germany and Walter Romberg of East Germany, with Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière present at the ceremony. source: washingtonpost.com
21 May First relatively free parliamentary elections in Russian SFSR held on March 4, 1990: On March 4, 1990, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) held its first relatively free parliamentary elections to the Congress of People's Deputies. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) secured 920 of the 1,068 seats, while independent candidates, including those from the Democratic Russia movement, won the remaining seats. This marked a significant step towards democratization in Russia. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 May Pipe bomb injures environmental activists Judi Bari and Darryl Cherney in Oakland, California: On May 24, 1990, environmental activists Judi Bari and Darryl Cherney were injured when a pipe bomb exploded under the driver's seat of Bari's car in Oakland, California. Both were en route to promote the Redwood Summer campaign, aiming to halt logging of old-growth redwood forests. The FBI and Oakland Police initially arrested them, suspecting they were transporting the bomb, but charges were later dropped due to lack of evidence. In 2002, a jury awarded $4.4 million in damages to Bari's estate and Cherney for civil rights violations by the FBI and Oakland Police Department. source: washingtonpost.com
30 May Gorbachev arrives in Washington for summit with Bush: On May 30, 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev arrived in Washington, D.C., for a three-day summit with U.S. President George H.W. Bush. The summit focused on issues such as German reunification and European security. Gorbachev's visit was part of ongoing efforts to improve U.S.-Soviet relations during a pivotal period in the Cold War. source: history.com
07 Jun South African President F.W. de Klerk announces end of national state of emergency: On June 7, 1990, President F.W. de Klerk announced the end of South Africa's four-year national state of emergency, effective at midnight on June 8, 1990. However, the state of emergency remained in effect in the Natal province due to ongoing political violence. The lifting of the national emergency was seen as a significant step toward creating a climate conducive to negotiations for a democratic, non-racial South Africa. source: washingtonpost.com
09 Jun Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic declares state sovereignty: On June 12, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, proclaiming the RSFSR's sovereignty and asserting the priority of its constitution and laws over those of the Soviet Union. This declaration marked a significant step toward Russian independence and is celebrated annually as Russia Day. source: prlib.ru
12 Jun Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic declares state sovereignty: On June 12, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, proclaiming the RSFSR's sovereignty and asserting the priority of its laws over those of the Soviet Union. This declaration marked a significant step toward Russia's independence and is commemorated annually as Russia Day. source: prlib.ru
21 Jun German Parliaments recognize Oder-Neisse border: On June 21, 1990, both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer adopted resolutions confirming the Oder-Neisse line as the border between Germany and Poland. This marked a significant step towards German reunification and the normalization of relations with Poland. source: reuters.screenocean.com
22 Jun Checkpoint Charlie dismantled: A Cold War symbol falls: On June 22, 1990, Checkpoint Charlie, the iconic border crossing between East and West Berlin, was ceremoniously dismantled. This marked the end of its 29-year role as a symbol of Cold War division. The ceremony was attended by foreign ministers from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, East Germany, and West Germany, signifying a new era of cooperation and the impending reunification of Germany. source: bbc.com
12 Jul Boris Yeltsin resigns from Soviet Communist Party: On July 12, 1990, Boris Yeltsin, then president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, resigned from the Soviet Communist Party during the 28th Congress. He stated that, as the highest elected figure in the republic, he could not fulfill only the instructions of the CPSU, emphasizing his responsibility toward the people of Russia and the move toward a multiparty state. This decision led to a significant split within the party, with several other delegates, including Leningrad Mayor Anatoly Sobchak, also announcing their departure to form a new political organization. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Jul IRA bombs London Stock Exchange, no injuries reported: On July 20, 1990, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a bomb inside the London Stock Exchange building. The explosion caused significant structural damage but resulted in no injuries, as the area had been evacuated following a 40-minute warning from the IRA. The bomb, containing 5 to 10 pounds of high explosives, created a 10-foot hole in the building's facade and destroyed the visitors' gallery. This attack marked the first time the IRA had given a warning before an attack in England since the 1983 Harrods bombing. source: news.bbc.co.uk
24 Jul U.S. warships placed on alert in Persian Gulf amid Iraq-Kuwait tensions: On July 24, 1990, the U.S. Middle East Force, comprising seven Navy ships patrolling the Persian Gulf, was placed on alert after Iraq amassed nearly 30,000 elite army troops near its border with Kuwait. This heightened readiness was in response to escalating tensions between Iraq and Kuwait over oil production quotas. U.S. military officials anticipated the crisis would subside but took precautionary measures, including canceling shore leaves and preparing ships for potential deployment. source: washingtonpost.com
27 Jul Belarus declares state sovereignty: On July 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, asserting the republic's independence from the Soviet Union. This declaration marked a significant step toward Belarus's eventual independence, which was formally recognized on August 25, 1991, when the declaration was granted constitutional status. source: mfa.gov.by
01 Aug Iraq invades Kuwait, triggering the Persian Gulf War: On August 1, 1990, Iraq, led by President Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait, claiming it as a province of Iraq. This aggressive act prompted widespread international condemnation and led to the formation of a coalition to expel Iraqi forces, marking the beginning of the Persian Gulf War. The invasion was a significant event in Middle Eastern history, leading to military intervention by a U.S.-led coalition in January 1991. source: britannica.com
02 Aug India implements 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes: On August 7, 1990, Prime Minister V.P. Singh's government announced the implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendations, reserving 27% of government jobs and public sector undertakings for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This decision aimed to address social and educational disparities but led to widespread protests and self-immolations, particularly among students in northern states. source: indiatoday.in
03 Aug Iraqi forces invade Kuwait, Radio Kuwait ceases broadcast: On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, leading to the rapid occupation of the country. In response, Radio Kuwait suspended its regular programming, broadcasting a call to arms urging citizens to defend their nation. Within hours, the capital fell, and the Emir of Kuwait fled to Saudi Arabia. The invasion prompted widespread international condemnation and set the stage for the Gulf War. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Aug European Community imposes sanctions on Iraq, including oil and arms embargoes: On August 4, 1990, the European Community (EC) imposed broad sanctions against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait. The measures included embargoes on oil imports from Iraq and Kuwait, freezing Iraqi assets, halting arms sales to Iraq, and suspending technical and scientific cooperation. The EC also called for the immediate withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and expressed readiness to consider further actions under United Nations auspices if Iraq refused to comply. source: washingtonpost.com
05 Aug U.S. Marines evacuate Americans from Liberia during civil war: On August 5, 1990, U.S. Marines conducted a non-combatant evacuation operation in Liberia, rescuing 61 Americans from the capital city of Monrovia amid escalating civil war. The operation, known as Operation Sharp Edge, involved 15 helicopters from U.S. warships off the Liberian coast, transporting evacuees to the USS Saipan. The U.S. government maintained a skeletal embassy staff in Monrovia following the evacuation. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
06 Aug UN Security Council imposes economic sanctions on Iraq: On August 6, 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 661, imposing comprehensive economic sanctions on Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait. The sanctions included a full trade embargo, freezing of Iraqi government financial assets abroad, and suspension of international flights to and from Iraq. The resolution was passed with 13 votes in favor and 2 abstentions (Cuba and Yemen). source: undocs.org
07 Aug US troops deployed to Saudi Arabia as Operation Desert Shield begins: In response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, President George H.W. Bush ordered U.S. military forces to Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1990, initiating Operation Desert Shield. The first American combat units arrived in Saudi Arabia on that date, including two F-15 Eagle squadrons from Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, and airlift control elements from Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. This marked the beginning of a significant U.S. military buildup in the region to defend Saudi Arabia and deter further Iraqi aggression. source: defense.gov
08 Aug Iraq annexes Kuwait, leading to Gulf War: On August 8, 1990, Iraq officially annexed Kuwait, declaring it as its 19th province. This act of aggression prompted widespread international condemnation and led to the formation of a coalition to oppose Iraq, culminating in the Gulf War in early 1991. source: britannica.com
09 Aug Arab leaders agree to send troops to defend Saudi Arabia: On August 10, 1990, during an emergency Arab League summit in Cairo, 12 Arab nations agreed to deploy a military force to protect Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states from potential Iraqi aggression. This decision was a direct response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, and Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's call for a 'holy war' against U.S. troops in the region. The Arab League's resolution aimed to counter Iraq's actions and support Saudi Arabia's sovereignty. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Aug Arab League agrees to send troops to defend Saudi Arabia from Iraqi invasion: On August 10, 1990, during an emergency summit in Cairo, 12 of the 20 Arab League member states voted to deploy military forces to protect Saudi Arabia from potential Iraqi aggression. This decision was a significant rebuke to Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, who had previously called for a 'holy war' against U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The Arab League's resolution condemned Iraq's annexation of Kuwait and its military buildup along the Saudi border. The initial deployment included Egyptian troops, with contingents from Morocco and Syria also scheduled to arrive. This move marked a pivotal moment in the Gulf crisis, as Arab nations took a collective stand against Iraq's actions. source: washingtonpost.com
12 Aug Saddam Hussein's Gulf Crisis Initiative: On August 12, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein proposed a comprehensive plan to resolve regional conflicts, including the Israeli-Palestinian issue, the war in Lebanon, the Iran-Iraq border dispute, and the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. The proposal called for mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran, Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories, and the establishment of an Arab force to replace foreign troops in the Gulf region. Notably, the initiative did not explicitly include the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. source: palestine-studies.org
15 Aug Iraq detains foreign nationals during Gulf Crisis: In August 1990, following its invasion of Kuwait, Iraq detained hundreds of foreign nationals, primarily Americans and citizens of other countries, holding them in Kuwait and Iraq for several months. These hostages were used as leverage to deter potential military action against Iraq. The United Nations Security Council addressed the matter through Resolution 664, adopted on 18 August 1990, demanding that Iraq permit and facilitate the departure of third-state nationals from both Kuwait and Iraq. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Aug Mandela and de Klerk hold emergency talks in Pretoria over Soweto violence: On August 16, 1990, President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela held emergency talks in Pretoria to address escalating violence in Soweto. The unrest began when Zulu migrant workers armed with axes and spears attacked passengers at a train station, reflecting a longstanding political feud between the African National Congress (ANC) and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). Mandela sought to engage de Klerk in discussions to find a solution and prevent a full-scale war between ANC and IFP supporters. source: sahistory.org.za
17 Aug Log Revolution begins in Croatia: On August 17, 1990, ethnic Serbs in Croatia initiated the 'Log Revolution' by erecting roadblocks made of logs and rocks in areas with significant Serbian populations, including the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin. This insurrection aimed to challenge the newly elected Croatian government, leading to heightened ethnic tensions and setting the stage for the Croatian War of Independence. The blockades disrupted transportation and tourism, causing economic damage to Croatia. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Aug ECOMOG peacekeeping mission in Liberia: On August 21, 1990, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) deployed the Economic Community Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to Liberia to intervene in the civil war. ECOMOG, comprising troops from Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia, aimed to enforce a ceasefire and stabilize the situation. The mission faced immediate resistance from Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), leading ECOMOG to shift from peacekeeping to peace enforcement. By August 24, 1990, ECOMOG forces landed in Monrovia, the capital, to secure the city and protect civilians. source: hrw.org
22 Aug President Bush orders first mobilization of U.S. military reserves since 1968: On August 22, 1990, President George H.W. Bush authorized the activation of U.S. military reservists to support operations in the Persian Gulf following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. This marked the first mobilization of reserves for potential combat duty since the Vietnam War's Tet Offensive in 1968. The initial call-up involved approximately 40,000 reservists, with the possibility of increasing numbers as needed. The mobilization aimed to augment active-duty forces and provide essential support functions such as airlift, medical services, and intelligence gathering. source: upi.com
23 Aug Saddam Hussein's televised hostage appearance: On August 23, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein appeared on state television with a group of Western hostages, including a young British boy named Stuart Lockwood. Hussein claimed their detention was to prevent war and stated they were not being held as "human shields," despite their presence at strategic sites. The broadcast aimed to deter international military intervention by highlighting the hostages' safety under Iraqi custody. source: news.bbc.co.uk
24 Aug East German parliament votes for reunification with West Germany: On August 23, 1990, the Volkskammer, East Germany's parliament, voted to accede to the Federal Republic of Germany, setting October 3, 1990, as the date for reunification. This decision marked a significant step toward ending Germany's division after World War II. source: theguardian.com
25 Aug UN Security Council authorizes naval blockade against Iraq: On August 25, 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 665, authorizing a naval blockade to enforce the embargo against Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait. This resolution aimed to prevent Iraq from exporting oil and to ensure compliance with previous resolutions demanding Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. The blockade was intended to pressure Iraq into adhering to international demands and to restore Kuwait's sovereignty. source: undocs.org
28 Aug Iraq annexes Kuwait as its 19th province: On August 28, 1990, Iraq formally annexed Kuwait, transforming it into the Kuwait Governorate, its 19th province. This action followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, and the establishment of the 'Republic of Kuwait' as a puppet state. The annexation was condemned by the United Nations Security Council, which passed Resolution 662 on August 9, 1990, declaring the annexation illegal and demanding Iraq rescind its actions. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Sep Communist Labour Party of Turkey splits to form TKEP/L: On September 1, 1990, the Communist Labour Party of Turkey (TKEP) experienced a significant division, leading to the establishment of the Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (TKEP/L). This new faction, under the leadership of Teslim Töre, chose to continue the armed struggle, while the original TKEP began to shift towards legal political activities. TKEP/L formed an armed wing, the Leninist Guerrilla Units (Leninist Gerila Birliği), which conducted occasional attacks but did not engage in regular guerrilla warfare. The last major action by LGB was on December 19, 2000, when it attacked a MHP party office in Istanbul, resulting in one MHP member killed and three injured. This attack was in retaliation for the killing of two TKEP/L prisoners. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Sep Transnistria declares independence from Moldova: On September 2, 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR) unilaterally declared its independence from Moldova, becoming the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR). This move was in response to Moldova's declaration of sovereignty and fears of potential unification with Romania. The declaration was immediately annulled by Moldova's Supreme Soviet, leading to heightened tensions and eventually the Transnistrian War in 1992. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Sep First inter-Korean prime ministerial talks held in Seoul: On September 4, 1990, the prime ministers of North and South Korea, Kang Young-hoon and Yon Hyong-muk, respectively, met in Seoul for the first time since the peninsula's division. The discussions aimed to reduce tensions and explore avenues for reunification. The talks addressed issues such as disarmament, the withdrawal of U.S. troops, the release of political prisoners, visitation rights, and reunification plans. The initial meeting concluded with an agreement to continue dialogue, marking a significant step toward inter-Korean reconciliation. source: csmonitor.com
06 Sep Execution of Samuel K. Doe during Liberian Civil War: Samuel K. Doe, the 40-year-old president of Liberia, was captured and executed on September 9, 1990, during the First Liberian Civil War. After being captured by Prince Johnson's forces, Doe was tortured and killed; the execution was videotaped and widely circulated. His body was later exhumed and reburied. source: britannica.com
09 Sep Bush and Gorbachev meet in Helsinki to discuss Gulf Crisis: On September 9, 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev held a one-day summit in Helsinki, Finland, focusing on the Gulf Crisis following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Both leaders emphasized the need for Iraq to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions, aiming for a peaceful resolution. They also discussed the broader Middle East situation, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, though they differed on whether to link it to the Gulf Crisis. source: washingtonpost.com
10 Sep Bush and Gorbachev hold Helsinki Summit to address Gulf Crisis: On September 9, 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev met in Helsinki, Finland, to discuss the Gulf Crisis following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The summit aimed to strengthen U.S.-Soviet cooperation in addressing the crisis and to explore diplomatic solutions. Both leaders emphasized the importance of a unified approach to the situation. source: washingtonpost.com
11 Sep Bush responds to Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, September 11, 1990: On September 11, 1990, President George H.W. Bush addressed a joint session of Congress, outlining the U.S. response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. He stated, "Iraq will not be permitted to annex Kuwait," emphasizing that this was "not a threat, not a boast," but "just the way it's going to be." Bush outlined goals including the unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces, restoration of the Kuwaiti government, regional security, and the safety of U.S. citizens in the region. source: politico.com
13 Sep Iraqi troops storm French ambassador's residence in Kuwait: On September 14, 1990, Iraqi soldiers forcibly entered the French ambassador's residence in Kuwait City, detaining the French military attaché, Colonel Edouard Crespin, and three French civilians who had sought refuge there since Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2. The French Foreign Ministry urgently summoned the Iraqi Ambassador to Paris, demanding the immediate release of the four individuals. The military attaché was later released, but the fate of the civilians remained unclear. This incident was part of a series of similar raids by Iraqi forces on Western diplomatic compounds in Kuwait during that period. source: washingtonpost.com
16 Sep Iraq broadcasts President Bush's speech unedited: On September 16, 1990, Iraqi state television aired an unedited eight-minute videotaped message from U.S. President George H.W. Bush. In this address, Bush condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and warned of the risk of war due to Saddam Hussein's actions. The broadcast was a rare instance of direct communication from the U.S. president to the Iraqi people during the Gulf Crisis. source: washingtonpost.com
17 Sep Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia restore diplomatic relations: On September 17, 1990, Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union officially resumed diplomatic relations after a 52-year hiatus. This decision was influenced by the Soviet Union's firm stance against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which encouraged Saudi Arabia to reestablish ties. The resumption was marked by a joint statement emphasizing cooperation between the two nations. source: washingtonpost.com
22 Sep Saudi Arabia expels Jordanian and Yemeni diplomats amid Gulf crisis: On September 22, 1990, Saudi Arabia ordered the expulsion of numerous Jordanian and Yemeni diplomats, reducing their embassy staffs to three members each. This action was in response to Jordan and Yemen's failure to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, despite both nations calling for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops. The expulsions were part of Saudi Arabia's broader strategy to pressure neighboring countries to take a firmer stance against Iraq's aggression. source: upi.com
24 Sep East Germany formally withdraws from the Warsaw Pact: On September 24, 1990, East Germany officially renounced its membership in the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, marking a significant step toward reunification with West Germany. Disarmament and Defense Minister Rainer Eppelmann presented the resignation to Soviet General Pyotr Lushev in East Berlin, effectively ending 35 years of military cooperation. This move was part of the broader process of German reunification, which culminated on October 3, 1990. source: washingtonpost.com
25 Sep Saddam Hussein warns U.S. of Vietnam-like experience: On September 25, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein delivered a videotaped message to the American people, warning that any U.S. military action against Iraq would "repeat the Vietnam experience," resulting in greater violence and casualties. He criticized President Bush for sending American soldiers to war "for no purpose save fatal arrogance." Hussein's address was broadcast on September 26, 1990. source: latimes.com
01 Oct Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) initiates invasion of Rwanda from Uganda: On October 1, 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), composed mainly of Tutsi refugees from Uganda, launched an invasion into northern Rwanda. The RPF advanced 60 kilometers south to Gabiro, facing resistance from the Rwandan Armed Forces, which were supported by French and Zairean troops. The RPF's initial offensive was repelled, leading to a tactical retreat and the establishment of bases in the Virunga Mountains. source: theguardian.com
13 Oct Syrian forces attack Baabda Palace, ending Lebanese Civil War: On October 13, 1990, Syrian troops launched a major operation against General Michel Aoun's stronghold around the presidential palace in Baabda, leading to Aoun's exile and marking the conclusion of Lebanon's 15-year civil war. source: britannica.com
14 Oct Mikhail Gorbachev awarded Nobel Peace Prize for ending Cold War tensions: On October 15, 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his pivotal role in ending the Cold War. The Norwegian Nobel Committee recognized his significant contributions to the peace process, including arms control and fostering international trust. Gorbachev's policies of 'glasnost' (openness) and 'perestroika' (restructuring) led to greater openness in Soviet society and supported the peaceful resolution of conflicts in Eastern Europe. source: nobelprize.org
20 Oct Antiwar protests against US-Iraq conflict: On October 20, 1990, large-scale antiwar protests took place across the United States, opposing the impending military action in Iraq. Activists gathered in major cities to voice their dissent against U.S. involvement in the Gulf region. source: washingtonpost.com
24 Oct Revelation of Gladio NATO Stay-Behind Network: On October 24, 1990, the existence of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO stay-behind network in Europe, was publicly acknowledged. This network was established during the Cold War to counter potential Soviet invasions by maintaining secret armies in various European countries. source: britannica.com
25 Oct Kazakhstan declares sovereignty from Soviet Union: On October 25, 1990, Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty from the Soviet Union, asserting its independence and marking a significant step towards eventual full independence, which was achieved in December 1991. source: britannica.com
01 Nov Bush Compares Saddam Hussein to Hitler: On November 1, 1990, U.S. President George H.W. Bush made a controversial statement comparing Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to Adolf Hitler. This remark was part of his administration's efforts to rally support for military action against Iraq during the Gulf War. source: washingtonpost.com
04 Nov US Secretary of State visits troops in Saudi Arabia: On November 4, 1990, U.S. Secretary of State James Baker visited American troops stationed in Saudi Arabia. This visit was part of the U.S. response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, emphasizing the commitment to protect Saudi Arabia and deter further aggression. source: nytimes.com
08 Nov Saddam Hussein threatens Arabian Peninsula: On November 8, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein issued a warning to the Arabian Peninsula, suggesting that any military intervention would lead to severe consequences. This statement heightened tensions in the region as the Gulf War loomed. source: reuters.com
14 Nov Germany-Poland border agreement: On November 14, 1990, Germany and Poland signed a border agreement, officially recognizing the Oder-Neisse line as the border between the two countries. This agreement was a significant step in post-Cold War relations and contributed to the stabilization of Central Europe. source: bbc.com
18 Nov Saddam Hussein Offers to Release Kuwaiti Prisoners: On November 18, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein offered to release Kuwaiti prisoners held during the Gulf War. This gesture was part of Iraq's efforts to negotiate with the international community and ease tensions following the invasion of Kuwait.
19 Nov International Summit Marking End of Cold War: The Paris Summit, held from November 19 to 21, 1990, was a pivotal event marking the end of the Cold War. Leaders from 34 nations, including the United States and the Soviet Union, participated in the summit, culminating in the signing of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. This summit symbolized a new era of East-West cooperation and the commitment to a unified and peaceful Europe. source: csce.gov
21 Nov End of Cold War Declaration signed in Paris: On November 21, 1990, during the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe summit in Paris, 34 nations signed the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, declaring the end of the Cold War and committing to a new era of cooperation and security in Europe. source: csce.gov
26 Nov US proposes UN resolution on Kuwait: The United States proposed a resolution to the United Nations aimed at addressing the situation in Kuwait following Iraq's invasion. This resolution sought to strengthen international support for the coalition against Iraq. source: un.org
28 Nov UN Resolution 678 - Gulf War authorization: The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 678, authorizing member states to use force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. This resolution was pivotal in the lead-up to the Gulf War. source: un.org
29 Nov UN Security Council authorizes military intervention in Iraq: On November 29, 1990, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 678, authorizing member states to use force against Iraq if it did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991. This resolution paved the way for the Gulf War. source: un.org
30 Nov Bush's diplomatic effort to prevent Gulf War: On November 30, 1990, President George H.W. Bush continued his diplomatic efforts to prevent the Gulf War, engaging with international leaders to seek a peaceful resolution to the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. His administration emphasized the importance of coalition-building during this period. source: nytimes.com
12 Dec US Ambassador Leaves Kuwait: In December 1990, amid escalating tensions in the Gulf region, the U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait, April Glaspie, departed Kuwait City. This move was part of the U.S. diplomatic response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which had occurred earlier that year. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Dec Croatia establishes constitutional framework: On December 20, 1990, Croatia established a constitutional framework that laid the groundwork for its future independence from Yugoslavia. This was a pivotal step in Croatia's path towards sovereignty, which was formally declared in 1991. source: britannica.com
21 Dec Saddam Hussein defies UN withdrawal deadline: On December 21, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein publicly defied the United Nations' deadline for withdrawal from Kuwait. This act escalated tensions and set the stage for military action by coalition forces in the Gulf War. source: reuters.com
22 Dec Croatia adopts new constitution: On December 22, 1990, Croatia adopted a new constitution that affirmed its sovereignty and independence from Yugoslavia. This constitution was a critical step in Croatia's journey towards becoming a fully independent nation. source: bbc.com
23 Dec Slovenia votes for independence from Yugoslavia: On December 23, 1990, Slovenia held a referendum in which the majority voted in favor of independence from Yugoslavia. This marked a significant step towards Slovenia's eventual declaration of independence in 1991. source: en.wikipedia.org

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