Major Events of 1938: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we'll explore the most significant occurrences from 1938, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1938 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan The Cradle Will Rock Broadway Premiere: The musical 'The Cradle Will Rock' premiered on Broadway on January 1, 1938, directed by Orson Welles and produced by the Federal Theatre Project. source: nytimes.com
02 Jan Farouk El-Baz Birth: Farouk El-Baz, an Egyptian-American scientist and geologist known for his work on the Apollo space program, was born on January 2, 1938, in Zagazig, Egypt. source: nasa.gov
03 Jan Debut of 'Woman in White' radio program: The soap opera 'Woman in White' premiered on NBC Red on January 3, 1938, marking its debut in the radio industry. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Jan US Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland announces retirement: On January 5, 1938, Associate Justice George Sutherland announced his retirement from the U.S. Supreme Court, effective January 18, 1938. He had served on the Court since 1922. source: fjc.gov
06 Jan Romania recognizes Italian conquest of Ethiopia: On January 6, 1938, Romania officially recognized Italy's conquest of Ethiopia, aligning with Italy's expansionist policies during that period. source: britannica.com
09 Jan Royal Wedding: Crown Prince Paul of Greece Marries Frederica of Hanover: On January 9, 1938, Crown Prince Paul of Greece married Princess Frederica of Hanover in Athens. The ceremony was attended by numerous European royals, including King George II of Greece and Queen Helen of Romania. The couple had three children: Queen Sofía of Spain, King Constantine II of Greece, and Princess Irene of Greece. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Jan Birth of Donald Knuth: Donald Knuth, an American computer scientist and professor emeritus at Stanford University, was born on January 10, 1938, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Jan Northern Ireland snap election called: On January 13, 1938, Prime Minister Lord Craigavon called a snap election in Northern Ireland, scheduled for February 9, 1938. This move aimed to strengthen his government's position against potential challenges from Éamon de Valera's application of the new Irish Constitution to Ulster. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 Jan Benny Goodman's Historic Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert: On January 16, 1938, Benny Goodman and his orchestra performed at Carnegie Hall in New York City, marking the first time a jazz band played at this prestigious venue. The concert was groundbreaking for its integration of African American musicians, including pianists Teddy Wilson and Count Basie, vibraphonist Lionel Hampton, and saxophonist Lester Young, challenging the racial segregation prevalent in the music industry at the time. source: theguardian.com
17 Jan Surrealist Art Exhibition: From January 17 to February 24, 1938, the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme was held at the Galerie Beaux-Arts in Paris. Organized by André Breton and Paul Éluard, the exhibition showcased works from 60 artists across 14 countries, presenting paintings, objects, and uniquely decorated rooms and mannequins, reflecting the avant-garde nature of the Surrealist movement. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Jan General Motors diesel engine production launch: General Motors launched its diesel engine production on January 19, 1938, marking a significant advancement in automotive technology. This initiative aimed to enhance the efficiency and performance of vehicles, contributing to the evolution of the automotive industry. source: gm.com
20 Jan Roosevelt's 1938 State of the Union address: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his State of the Union address on January 20, 1938, outlining his administration's achievements and future goals. The address focused on economic recovery and social reforms during the Great Depression. source: archives.gov
21 Jan Roosevelt's State of the Union address: On January 21, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered another State of the Union address, emphasizing the need for continued economic reforms and social welfare programs. This address was part of his broader New Deal agenda. source: archives.gov
22 Jan Benny Goodman's historic Carnegie Hall jazz concert: Benny Goodman performed a historic jazz concert at Carnegie Hall on January 22, 1938, which is often credited with bringing jazz into the concert hall. This performance was a pivotal moment in the history of American music. source: grammy.com
23 Jan Birth of Georg Baselitz: Georg Baselitz, a prominent German painter and sculptor, was born on January 23, 1938. He is known for his distinctive style and contributions to contemporary art, particularly in the post-war period. source: britannica.com
25 Jan Birth of Vladimir Vysotsky: Vladimir Vysotsky, a renowned Russian singer-songwriter, poet, and actor, was born on January 25, 1938, in Moscow, Soviet Union. He became one of the most influential figures in Russian culture, known for his deep, expressive voice and poignant songs that often addressed social and political issues. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Jan Honeymoon Bridge collapses in Niagara: The Honeymoon Bridge, a suspension bridge over the Niagara River, collapsed due to ice buildup and high winds. This incident resulted in no fatalities but caused significant damage and led to the bridge's eventual replacement. source: niagarafallsreview.ca
28 Jan Hitler restructures German military command: Adolf Hitler announced a significant restructuring of the German military command, consolidating power and enhancing his control over the armed forces. This move was part of his broader strategy leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
30 Jan Roosevelt's State of the Union address on global tensions: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his State of the Union address, highlighting the growing global tensions and the need for the United States to prepare for potential involvement in international conflicts. source: archives.gov
31 Jan Nazi War Economics Council established: The Nazi War Economics Council was established to oversee the economic aspects of the war effort in Germany. This organization played a crucial role in the mobilization of resources for World War II. source: britannica.com
01 Feb Mussolini introduces 'Passo Romano' military march: On February 1, 1938, during the 15th anniversary of the Milizia, Italian soldiers officially adopted the 'passo romano' (Roman step), a goose-step march symbolizing fascist militaristic pride and inspired by ancient Roman military traditions. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Feb Thornton Wilder's 'Our Town' Broadway debut: On February 3, 1938, Thornton Wilder's play 'Our Town' premiered on Broadway, offering a portrayal of small-town life in early 20th-century America. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Feb Hitler consolidates military power: On February 4, 1938, Adolf Hitler consolidated his military power by demanding the resignation of Werner von Fritsch, the Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, as part of a broader reorganization of the military leadership. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Feb Final Hitler cabinet meeting: On February 5, 1938, Adolf Hitler held his final cabinet meeting before the outbreak of World War II, during which he discussed military and political strategies with his ministers. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Feb Black Sunday: Deadly Waves at Bondi Beach: On February 6, 1938, three massive waves struck Bondi Beach in Sydney, Australia, sweeping approximately 250 swimmers out to sea. Lifesavers rescued 200 individuals, but five drowned, marking the deadliest surf incident in Australian history. source: bondisurfclub.com
11 Feb Hitler demands Austrian annexation: On February 11, 1938, Adolf Hitler publicly demanded the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, escalating tensions in Europe. This demand was part of his broader strategy to unify all German-speaking peoples under one Reich, leading to significant political upheaval. source: britannica.com
12 Feb German troops enter Austria: On February 12, 1938, German troops entered Austria as part of the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany. This military action marked a significant step in Hitler's expansionist policies and was met with little resistance. source: britannica.com
13 Feb Birth of Oliver Reed: Oliver Reed, a British actor known for his roles in films such as 'Oliver!' and 'The Three Musketeers,' was born on February 13, 1938. He became famous for his intense performances and larger-than-life personality. source: britannica.com
14 Feb British naval base established in Singapore: On February 14, 1938, the British established a naval base in Singapore, which was intended to serve as a strategic military outpost in the Asia-Pacific region. This move was part of Britain's efforts to strengthen its presence in the area amid rising tensions. source: britannica.com
15 Feb Austrian government restructuring under Nazi influence: On February 15, 1938, the Austrian government underwent significant restructuring as it fell under Nazi influence following the Anschluss. This change marked the beginning of a new era of governance in Austria, aligning it more closely with Nazi Germany. source: britannica.com
16 Feb US Federal Crop Insurance Program established: On February 16, 1938, the United States established the Federal Crop Insurance Program to provide financial assistance to farmers affected by crop failures. This program aimed to stabilize the agricultural sector during economic hardships. source: fsa.usda.gov
20 Feb Anthony Eden resigns as UK Foreign Secretary: On February 20, 1938, Anthony Eden resigned from his position as British Foreign Secretary due to disagreements with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain over the government's approach to Fascist Italy. Eden opposed Chamberlain's policy of appeasement and felt that Mussolini should first demonstrate good faith before further negotiations. This resignation highlighted the growing rift within the British government regarding foreign policy towards Italy. source: britannica.com
22 Feb Battle of Teruel: Nationalist victory in Spanish Civil War: On February 22, 1938, Nationalist forces captured the city of Teruel, marking a significant victory in the Spanish Civil War. The Republican defenders, who had initially taken the city in January, were overwhelmed by the Nationalist siege and subsequent assault, leading to the loss of thousands of Republican soldiers. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Feb Disappearance of Ettore Majorana: On February 24, 1938, Italian physicist Ettore Majorana disappeared under mysterious circumstances.
25 Feb Lord Halifax appointed as British Foreign Secretary: On February 25, 1938, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, was appointed as the British Foreign Secretary, succeeding Anthony Eden. Halifax's tenure was marked by his association with the policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany. source: britannica.com
01 Mar Yosemite TWA Crash: On March 1, 1938, a TWA aircraft crashed in Yosemite National Park, California.
02 Mar Great Purge Trials in Soviet Union: On March 2, 1938, the Soviet Union conducted the third of its public show trials during the Great Purge, known as the Trial of the Twenty-One. Prominent Bolsheviks, including Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov, were accused of espionage and treason, leading to their convictions and executions. These trials were part of a broader campaign by Joseph Stalin to eliminate political rivals and consolidate power. source: britannica.com
03 Mar Glenn Cunningham sets indoor mile record: On March 3, 1938, American middle-distance runner Glenn Cunningham set an unofficial indoor mile world record by completing the distance in 4 minutes, 4.4 seconds. This performance was achieved on a track with banked curves, which led officials to discount the record. However, Cunningham's time stood as the fastest indoor mile until 1955. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Mar Birth of Paula Prentiss, actress: Paula Prentiss, an American actress known for her roles in films such as 'Where the Boys Are' (1960) and 'The Stepford Wives' (1975), was born on March 4, 1938, in San Antonio, Texas. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 Mar Anschluss: Nazi Germany annexes Austria: On March 12, 1938, German troops entered Austria unopposed, leading to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, known as the Anschluss. source: britannica.com
13 Mar Anschluss: Austria unified with Nazi Germany: On March 13, 1938, Austria was officially unified with Nazi Germany following the German invasion on March 12. The annexation, known as the Anschluss, was proclaimed the following day, ending Austria's independence. source: history.com
14 Mar Nazi annexation of Austria: On March 14, 1938, Austria was officially annexed into Nazi Germany following the German invasion on March 12. The annexation, known as the Anschluss, was proclaimed the following day, ending Austria's independence. source: history.com
15 Mar Execution of Nikolai Bukharin: Nikolai Bukharin, a prominent Soviet politician and economist, was executed on March 15, 1938, during the Great Purge under Joseph Stalin's regime. source: britannica.com
16 Mar Temple University wins first National Invitation Tournament: On March 16, 1938, Temple University defeated the University of Colorado 60–36 in New York City to become the inaugural champions of the National Invitation Tournament. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Mar Austrian Anschluss referendum: On March 17, 1938, a referendum was held in Austria, leading to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, known as the Anschluss. source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Mar Mexico nationalizes oil industry - Creation of Pemex: On March 18, 1938, Mexico nationalized its oil industry, leading to the creation of Pemex. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Mar Scotland triumphs in Rugby Championship: On March 19, 1938, Scotland won the Rugby Championship. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Mar Czechoslovakia prepares for potential German invasion: In March 1938, Czechoslovakia faced escalating tensions with Nazi Germany, leading to military mobilization and diplomatic efforts to secure support from France and Britain. source: history.com
21 Mar Luigi Tenco birth: Luigi Tenco, an Italian singer-songwriter, was born in Cassine, Italy. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Mar Chamberlain seeks union support for war preparation: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain sought support from trade unions to prepare for potential war, emphasizing the need for national unity. source: historyplace.com
24 Mar French diplomatic support for Czechoslovakia: On March 24, 1938, French Foreign Minister Paul-Boncour reiterated France's commitment to assist Czechoslovakia in the event of German aggression. He emphasized that France would fulfill its obligations to Czechoslovakia, highlighting the importance of this support for European security. source: history.state.gov
30 Mar Mussolini granted equal military power in Italy: On March 30, 1938, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was granted equal military power, consolidating his control over the Italian armed forces. This move was part of Mussolini's broader strategy to strengthen his regime and assert Italy's military ambitions in Europe. source: britannica.com
31 Mar Sheila Dikshit birth: Sheila Dikshit, a prominent Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Delhi, was born on March 31, 1938. Her political career spanned several decades, during which she played a significant role in the development of Delhi and women's empowerment in India. source: bbc.com
01 Apr Nazi Germany bans Jewish music recordings: On April 1, 1938, Nazi Germany implemented a ban on Jewish music recordings, reflecting the regime's broader campaign against Jewish culture and influence. This action was part of the oppressive measures taken against Jewish communities during the Holocaust. source: britannica.com
02 Apr Whirlaway: legendary Triple Crown champion: On April 2, 1938, Whirlaway, a thoroughbred racehorse, was celebrated for winning the Triple Crown, a prestigious achievement in horse racing. This victory solidified Whirlaway's status as one of the great racehorses in history. source: britannica.com
03 Apr Battle of Gandesa during Spanish Civil War: The Battle of Gandesa occurred from April 1 to April 3, 1938, during the Spanish Civil War. Nationalist forces captured the town of Gandesa in Catalonia, leading to the capture of approximately 140 members of the International Brigades, primarily British and American fighters. This victory was part of the Nationalists' broader offensive in Catalonia. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Apr Invention of Teflon: Teflon, a non-stick coating, was invented by chemist Roy Plunkett while working for DuPont. This discovery has since revolutionized cookware and various industrial applications due to its unique properties. source: britannica.com
07 Apr Birth of Kofi Annan: Kofi Annan, the first sub-Saharan African to serve as Secretary-General of the United Nations, was born on April 7, 1938. He played a significant role in international diplomacy and peacekeeping. source: un.org
08 Apr Chinese Victory at Taierhchwang: The Battle of Taierhchwang, fought on April 8, 1938, was a significant victory for Chinese forces against the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This battle showcased Chinese resilience despite overwhelming odds. source: britannica.com
09 Apr Tunisian Anti-Colonial Demonstration in Tunis: On April 9, 1938, a significant anti-colonial demonstration took place in Tunis, reflecting the growing nationalist sentiments against French colonial rule in Tunisia. This event was part of a broader movement for independence. source: britannica.com
10 Apr Anschluss plebiscite in Austria: On April 10, 1938, a referendum was held in Austria to approve the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, known as the Anschluss. The official result reported 99.73% in favor, with a 99.71% turnout. However, the plebiscite was conducted under heavy Nazi propaganda, and political opponents, as well as Austrian citizens of Jewish or Romani origin, were excluded from voting. source: britannica.com
11 Apr Jackie Coogan sues parents over child actor earnings: In 1938, child actor Jackie Coogan discovered that his mother and stepfather had squandered nearly all of his earnings from his film career, estimated between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000. Coogan sued them, but after legal expenses, he received only $126,000 of the remaining $250,000. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Apr Roosevelt's Fireside Chat on Economic Conditions: On April 14, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his 12th Fireside Chat, addressing the nation about the economic recession. He discussed the causes of the 1929 economic collapse, the decline in national income, and the overproduction that led to unemployment. Roosevelt emphasized the need for joint efforts from individuals, businesses, and the government to restore economic balance. source: presidency.ucsb.edu
15 Apr Birth of Claudia Cardinale: Claudia Cardinale, an Italian actress, was born on April 15, 1938, in Tunis, Tunisia. She is renowned for her roles in films such as "8½" and "The Leopard." source: en.wikipedia.org
18 Apr First Superman comic published: Superman made his debut in Action Comics #1, published on April 18, 1938. This marked the beginning of the superhero genre in comic books. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Apr Stanley Fish Born: Stanley Fish, an American literary theorist and legal scholar, was born on April 19, 1938, in Providence, Rhode Island. He is known for his work in reader-response criticism and his tenure as a professor at various universities. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Apr Detroit Red Wings–Montreal Canadiens European Tour: On April 21, 1938, the Detroit Red Wings and Montreal Canadiens began a nine-game exhibition series in Europe, marking the first NHL games played outside North America. The opening game took place at Empress Hall in London, where the Canadiens defeated the Red Wings 5–4 in overtime. source: nhl.com
26 Apr Nazi Germany's Jewish Asset Registration Order: On April 26, 1938, Nazi Germany issued the Decree for the Reporting of Jewish-Owned Property, requiring all Jews to declare assets exceeding 5,000 Reichsmarks. This measure aimed to facilitate the confiscation of Jewish wealth for the benefit of the German economy. source: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
27 Apr King Zog of Albania marries Countess Geraldine: On April 27, 1938, King Zog I of Albania married Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony in a civil ceremony at the Royal Palace in Tirana. The event was attended by Italian dignitaries, including Count Galeazzo Ciano, the envoy of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini. The couple had one son, Crown Prince Leka, and fled Albania following the Italian invasion in 1939. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Apr Massachusetts towns disincorporated for Quabbin Reservoir: On April 28, 1938, the towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts were disincorporated to create the Quabbin Reservoir, a primary water supply for the Boston area. The land from these towns was annexed to neighboring municipalities, and the area was flooded, submerging the towns. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Apr Donald Bradman scores 258 against Worcestershire: On April 30, 1938, Australian cricketer Donald Bradman scored 258 runs in a match against Worcestershire, marking his third consecutive double century against the county. source: paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
04 May Douglas Hyde becomes first President of Ireland: On May 4, 1938, Douglas Hyde was elected unopposed as the first President of Ireland. Hyde, a distinguished Gaelic scholar and writer, was inaugurated on June 25, 1938, serving until 1945. source: britannica.com
05 May Record-breaking baseball inning: On May 5, 1938, the Chicago Cubs scored 12 runs in the eighth inning against the Philadelphia Phillies, setting a National League record for runs allowed in an inning by a single pitcher. source: sabr.org
08 May Nazi arrest warrant issued for Archduke Felix: On May 8, 1938, Nazi-controlled authorities in Austria issued a warrant for the arrest of Archduke Felix, accusing him of stealing silverware and linen from the Theresian Military Academy where he was a cadet. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 May Death of Australian Cricketer Peter McAlister: Peter McAlister, an Australian cricketer who played in eight Test matches from 1904 to 1909, died on May 10, 1938, in Richmond, Victoria. source: en.wikipedia.org
12 May US rejects Soviet defense proposal against Nazi Germany: On May 12, 1938, U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejected the Soviet Union's offer of a joint defense pact aimed at countering the rise of Nazi Germany. This decision reflected the United States' preference for bilateral agreements and its reluctance to enter into multilateral defense commitments at that time. source: history.state.gov
13 May US Naval Expansion Bill passed: On May 13, 1938, the United States Congress passed a Naval Expansion Bill, authorizing the construction of new warships. This legislation aimed to strengthen the U.S. Navy in response to growing international tensions and the rise of aggressive powers in Europe and Asia. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 May England defeats Nazi Germany in soccer match: On May 14, 1938, the England national football team defeated Nazi Germany in a friendly match. This game was notable for its political context, as it was played in Berlin and was seen as a symbol of goodwill between the two nations. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 May Formation of Red Coalition in Belgium: On May 15, 1938, the Red Coalition was formed in Belgium. This political alliance aimed to unite various left-wing factions in response to the rising threat of fascism in Europe. source: en.wikipedia.org
16 May Vatican establishes diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain: On May 16, 1938, the Vatican established diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain. This move was significant as it marked the Vatican's recognition of Francisco Franco's regime following the Spanish Civil War. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 May Tsuyama Massacre in Japan: The Tsuyama Massacre occurred when a former soldier, Masaru Saito, killed 30 people in Tsuyama, Japan. This tragic event highlighted issues of mental health and societal pressures in pre-war Japan. source: britannica.com
22 May British diplomatic stance on Czechoslovakia: On May 22, 1938, Britain reaffirmed its support for Czechoslovakia amid rising tensions in Europe. This stance was part of the broader context of appeasement policies leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
23 May Hitler's diplomatic deception in Sudetenland crisis: On May 23, 1938, Adolf Hitler engaged in diplomatic maneuvers regarding the Sudetenland, attempting to mislead European powers about Germany's intentions. This was a key moment leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
24 May Prince Buster born: Prince Buster, a significant figure in the ska music genre, was born on May 24, 1938. His contributions to music have had a lasting impact on Jamaican culture and beyond. source: britannica.com
25 May Hitler elevates birthplace to city status: On May 25, 1938, Adolf Hitler's birthplace, Braunau am Inn, was designated as a city by the Nazi regime. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 May Hitler establishes Volkswagen plant: On May 26, 1938, Adolf Hitler laid the cornerstone for a new Volkswagen plant in the Fallersleben district of Wolfsburg, Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 May Nordic countries' neutrality declaration: On May 27, 1938, the Nordic countries declared their neutrality in the face of rising tensions in Europe. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 May Hitler's aggressive plans against Czechoslovakia: On May 28, 1938, Adolf Hitler outlined aggressive plans against Czechoslovakia, escalating tensions in Europe. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 May Balaguer Offensive fails during Spanish Civil War: On May 29, 1938, the Balaguer Offensive, a Republican military operation during the Spanish Civil War, ended in failure. The offensive aimed to break through Nationalist lines but was unsuccessful, leading to significant Republican casualties and a strategic setback. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 May Hitler-Chamberlain Sudetenland negotiations: On May 30, 1938, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain engaged in negotiations concerning the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. These discussions were part of the lead-up to the Munich Agreement, which aimed to address the territorial disputes in Central Europe. source: en.wikipedia.org
31 May Lou Gehrig's consecutive game streak: On May 31, 1938, American baseball player Lou Gehrig extended his consecutive games played streak to 1,308 games, a record that stood for decades and highlighted his durability and commitment to the sport. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Jun Superman comic book debut: On June 1, 1938, Superman made his first appearance in Action Comics #1, marking the debut of the superhero genre in comic books and the beginning of a cultural phenomenon. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Jun Death of Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, yacht design pioneer: Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, an American yacht designer renowned for his innovative designs and contributions to yacht racing, passed away on June 2, 1938. His work significantly influenced the development of modern sailing yachts. source: en.wikipedia.org
03 Jun Nazi Germany's Degenerate Art Law: On June 3, 1938, Nazi Germany enacted the "Degenerate Art" law, leading to the confiscation and sale of thousands of artworks deemed unworthy by the regime. This action aimed to remove modernist and Jewish-influenced art from public institutions. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Jun Sigmund Freud escapes Nazi persecution: On June 4, 1938, Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, fled Vienna to escape Nazi persecution. He was granted a visa by the United Kingdom and relocated to London, where he continued his work until his death in 1939. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Jun Catastrophic Yellow River flood during Second Sino-Japanese War: On June 5, 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese forces opened the dikes of the Yellow River, causing a catastrophic flood. The flood resulted in the deaths of an estimated 500,000 people and displaced millions, aiming to slow the Japanese advance. source: en.wikipedia.org
06 Jun Sigmund Freud escapes Nazi-occupied Austria, arrives in London: Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, fled Nazi-occupied Austria in June 1938. With the assistance of his daughter Anna Freud, British psychoanalyst Ernest Jones, and Princess Marie Bonaparte, Freud traveled by train to Paris on June 4, 1938, and then to London, where he arrived on June 6, 1938. He was granted asylum in the United Kingdom, where he continued his work until his death in 1939. source: psychoanalysis.org.uk
07 Jun Catastrophic Yellow River flood during Second Sino-Japanese War: In June 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Nationalist government opened the dikes of the Yellow River near Huayuankou, Henan Province, to halt the advancing Japanese forces. This deliberate flooding resulted in one of the deadliest natural disasters in history, with estimates of up to 900,000 people killed and millions displaced. The flood also caused widespread destruction of infrastructure and farmland, significantly impacting the war's course. source: Wikipedia (day-month pages)
08 Jun Japanese bombing of Canton: On June 8, 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese forces conducted a bombing raid on Canton (now Guangzhou), China. The attack targeted military installations and infrastructure, resulting in significant civilian casualties and damage. This bombing was part of a broader strategy by Japan to weaken Chinese resistance and gain control over key regions.
09 Jun Shameful decision on Jewish refugees: On June 9, 1938, the British government made a controversial decision regarding Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi-occupied Europe. The policy, which limited the number of refugees allowed to enter the United Kingdom, was widely criticized for its lack of compassion and failure to provide sanctuary to those in need. This decision highlighted the challenges faced by Jewish refugees during the period.
10 Jun Death of Eugenia Falleni: Eugenia Falleni, an Italian-born Australian woman who had been convicted of murdering her wife, died on June 10, 1938. Her case was notable for the gender identity issues it raised, as Falleni had lived as a man for many years before being discovered. Her death marked the end of a controversial chapter in Australian legal history.
11 Jun Catastrophic Yellow River Flood: On June 11, 1938, the intentional destruction of the Yellow River's levees by Chinese Nationalist forces resulted in a catastrophic flood. The flood inundated vast areas, leading to significant loss of life and displacement of civilians. source: britannica.com
12 Jun Persecution of Roma and Sinti in Nazi Germany: On June 12, 1938, the Nazi regime in Germany intensified its persecution of the Roma and Sinti communities. This included measures such as forced sterilizations and the establishment of concentration camps, leading to widespread suffering and displacement. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Jun Anti-Jewish violence in Przemyśl: On June 13, 1938, anti-Jewish violence erupted in the city of Przemyśl, Poland. This incident was part of a series of pogroms and discriminatory actions against Jewish communities in Eastern Europe during this period. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Jun Superman makes his comic book debut: On June 14, 1938, Superman made his first appearance in Action Comics #1, marking the debut of the superhero genre in comic books. Created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, Superman became an iconic character in popular culture. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Jun Johnny Vander Meer pitches consecutive no-hitters: On June 15, 1938, Johnny Vander Meer of the Cincinnati Reds pitched his second consecutive no-hitter, a remarkable achievement in Major League Baseball history. This feat made him the first and only pitcher to throw no-hitters in back-to-back games, showcasing exceptional skill and endurance.
16 Jun Anti-Jewish violence erupts in Berlin: On June 16, 1938, anti-Jewish violence erupted in Berlin, marking a significant escalation in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jewish citizens. This incident was part of a broader pattern of increasing hostility and discrimination against Jews during this period.
17 Jun Second Sino-Japanese War begins: On June 17, 1938, the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced, marking a significant escalation in the conflict between China and Japan. This war would become a major theater in the Pacific during World War II.
18 Jun President Roosevelt's son marries: James Roosevelt, the son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, married his fiancée, Betsey Cushing, in a ceremony attended by family and friends. The event was notable as it marked a significant moment in the Roosevelt family, reflecting the social dynamics of the time. source: nytimes.com
19 Jun Italy wins 1938 FIFA World Cup in Paris: Italy secured its second consecutive FIFA World Cup title by defeating Hungary in the final match held in Paris. This victory was a significant moment in sports history, showcasing Italy's dominance in football at the time. source: britannica.com
20 Jun Nazi espionage ring indicted in US military secrets theft conspiracy: A group was indicted for allegedly stealing military secrets for Nazi Germany, highlighting the growing tensions and espionage activities leading up to World War II. This case underscored the threat posed by foreign espionage to national security. source: archives.gov
21 Jun International agreement on Spanish Civil War volunteers: An international agreement was reached regarding the volunteers who fought in the Spanish Civil War, reflecting the global political climate and the involvement of various nations in the conflict. source: britannica.com
22 Jun Joe Louis defeats Max Schmeling in historic boxing match: In a highly publicized boxing match, Joe Louis defeated Max Schmeling, marking a significant moment in sports and American history. This victory was seen as a triumph against racial prejudice and a symbol of hope during a tumultuous time. source: britannica.com
23 Jun Civil Aeronautics Authority established: The Civil Aeronautics Authority was established in 1938 to regulate and oversee civil aviation in the United States. This agency played a crucial role in the development and safety of the nation's aviation industry. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Jun Roosevelt's Fireside Chat on 75th Congress: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a Fireside Chat on June 24, 1938, discussing the achievements and challenges of the 75th Congress. He highlighted legislative progress and addressed ongoing economic issues facing the nation. source: archives.gov
25 Jun Douglas Hyde becomes first President of Ireland: On June 25, 1938, Douglas Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland. His election marked a significant milestone in the country's history, symbolizing its independence and sovereignty. source: president.ie
26 Jun Spanish government proposes peace conditions during Civil War: On June 26, 1938, the Spanish government proposed peace conditions during the Spanish Civil War. These conditions aimed to negotiate an end to the conflict, though they were met with skepticism by opposing factions. source: history.com
27 Jun Birth of Kathryn Beaumont, Voice Actress and Actress: Kathryn Beaumont, known for voicing Alice in 'Alice in Wonderland' and Wendy in 'Peter Pan,' was born on June 27, 1938. source: imdb.com
28 Jun Johnny Vander Meer's Historic No-Hitter: On June 28, 1938, Johnny Vander Meer of the Cincinnati Reds pitched a no-hitter against the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first pitcher to throw consecutive no-hitters in Major League Baseball. source: mlb.com
29 Jun Olympic National Park Established: On June 29, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill establishing Olympic National Park in Washington State, preserving its unique ecosystems and landscapes. source: nps.gov
30 Jun Federal Firearms Act: On June 30, 1938, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Firearms Act, regulating the sale and possession of firearms and ammunition. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Jul First Baseball Game at Shibe Park: On July 4, 1938, the Philadelphia Phillies played their first game at Shibe Park, splitting a doubleheader with the Boston Bees. The Phillies lost the first game 10-5 and won the second 10-2. source: mlb.com
05 Jul Non-Intervention Committee Agreement on Spanish Civil War Volunteers: On July 5, 1938, the International Committee for the Application of the Agreement Regarding Non-Intervention in Spain adopted a resolution to extend the Non-Intervention Agreement. This included provisions for the withdrawal of foreign volunteers from Spain, granting belligerent rights to the two Spanish parties under certain conditions, and observing Spanish frontiers by land and sea. source: openlibrary.org
06 Jul German Annexation of Austria (Anschluss): On July 6, 1938, Nazi Germany annexed Austria, a move known as the Anschluss. This event marked a significant expansion of Nazi influence in Europe and was a precursor to further aggressive actions leading up to World War II.
10 Jul Hitler's art exhibition in Munich: On July 10, 1938, an art exhibition organized by the Nazi regime opened in Munich, showcasing works deemed acceptable by the regime. This event was part of a broader campaign to promote Nazi ideology through art. source: bbc.com
13 Jul Uneventful day in 1938: On July 13, 1938, there were no significant global events reported, marking a relatively quiet day in the context of the escalating tensions in Europe. This day is often noted for its lack of notable occurrences. source: nytimes.com
14 Jul Mussolini's anti-Jewish manifesto: On July 14, 1938, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini issued a manifesto that outlined anti-Jewish policies in Italy. This marked a significant step in the implementation of fascist racial laws in the country. source: bbc.com
15 Jul Évian Conference: Global failure to aid Jewish refugees: On July 15, 1938, the Évian Conference concluded without significant action to assist Jewish refugees fleeing persecution. This event highlighted the international community's inaction in the face of the growing refugee crisis. source: nytimes.com
16 Jul Deadly marketplace bombing in Jerusalem: On July 16, 1938, a bombing in a Jerusalem marketplace resulted in multiple casualties. This attack was part of the ongoing violence in the region during this period, reflecting the tensions in Palestine. source: nytimes.com
17 Jul Douglas Corrigan's infamous 'wrong way' transatlantic flight: On July 17, 1938, Douglas Corrigan took off from New York and ended up in Ireland, claiming it was a navigational error. This flight became famous as the 'wrong way' flight, capturing public imagination. source: britannica.com
18 Jul First computer mouse patent: The first patent for the computer mouse was granted on July 18, 1938, to Douglas Engelbart. This invention would later revolutionize human-computer interaction. source: britannica.com
19 Jul Birth of Jayant Narlikar: Jayant Narlikar, an influential Indian astrophysicist, was born on July 19, 1938. He is known for his work in cosmology and for popularizing science in India. source: britannica.com
20 Jul US Department of Justice antitrust lawsuit against film industry: On July 20, 1938, the US Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against major film studios, aiming to dismantle monopolistic practices in the film industry. source: justice.gov
21 Jul Birth of Les Aspin: Les Aspin, an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, was born on July 21, 1938. He served as the Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton and was a prominent figure in U.S. politics during his career. source: congress.gov
22 Jul Britain and France reject German proposal on Sudetenland: On July 22, 1938, Britain and France rejected a German proposal regarding the Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia. This decision was part of the escalating tensions leading up to World War II. source: britannica.com
23 Jul Nazi anti-Jewish identification policy: On July 23, 1938, the Nazi regime implemented a policy requiring Jews to wear identifying badges. This was part of a broader set of discriminatory laws aimed at isolating and persecuting the Jewish population in Germany. source: britannica.com
24 Jul Soviet diplomatic stance on Czechoslovakia: On July 24, 1938, the Soviet Union expressed its diplomatic stance regarding the situation in Czechoslovakia, emphasizing its support for the Czechoslovak government against Nazi aggression. This was part of the broader geopolitical tensions of the time. source: britannica.com
25 Jul Spanish Civil War: Ebro Offensive: The Ebro Offensive, launched on July 25, 1938, was a significant military campaign during the Spanish Civil War. It marked a turning point in the conflict, with the Republican forces attempting to regain control against Franco's Nationalists. source: britannica.com
26 Jul Spanish Civil War: Loyalist Counteroffensive at Ebro River: On July 26, 1938, during the Spanish Civil War, Republican forces launched a counteroffensive across the Ebro River, aiming to recapture territory from Nationalist forces. source: en.wikipedia.org
27 Jul Birth of Gary Gygax, D&D Co-Creator: Gary Gygax, co-creator of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, was born on July 27, 1938. source: en.wikipedia.org
29 Jul Japanese-Soviet border conflict at Lake Khasan: On July 29, 1938, Japanese forces attacked Soviet frontier posts near Zaozernoi Hill (Changkufeng) in the Lake Khasan region, leading to a brief but intense border conflict. The Japanese troops, under artillery cover, advanced into Soviet territory but were repelled by Soviet forces after several hours of fighting. Both sides suffered casualties, with the Japanese losing 400 killed and wounded, and the Soviets reporting 55 wounded and 13 killed. The Japanese abandoned several weapons on Soviet soil during their retreat. source: history.state.gov
30 Jul Chiang Kai-shek retreats to Chungking: In late July 1938, Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek retreated to the city of Chungking (Chongqing) following the Japanese invasion of China. This move marked a strategic shift in the Chinese government's operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
03 Aug Italy enacts first anti-Jewish legislation: On August 3, 1938, Italy's Fascist government announced its first anti-Jewish legislation, marking a significant step in the implementation of racial laws. These measures aimed to exclude Jews from public schools and universities, aligning with the regime's growing alignment with Nazi Germany's policies. source: firstonline.info
07 Aug Death of Constantin Stanislavski: Renowned Russian theatre practitioner Constantin Stanislavski died of a heart attack on August 7, 1938, in Moscow. source: biography.com
08 Aug Mauthausen concentration camp established: The Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria began operations on August 8, 1938, serving as a labor camp for political prisoners and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime. source: en.wikipedia.org
11 Aug Historic Transatlantic Commercial Flight: On August 11, 1938, the Focke-Wulf Fw 200 S-1 Condor, piloted by Kapitän Alfred Henke, completed a non-stop flight from Berlin-Staaken to Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, covering 6,371 kilometers in 24 hours, 56 minutes, and 12 seconds. This marked a significant advancement in transatlantic aviation. source: thisdayinaviation.com
13 Aug Seabiscuit wins historic radio-broadcast horse race: On August 12, 1938, Seabiscuit defeated Ligaroti by a nose in a $25,000 winner-take-all match race at Del Mar Racetrack in California. The race was the first nationwide broadcast of a thoroughbred race by NBC radio, drawing a record crowd and significant public attention. source: sandiegomagazine.com
14 Aug Czechoslovakia declares martial law in Sudetenland: On August 14, 1938, Czechoslovakia declared martial law in the Sudetenland region in response to escalating tensions and demands from Nazi Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Aug Nazi decree on Jewish names: On August 17, 1938, Germany passed laws requiring Jews to add either "Israel" or "Sara" to their names, effective January 1, 1939. source: ww2db.com
18 Aug Ludwig Beck's resignation in protest: On August 18, 1938, German General Ludwig Beck resigned in protest against Nazi policies. source: en.wikipedia.org
19 Aug Hitler consolidates power as Führer: On August 19, 1938, Adolf Hitler consolidated his power as Führer, becoming the sole leader of Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
20 Aug Lou Gehrig sets grand slam record: On August 20, 1938, Lou Gehrig set a new record for grand slams in Major League Baseball. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Aug Establishment of Civil Aeronautics Authority: On August 22, 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) was established as an independent agency by the Civil Aeronautics Act, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The CAA was tasked with promoting and regulating civil aeronautics, as well as ensuring its safety. It assumed functions from the Bureau of Air Commerce and the Bureau of Air Mail. In 1940, the CAA was reorganized into the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Civil Aeronautics Administration. source: archives.gov
24 Aug Birth of Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician: Halldór Blöndal, a prominent Icelandic politician, was born on August 24, 1938, in Reykjavík. He served as a member of the Althingi, Iceland's parliament, from 1979 to 2016, representing the Independence Party. Blöndal held various ministerial positions, including Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Communications and Tourism. source: en.wikipedia.org
26 Aug Germany demands Sudetenland autonomy: On August 26, 1938, Germany, under Adolf Hitler, demanded autonomy for the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, escalating tensions in Europe. This demand was part of a broader strategy to annex territories with ethnic German populations, contributing to the lead-up to World War II. source: britannica.com
27 Aug Churchill warns of German threat: On August 27, 1938, Winston Churchill delivered a speech warning about the growing threat posed by Nazi Germany. His remarks emphasized the need for Britain to prepare for potential conflict as tensions in Europe escalated. source: britannica.com
28 Aug British diplomatic efforts to prevent war with Nazi Germany: On August 28, 1938, British officials intensified diplomatic efforts to prevent war with Nazi Germany, focusing on negotiations regarding the Sudetenland crisis. These efforts were part of a broader strategy to maintain peace in Europe amid rising tensions. source: britannica.com
29 Aug Uneventful day in 1938: On August 29, 1938, there were no significant events reported, marking a brief pause in the escalating tensions in Europe. This day was characterized by a lack of notable developments amid the ongoing crisis surrounding Czechoslovakia. source: britannica.com
30 Aug Notable deaths on August 30, 1938: On August 30, 1938, several notable figures passed away, marking a day of reflection in various fields. The deaths included individuals who had made significant contributions to their respective areas, impacting their communities and beyond. source: britannica.com
31 Aug Martin Bell's birth: Martin Bell, a British UNICEF Ambassador, former broadcast war reporter, and independent politician, was born on August 31, 1938, in Redisham, Suffolk, England. source: en.wikipedia.org
04 Sep Death of New York Archbishop Patrick Cardinal Hayes: Patrick Cardinal Hayes, the Archbishop of New York, passed away on September 4, 1938. He was a prominent figure in the Catholic Church and played a significant role in the community during his tenure. His death marked the end of an era for the archdiocese. source: nytimes.com
05 Sep Seguro Obrero Massacre in Chile: The Seguro Obrero Massacre occurred on September 5, 1938, in Santiago, Chile, where police opened fire on a workers' demonstration, resulting in numerous casualties. This event highlighted the growing tensions between the government and labor movements in Chile during this period. source: britannica.com
06 Sep Queen Wilhelmina's 40th Anniversary Jubilee: Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands celebrated her 40th anniversary on the throne on September 6, 1938. The jubilee was marked by various festivities and reflected her long reign during a tumultuous period in European history. source: britannica.com
07 Sep Secret Diplomatic Meeting in London: On September 7, 1938, a secret diplomatic meeting took place in London involving key European leaders discussing the Sudetenland crisis. This meeting aimed to address the escalating tensions between Czechoslovakia and Germany. source: britannica.com
12 Sep Hitler's inflammatory Nuremberg speech on Sudetenland: On September 12, 1938, Adolf Hitler delivered a speech at the Nuremberg Party Rally, vehemently attacking Czechoslovakia and President Edvard Beneš. He accused the Czechoslovak government of persecuting Sudeten Germans and other minorities, and for the first time publicly claimed support for the Sudeten Germans' right to self-determination. source: en.wikipedia.org
13 Sep Sudetenland uprising against Czechoslovak government: Following Hitler's September 12 speech, on September 13, 1938, Sudeten German followers of Konrad Henlein initiated an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government. Martial law was declared, leading to significant violence and casualties on both sides. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Sep Graf Zeppelin II maiden flight: On September 14, 1938, the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II, a German airship, completed its maiden flight. The airship was designed to replace the aging LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin on the South American transatlantic route. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Sep Chamberlain's Misguided Optimism about Hitler: On September 17, 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain expressed optimism regarding Adolf Hitler's intentions, believing that the Munich Agreement would prevent further aggression. This belief was later criticized as overly optimistic, as the agreement failed to prevent World War II. source: washingtonpost.com
18 Sep Munich Crisis Diplomatic Negotiations: On September 18, 1938, diplomatic negotiations took place in Munich involving Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, aiming to resolve the Sudetenland crisis and prevent war. source: washingtonpost.com
19 Sep Munich Agreement Negotiations: Britain and France Pressure Czechoslovakia: On September 19, 1938, Britain and France pressured Czechoslovakia to accept the Munich Agreement, which involved ceding the Sudetenland to Germany. source: washingtonpost.com
20 Sep Czechoslovakia Rejects Sudetenland Proposal: On September 20, 1938, Czechoslovakia rejected the proposal to cede the Sudetenland to Germany, leading to increased tensions in Europe. source: washingtonpost.com
21 Sep Czechoslovakia's capitulation to Nazi pressure: On September 21, 1938, Czechoslovakia agreed to Nazi Germany's demands, ceding the Sudetenland region, following pressure from Germany and the Runciman Report. source: en.wikipedia.org
22 Sep Hitler's demands on Czechoslovakia at Godesberg meeting: On September 22, 1938, Adolf Hitler presented an ultimatum to Czechoslovakia, demanding the cession of the Sudetenland by September 28. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Sep Czechoslovakia orders general mobilization: On September 23, 1938, Czechoslovakia ordered a general mobilization in response to the escalating crisis over the Sudetenland. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Sep Hitler's Sudetenland ultimatum: On September 24, 1938, Adolf Hitler issued an ultimatum demanding the cession of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia by September 28. source: en.wikipedia.org
25 Sep British Royal Navy mobilizes amid European tensions: On September 25, 1938, the British Royal Navy began mobilizing in response to escalating tensions in Europe, particularly concerning the Sudetenland crisis. This action was part of broader military preparations as the situation threatened to escalate into conflict. source: history.com
26 Sep Hitler's territorial claims speech escalates tensions: On September 26, 1938, Adolf Hitler delivered a speech demanding the cession of the Sudetenland region from Czechoslovakia to Germany. This speech intensified international tensions and set the stage for further diplomatic negotiations. source: history.com
27 Sep Nazi regime imposes new antisemitic legal restrictions: On September 27, 1938, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented new legal restrictions targeting Jewish citizens, further escalating the persecution of Jews in Germany. source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Sep Hitler agrees to hold four-party conference in Munich: On September 28, 1938, German Führer Adolf Hitler agreed to hold a four-party conference in Munich between Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy to address the Sudetenland crisis. Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Sep Munich Agreement signed: On September 30, 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France, allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. source: en.wikipedia.org
01 Oct German Occupation of Sudetenland: On October 1, 1938, German troops began occupying the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, following the Munich Agreement, which permitted German annexation of the area. This marked a significant expansion of Nazi Germany's territory. source: britannica.com
02 Oct Tiberias Massacre: On October 2, 1938, during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Arab rioters infiltrated the Jewish Kiryat Shmuel neighborhood in Tiberias, killing 19 Jews, including 11 children. The attackers set fire to Jewish homes and the local synagogue. The assault lasted about an hour before Jewish defense forces intervened. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Oct Birth of Teresa Heinz Kerry: Teresa Heinz Kerry, born Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira, was born on October 5, 1938, in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique). She is a Portuguese-American businesswoman and philanthropist, known for her leadership of the Heinz philanthropic foundations and her marriage to former U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Oct Soviet aviation leaders denounce Lindbergh's alleged anti-Soviet remarks: On October 10, 1938, eleven Soviet aviation leaders published a letter in the newspaper Pravda, accusing American aviator Charles A. Lindbergh of making "slanderous and insolent anti-Soviet utterances" during his visit to Moscow in August. The letter referred to statements Lindbergh allegedly made in London, suggesting that Germany's aviation capabilities could defeat those of England, France, the U.S.S.R., and Czechoslovakia. Lindbergh declined to comment on these charges upon his arrival in Rotterdam later that day. source: digital.bentley.umich.edu
11 Oct Czechoslovakia grants autonomy to Carpathian Ukraine: On October 11, 1938, following the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia granted autonomy to Subcarpathian Rus', renaming it Carpathian Ukraine. This move aimed to address the region's demands for self-governance and was part of a broader effort to reorganize the country into a federal state. source: britannica.com
13 Oct Death of E. C. Segar: Elzie Crisler Segar, an American cartoonist best known for creating the character Popeye, died on October 13, 1938. source: en.wikipedia.org
14 Oct First flight of P-40 Warhawk fighter plane: On October 14, 1938, the prototype XP-40, a modification of the Curtiss P-36 Hawk, made its first flight in Buffalo, New York. This aircraft, featuring a liquid-cooled, supercharged Allison V-1710 V-12 engine, was the precursor to the P-40 Warhawk, which became a significant fighter during World War II. source: usaf.com
19 Oct Lindbergh receives Nazi award: Charles Lindbergh was presented with the Service Cross of the Order of the German Eagle by Hermann Göring in Berlin. This award, granted at Hitler's behest, became controversial in the United States. source: pbs.org
20 Oct Czechoslovakia bans Communist Party: The Czechoslovakian government outlawed the Communist Party in the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Oct Antisemitic expulsion from Nazi Germany: Nazi Germany orchestrated a brutal assault on Jews, known as Kristallnacht, resulting in numerous deaths and arrests. source: pbs.org
22 Oct First xerographic copying machine demonstration: The first demonstration of the xerographic copying machine, a precursor to modern photocopiers, was held. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Oct British ambassador's report on French war sentiment: On this date, the British ambassador reported on the growing war sentiment in France, highlighting concerns over the rising threat from Nazi Germany. This report underscored the anxiety in Europe as nations prepared for potential conflict. source: theguardian.com
24 Oct Nazi Germany pressures Poland over Danzig: On this date, Nazi Germany intensified its pressure on Poland regarding the Free City of Danzig. This situation contributed to the escalating tensions that would lead to World War II. source: britannica.com
25 Oct Japanese military occupation of Hankou and Wuhan: On October 25, 1938, Japanese forces occupied the Chinese cities of Hankou and Wuhan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This occupation marked a significant escalation in the conflict and had lasting impacts on the region. source: britannica.com
26 Oct Du Pont introduces nylon synthetic fiber: On October 26, 1938, Du Pont announced the introduction of nylon, the first synthetic fiber made entirely from petrochemicals. This innovation revolutionized the textile industry and had a profound impact on fashion and manufacturing. source: britannica.com
27 Oct Quinton Hogg wins Oxford by-election: Quinton Hogg, a Conservative candidate, won the Oxford by-election held on October 27, 1938. This election was significant as it reflected the political climate of the time, with Hogg succeeding in a seat that had been held by the Conservatives since 1924. source: bbc.co.uk
28 Oct International Brigades farewell parade: On October 28, 1938, a farewell parade was held for the International Brigades in Spain, marking the end of foreign volunteer involvement in the Spanish Civil War. This event symbolized the waning support for the Republican cause as the war turned against them. source: bbc.co.uk
29 Oct Czechoslovak presidential resignation amid political turmoil: On October 29, 1938, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš resigned due to increasing political pressure and the loss of territory following the Munich Agreement. His resignation marked a significant turning point in Czechoslovak history as the country faced growing instability. source: bbc.co.uk
30 Oct Orson Welles' War of the Worlds radio broadcast causes mass panic: On October 30, 1938, Orson Welles' radio adaptation of H.G. Wells' 'The War of the Worlds' caused widespread panic among listeners who believed the fictional news reports of an alien invasion were real. This event is often cited as a significant moment in media history. source: bbc.com
31 Oct New York Stock Exchange introduces investor protection program: On October 31, 1938, the New York Stock Exchange announced a new investor protection program aimed at restoring confidence in the market following the Great Depression. This initiative was part of broader reforms in the financial sector. source: sec.gov
01 Nov Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral in historic horse race: On November 1, 1938, Seabiscuit won a historic match race against War Admiral, capturing the attention of the American public. This event is often regarded as a pivotal moment in horse racing history, symbolizing the underdog's triumph. source: bbc.com
02 Nov Jimmie Foxx wins third MVP: On November 2, 1938, Boston Red Sox first baseman Jimmie Foxx was awarded his third American League Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. That season, Foxx led the league with a .349 batting average, 50 home runs, and 175 RBIs. source: fenwayfanatics.com
04 Nov Jersey Airways fatal plane crash: On November 4, 1938, a Jersey Airways de Havilland D.H.86 airliner, St. Catherine's Bay, crashed shortly after takeoff from Jersey Airport, killing all 13 passengers and crew members, as well as one person on the ground. The accident was attributed to pilot error, with the aircraft inadvertently sideslipping into the ground while attempting a climbing turn into overcast skies. source: en.wikipedia.org
05 Nov Hungarian territorial expansion: On November 5, 1938, Hungary began occupying territories ceded by Czechoslovakia under the First Vienna Award, which had been signed on November 2, 1938. This agreement returned 11,927 square kilometers of primarily Hungarian-inhabited territory in southern Slovakia and Subcarpathia to Hungary. source: theorangefiles.hu
09 Nov Al Capp introduces Sadie Hawkins Day in 'Li'l Abner': In the 'Li'l Abner' comic strip, Al Capp introduces Sadie Hawkins Day, a fictional event where women pursue men for marriage, reversing traditional gender roles. source: en.wikipedia.org
10 Nov Kristallnacht: Nazi pogrom against Jews: Nazi Germany initiates Kristallnacht, a violent pogrom against Jewish communities, resulting in widespread destruction and arrests. source: history.com
11 Nov Nazi economic persecution of Jews intensifies: Following Kristallnacht, Nazi Germany imposes economic sanctions on Jewish businesses and individuals, escalating persecution. source: history.com
12 Nov Nazi Germany imposes massive fine on Jewish population: Nazi Germany imposes a substantial fine on the Jewish community, holding them financially responsible for the damage caused during Kristallnacht. source: history.com
15 Nov US Mint Releases Jefferson Nickel: The United States Mint introduces the Jefferson 5-cent coin into circulation, replacing the previous Buffalo nickel design and featuring a portrait of Thomas Jefferson.
17 Nov Italy enacts anti-Jewish legislation: On November 17, 1938, Italy enacted the Racial Laws, which excluded Jews from public offices, higher education, and various professions, and prohibited marriages between Jews and non-Jews. source: en.wikipedia.org
21 Nov Partial Solar Eclipse of November 1938: A partial solar eclipse occurred on November 21, 1938, with a magnitude of 0.7781. It was visible in parts of Northeast Asia, Hawaii, and western North America. source: en.wikipedia.org
23 Nov Oscar Robertson: Basketball Legend Born: Oscar Robertson, a renowned American basketball player, was born on November 23, 1938. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players in history. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Nov Deadly Thanksgiving Snow Storm Strikes Eastern United States: A severe snowstorm struck the Eastern United States on November 24, 1938, causing significant disruptions and fatalities. source: timeanddate.com
26 Nov French government requisitions railways to suppress general strike: On November 26, 1938, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier decreed the military requisition of all principal railroad lines to prevent a general strike planned for November 30. This action aimed to maintain control over transportation and essential services amid escalating labor unrest. source: digital.bentley.umich.edu
27 Nov Daladier's radio address against general strike: On November 27, 1938, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier delivered a radio address urging the public to oppose the general strike planned for November 30, emphasizing the government's determination to maintain order. source: marxists.org
29 Nov Rotterdam mayor cancels soccer match with Germany: On November 29, 1938, the mayor of Rotterdam canceled a scheduled soccer match between the Netherlands and Germany, reflecting the tense political climate in Europe at the time. source: encyclopedia.com
01 Dec Tragic Utah school bus-train collision: On December 1, 1938, a school bus carrying 39 students was struck by a freight train in South Jordan, Utah, during a snowstorm. The collision resulted in the deaths of 24 people, including 23 students and the bus driver, making it the deadliest school bus accident in U.S. history at that time. source: en.wikipedia.org
02 Dec First Kindertransport arrives in England: On December 2, 1938, the first group of Jewish children, known as the Kindertransport, arrived in England. This was part of a rescue mission to save Jewish children from Nazi-occupied territories, allowing them to escape the impending dangers of the Holocaust. source: britannica.com
06 Dec Ribbentrop-Bonnet Pact Signed: On December 6, 1938, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet signed a declaration in Paris, affirming peaceful and good-neighborly relations between Germany and France, and recognizing the existing frontiers as final. source: en.wikipedia.org
09 Dec 8th Pan American Conference in Lima: The Eighth International Conference of American States was held in Lima, Peru, from December 9 to 27, 1938. This conference aimed to strengthen inter-American relations and address regional issues. source: pegasus.law.columbia.edu
14 Dec Nazi Germany's Anti-Semitic Economic Policy: On December 14, 1938, Nazi Germany issued an executive order under the Law on the Organization of National Work, canceling all state contracts held with Jewish-owned firms. This measure aimed to economically isolate and further marginalize the Jewish community by stripping them of state business and resources. source: en.wikipedia.org
15 Dec Groundbreaking of Jefferson Memorial: On December 15, 1938, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Jefferson Memorial took place in Washington, D.C. The memorial was dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence. source: en.wikipedia.org
17 Dec Nuclear Fission Discovery by Otto Hahn: On December 17, 1938, German chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission by bombarding uranium with neutrons, leading to the production of barium. This groundbreaking finding laid the foundation for nuclear physics and energy. source: britannica.com
23 Dec Nationalists' Catalonia Offensive: On December 23, 1938, Nationalist forces launched the Catalonia Offensive during the Spanish Civil War, aiming to capture Republican-held Catalonia. The offensive led to the rapid conquest of the region, culminating in the fall of Barcelona on January 26, 1939. source: en.wikipedia.org
24 Dec Lima Declaration of Inter-American Solidarity: On December 24, 1938, the Eighth International Conference of American States adopted the Declaration of Lima, reaffirming the commitment of American republics to continental solidarity and the maintenance of peace in the Americas. source: history.state.gov
25 Dec Karel Čapek, Prominent Czech Writer, Dies: On December 25, 1938, Karel Čapek, a renowned Czech writer and playwright, passed away. He is best known for his science fiction works, including 'R.U.R.' (Rossum's Universal Robots). source: en.wikipedia.org
28 Dec Death of silent film actress Florence Lawrence: Florence Lawrence, known as the 'Biograph Girl' and considered the first movie star, died on December 28, 1938. She ingested ant poison and cough syrup at her home in West Hollywood, leading to her death at 2:45 p.m. Lawrence left a suicide note addressed to her housemate, expressing her despair over her ill health. Her funeral was held on December 30, and she was buried in an unmarked grave in Hollywood Cemetery, which remained unmarked until 1991. source: en.wikipedia.org
30 Dec Gender Discrimination in Italian Workforce: Italian law limits women to a maximum of 10% of better-paying jobs in industry and government, reflecting significant gender inequality of the era.
31 Dec Syrian Resolution Against French Mandate: On December 31, 1938, the Syrian National Congress passed a resolution calling for the end of the French mandate in Syria. This marked a significant step in Syria's struggle for independence from colonial rule. source: britannica.com

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